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RACINE

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Pour les fonctions des racines (cf. Sag 7:20), et pour divers textes caractéristiques, voir Plante. Dans les passages qu'il nous reste à citer ici, l'hébreu chôrèch et le grec rhiza sont pris dans un sens figuré (à part Job 30:4). Le tableau du croyant comparé à l'arbre fertile dans Jer 17:8 ajoute à celui du Ps 1 la mention de ses racines ; même mention pour le cèdre sans rival, emblème de l'Assyrie (Eze 31:7).

En de telles images, les racines étendues représentent la vigueur, la permanence et les promesses d'avenir d'une personne ou d'un peuple (Os 14:5,2Ro 19:30) = (Esa 37:31, Job 8:17, Ps 80:10) ; la souche ébranchée mais dont les racines sont respectées est destinée à reprendre vie (Da 4:15,23,26),

Aussi les annonces de châtiment total impliquent-elles des racines desséchées ou pourries (Esa 5:24, Eze 17:5,10, Job 18:16, Mr 11:20), ou bien une destruction portée jusqu'aux racines (Am 2:9, Mal 4:1, Job 31:12 Sir 10:16, Mt 3:10), quand ce n'est pas le déracinement proprement dit (Ps 52:7, Sag. 4:4, Mt 15:13, Jude 1:12), trop facile et contre-indiqué quand il s'agit d'arracher l'ivraie dans le blé en herbe (Mt 13:29), difficile quand il s'agit d'un arbre que Dieu peut faire reprendre vie ailleurs, fût-ce dans la mer (Lu 17:6).

Si l'image de l'arbre s'applique aux générations successives, les racines deviennent l'équivalent de la race, de la postérité : celle du serpent (Esa 14:29), des impurs (Sir 40:15,23:25), des méchants (Jer 12:2), celle d'un roi du Midi (Da 11:7), celles des prudents ou des coupables (Sag 3:15 et suivant), celle de David (Ap 5:5 22:16). Dans ces deux derniers textes, nos versions disent : rejeton (voir ce mot), comme ailleurs où l'original parle bien de racine (Esa 11:10 53:2, Sir 3:9 47:22,1Ma 1:10 etc.).

Une inscription d'Antiochus I er (vers 50 av. J. -C.) exprime l'idée inverse, celle des ancêtres : « Les Perses et les Grecs, racine de ma très heureuse famille. » C'est que la racine peut aussi servir de terme concret pour la notion abstraite de cause (ex., De 29:18, cité par Heb 12:15 d'après LXX), d'origine (Sir 1:6,20), de principe (Sag 15:3).

Pour revenir à des sens concrets, la poésie hébraïque peut attribuer aussi des racines soit à la mer : ses profondeurs, soit aux montagnes : leurs fondements, soit aux pieds : leurs plantes [et non leurs pas]. (Job 36:30 28:9 13:27) Enfin, plusieurs métaphores évoquent quelque influence extérieure s'exerçant par la racine dans un sens ou dans un autre : la plante du mal prenant racine en l'homme (Sir 3:28), la sagesse prenant racine en Israël (Sir 24:12), le chrétien étant enraciné dans l'amour (Eph 3:18), en Jésus-Christ (Col 2:7).

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Job 8

      17 His roots are wrapped around the rock pile. He sees the place of stones.

      Job 13

      27 You also put my feet in the stocks, and mark all my paths. You set a bound to the soles of my feet,

      Job 18

      16 His roots shall be dried up beneath. Above shall his branch be cut off.

      Job 28

      9 He puts forth his hand on the flinty rock, and he overturns the mountains by the roots.

      Job 30

      4 They pluck salt herbs by the bushes. The roots of the broom are their food.

      Job 31

      12 For it is a fire that consumes to destruction, and would root out all my increase.

      Job 36

      30 Behold, he spreads his light around him. He covers the bottom of the sea.

      Psaumes 1

      1 Blessed is the man who doesn't walk in the counsel of the wicked, nor stand in the way of sinners, nor sit in the seat of scoffers;
      2 but his delight is in Yahweh's law. On his law he meditates day and night.
      3 He will be like a tree planted by the streams of water, that brings forth its fruit in its season, whose leaf also does not wither. Whatever he does shall prosper.
      4 The wicked are not so, but are like the chaff which the wind drives away.
      5 Therefore the wicked shall not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous.
      6 For Yahweh knows the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked shall perish.

      Psaumes 52

      7 "Behold, this is the man who didn't make God his strength, but trusted in the abundance of his riches, and strengthened himself in his wickedness."

      Psaumes 80

      10 The mountains were covered with its shadow. Its boughs were like God's cedars.

      Esaïe 5

      24 Therefore as the tongue of fire devours the stubble, and as the dry grass sinks down in the flame, so their root shall be as rottenness, and their blossom shall go up as dust; because they have rejected the law of Yahweh of Armies, and despised the word of the Holy One of Israel.

      Esaïe 11

      10 It will happen in that day that the nations will seek the root of Jesse, who stands as a banner of the peoples; and his resting place will be glorious.

      Esaïe 14

      29 Don't rejoice, O Philistia, all of you, because the rod that struck you is broken; for out of the serpent's root an adder will emerge, and his fruit will be a fiery flying serpent.

      Esaïe 37

      31 The remnant that is escaped of the house of Judah will again take root downward, and bear fruit upward.

      Esaïe 53

      2 For he grew up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of dry ground. He has no good looks or majesty. When we see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.

      Jérémie 12

      2 You have planted them, yes, they have taken root; they grow, yes, they bring forth fruit: you are near in their mouth, and far from their heart.

      Jérémie 17

      8 For he shall be as a tree planted by the waters, who spreads out its roots by the river, and shall not fear when heat comes, but its leaf shall be green; and shall not be careful in the year of drought, neither shall cease from yielding fruit.

      Ezéchiel 17

      5 He took also of the seed of the land, and planted it in a fruitful soil; he placed it beside many waters; he set it as a willow tree.
      10 Yes, behold, being planted, shall it prosper? shall it not utterly wither, when the east wind touches it? it shall wither in the beds where it grew.

      Ezéchiel 31

      7 Thus was it beautiful in its greatness, in the length of its branches; for its root was by many waters.

      Daniel 4

      15 Nevertheless leave the stump of its roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field; and let it be wet with the dew of the sky: and let his portion be with the animals in the grass of the earth:
      23 Whereas the king saw a watcher and a holy one coming down from the sky, and saying, Cut down the tree, and destroy it; nevertheless leave the stump of its roots in the earth, even with a band of iron and brass, in the tender grass of the field, and let it be wet with the dew of the sky: and let his portion be with the animals of the field, until seven times pass over him;
      26 Whereas they commanded to leave the stump of the roots of the tree; your kingdom shall be sure to you, after that you shall have known that the heavens do rule.

      Daniel 11

      7 But out of a shoot from her roots shall one stand up in his place, who shall come to the army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north, and shall deal against them, and shall prevail.

      Osée 14

      2 Take words with you, and return to Yahweh. Tell him, "Forgive all our sins, and accept that which is good: so we offer our lips like bulls.
      5 I will be like the dew to Israel. He will blossom like the lily, and send down his roots like Lebanon.

      Amos 2

      9 Yet I destroyed the Amorite before them, whose height was like the height of the cedars, and he was strong as the oaks; yet I destroyed his fruit from above, and his roots from beneath.

      Malachie 4

      1 "For, behold, the day comes, it burns as a furnace; and all the proud, and all who work wickedness, will be stubble; and the day that comes will burn them up," says Yahweh of Armies, "that it shall leave them neither root nor branch.

      Matthieu 3

      10 "Even now the axe lies at the root of the trees. Therefore every tree that doesn't bring forth good fruit is cut down, and cast into the fire.

      Matthieu 13

      29 "But he said, 'No, lest perhaps while you gather up the darnel weeds, you root up the wheat with them.

      Matthieu 15

      13 But he answered, "Every plant which my heavenly Father didn't plant will be uprooted.

      Marc 11

      20 As they passed by in the morning, they saw the fig tree withered away from the roots.

      Luc 17

      6 The Lord said, "If you had faith like a grain of mustard seed, you would tell this sycamore tree, 'Be uprooted, and be planted in the sea,' and it would obey you.

      Ephésiens 3

      18 may be strengthened to comprehend with all the saints what is the breadth and length and height and depth,

      Colossiens 2

      7 rooted and built up in him, and established in the faith, even as you were taught, abounding in it in thanksgiving.

      Hébreux 12

      15 looking carefully lest there be any man who falls short of the grace of God; lest any root of bitterness springing up trouble you, and many be defiled by it;

      Jude 1

      12 These are hidden rocky reefs in your love feasts when they feast with you, shepherds who without fear feed themselves; clouds without water, carried along by winds; autumn leaves without fruit, twice dead, plucked up by the roots;

      Apocalypse 5

      5 One of the elders said to me, "Don't weep. Behold, the Lion who is of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has overcome; he who opens the book and its seven seals."

      Apocalypse 22

      16 I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify these things to you for the assemblies. I am the root and the offspring of David; the Bright and Morning Star."
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