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RÉCABITES

Le mot hébreu rékab signifie « qui voyage », donc nomade. 1Ch 2:55 apparente les Récabites aux Kéniens, une tribu de nomades madianites dont l'ancêtre éponyme serait Caïn.

Certains critiques supposent, d'après Ex 18:12, qu'ils ont adoré Jéhovah avant les Israélites. Une partie de ces Kéniens, dont le chef était Hobab, ou Jéthro, le beau-père de Moïse (Ex 3:1 4:18, Jug 4:11), se joignit aux Israélites, sur l'insistance de Moïse, lors du départ du Sinaï (No 10:29-32), prit part à la conquête de Canaan (Jug 4:3, De 34:3) et s'établit au Sud d'Arad, en Juda.

Lorsque Saül marcha contre Amalek, ces Kéniens furent invités à se séparer des Amalécites (1Sa 15:6), et David les incorpora à Juda. La présentation des Kéniens dans les généalogies judéennes est donc purement gratuite ; ce sont des assimilés. Ils survécurent, selon Eusèbe (H.E., II, 23), jusqu'aux temps du N.T. Il n'y eut guère qu'eux pour conserver, dans le cadre de la vie israélite, les traditions du nomadisme primitif (voir Nomade). Ce nomadisme leur est peut-être demeuré comme le signe de Caïn (primitivement signe de malédiction). Mais, avec Jonadab, fils de Récab, le nomadisme récabite se présente comme ayant un sens religieux. C'est ce sens qui apparaît dans Jer 35, où l'on voit que le trait dominant des habitudes récabites est l'abstinence de vin. Et c'est formellement une précaution contre les pièges du baalisme. On voit en effet, dans Os 2:11-15, que la culture de la vigne donnait lieu à de fréquents compromis avec le vieux paganisme cananéen, (cf. Jug 2:2, Os 10:1) contre lequel s'élèvent si souvent les prophètes. On retrouve, à l'époque de Jéhu, les Récabites alliés au roi d'Israël pour combattre le baalisme (2Ro 10:15 et suivant).

Si, plus tard, certains d'entre les Récabites ont forfait aux principes absolus du nomadisme et ont eu des villes, comme on le voit dans le cas de Malkija (Ne 3:14,1Sa 30:29), le récit de Jérémie montre que, du moins, ils étaient restés abstinents de vin. Mais seuls en Israël, ils paraissent l'avoir été à vie, alors que les Naziréens (voir ce mot), sauf de rares exceptions, ne le demeuraient que pendant le temps de leurs voeux. L'allusion de Jer 35:2 ne permet pas de conclure qu'il ait pu y avoir des lévites, ou tout au moins des chantres, pris parmi les Récabites, comme le supposent les LXX en mettant au Ps 71, qui ne porte pas de titre dans notre texte, la suscription : « de David ; des fils de Jonadab et des premiers exilés » (de 597) ; Vatable a proposé, avec plus de raison, de comparer plutôt Jer 35:2 avec Ps 102:28 qui fait penser à une protection divine, sans plus. D'ailleurs, la Loi ne permettait pas d'affecter au service du temple d'autres serviteurs que les fils de Lévi.

Il reste que les Récabites ont constitué comme un ordre à part, en raison de leur abstinence, et c'est uniquement cet exemple de fidélité et de résistance aux influences cananéennes que Jérémie propose à ses contemporains. Il peut être intéressant de noter qu'on a vu, plus tard, un accomplissement de la prophétie de Jer 35:19 dans le fait que des mariages ont pu avoir lieu entre des prêtres et des filles récabites. Hégésippe raconte que ce serait un de ces prêtres qui aurait intercédé, d'ailleurs en vain, pour obtenir la levée de la peine de mort prononcée, à l'instigation du grand-prêtre Ananos, contre Jacques le Juste, dont la vie était celle d'un vrai naziréen ; mais cette assertion paraît reposer sur un malentendu, qu'Épiphane relève et corrige. On a prétendu que des descendants des Récabites subsisteraient en Syrie et en Arabie sous le nom de Ben-Kaïbr ; mais leur connexion avec les Récabites de la Bible n'est pas sûrement établie. Ch. S.

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      Exode 3

      1 Now Moses was keeping the flock of Jethro, his father-in-law, the priest of Midian, and he led the flock to the back of the wilderness, and came to God's mountain, to Horeb.

      Exode 4

      18 Moses went and returned to Jethro his father-in-law, and said to him, "Please let me go and return to my brothers who are in Egypt, and see whether they are still alive." Jethro said to Moses, "Go in peace."

      Exode 18

      12 Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, took a burnt offering and sacrifices for God. Aaron came with all of the elders of Israel, to eat bread with Moses' father-in-law before God.

      Nombres 10

      29 Moses said to Hobab, the son of Reuel the Midianite, Moses' father-in-law, "We are journeying to the place of which Yahweh said, 'I will give it to you.' Come with us, and we will treat you well; for Yahweh has spoken good concerning Israel."
      30 He said to him, "I will not go; but I will depart to my own land, and to my relatives."
      31 He said, "Don't leave us, please; because you know how we are to encamp in the wilderness, and you can be our eyes.
      32 It shall be, if you go with us, yes, it shall be, that whatever good Yahweh does to us, we will do the same to you."

      Juges 2

      2 and you shall make no covenant with the inhabitants of this land; you shall break down their altars.' But you have not listened to my voice: why have you done this?

      Juges 4

      3 The children of Israel cried to Yahweh: for he had nine hundred chariots of iron; and twenty years he mightily oppressed the children of Israel.
      11 Now Heber the Kenite had separated himself from the Kenites, even from the children of Hobab the brother-in-law of Moses, and had pitched his tent as far as the oak in Zaanannim, which is by Kedesh.

      1 Samuel 15

      6 Saul said to the Kenites, "Go, depart, go down from among the Amalekites, lest I destroy you with them; for you showed kindness to all the children of Israel, when they came up out of Egypt." So the Kenites departed from among the Amalekites.

      1 Samuel 30

      29 and to those who were in Racal, and to those who were in the cities of the Jerahmeelites, and to those who were in the cities of the Kenites,

      1 Chroniques 2

      55 The families of scribes who lived at Jabez: the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, the Sucathites. These are the Kenites who came of Hammath, the father of the house of Rechab.

      Néhémie 3

      14 Malchijah the son of Rechab, the ruler of the district of Beth Haccherem repaired the dung gate. He built it, and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars.

      Psaumes 71

      1 In you, Yahweh, I take refuge. Never let me be disappointed.
      2 Deliver me in your righteousness, and rescue me. Turn your ear to me, and save me.
      3 Be to me a rock of refuge to which I may always go. Give the command to save me, for you are my rock and my fortress.
      4 Rescue me, my God, from the hand of the wicked, from the hand of the unrighteous and cruel man.
      5 For you are my hope, Lord Yahweh; my confidence from my youth.
      6 I have relied on you from the womb. You are he who took me out of my mother's womb. I will always praise you.
      7 I am a marvel to many, but you are my strong refuge.
      8 My mouth shall be filled with your praise, with your honor all the day.
      9 Don't reject me in my old age. Don't forsake me when my strength fails.
      10 For my enemies talk about me. Those who watch for my soul conspire together,
      11 saying, "God has forsaken him. Pursue and take him, for no one will rescue him."
      12 God, don't be far from me. My God, hurry to help me.
      13 Let my accusers be disappointed and consumed. Let them be covered with disgrace and scorn who want to harm me.
      14 But I will always hope, and will add to all of your praise.
      15 My mouth will tell about your righteousness, and of your salvation all day, though I don't know its full measure.
      16 I will come with the mighty acts of the Lord Yahweh. I will make mention of your righteousness, even of yours alone.
      17 God, you have taught me from my youth. Until now, I have declared your wondrous works.
      18 Yes, even when I am old and gray-haired, God, don't forsake me, until I have declared your strength to the next generation, your might to everyone who is to come.
      19 Your righteousness also, God, reaches to the heavens; you have done great things. God, who is like you?
      20 You, who have shown us many and bitter troubles, you will let me live. You will bring us up again from the depths of the earth.
      21 Increase my honor, and comfort me again.
      22 I will also praise you with the harp for your faithfulness, my God. I sing praises to you with the lyre, Holy One of Israel.
      23 My lips shall shout for joy! My soul, which you have redeemed, sings praises to you!
      24 My tongue will also talk about your righteousness all day long, for they are disappointed, and they are confounded, who want to harm me.

      Psaumes 102

      28 The children of your servants will continue. Their seed will be established before you."

      Jérémie 35

      1 The word which came to Jeremiah from Yahweh in the days of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah, saying,
      2 Go to the house of the Rechabites, and speak to them, and bring them into the house of Yahweh, into one of the rooms, and give them wine to drink.
      3 Then I took Jaazaniah the son of Jeremiah, the son of Habazziniah, and his brothers, and all his sons, and the whole house of the Rechabites;
      4 and I brought them into the house of Yahweh, into the room of the sons of Hanan the son of Igdaliah, the man of God, which was by the room of the princes, which was above the room of Maaseiah the son of Shallum, the keeper of the threshold.
      5 I set before the sons of the house of the Rechabites bowls full of wine, and cups; and I said to them, Drink wine!
      6 But they said, We will drink no wine; for Jonadab the son of Rechab, our father, commanded us, saying, You shall drink no wine, neither you, nor your sons, forever:
      7 neither shall you build house, nor sow seed, nor plant vineyard, nor have any; but all your days you shall dwell in tents; that you may live many days in the land in which you live.
      8 We have obeyed the voice of Jonadab the son of Rechab, our father, in all that he commanded us, to drink no wine all our days, we, our wives, our sons, or our daughters;
      9 nor to build houses for us to dwell in; neither have we vineyard, nor field, nor seed:
      10 but we have lived in tents, and have obeyed, and done according to all that Jonadab our father commanded us.
      11 But it happened, when Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came up into the land, that we said, Come, and let us go to Jerusalem for fear of the army of the Chaldeans, and for fear of the army of the Syrians; so we dwell at Jerusalem.
      12 Then came the word of Yahweh to Jeremiah, saying,
      13 Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel: Go, and tell the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, Will you not receive instruction to listen to my words? says Yahweh.
      14 The words of Jonadab the son of Rechab, that he commanded his sons, not to drink wine, are performed; and to this day they drink none, for they obey their father's commandment: but I have spoken to you, rising up early and speaking; and you have not listened to me.
      15 I have sent also to you all my servants the prophets, rising up early and sending them, saying, Return now every man from his evil way, and amend your doings, and don't go after other gods to serve them, and you shall dwell in the land which I have given to you and to your fathers: but you have not inclined your ear, nor listened to me.
      16 Because the sons of Jonadab the son of Rechab have performed the commandment of their father which he commanded them, but this people has not listened to me;
      17 therefore thus says Yahweh, the God of Armies, the God of Israel: Behold, I will bring on Judah and on all the inhabitants of Jerusalem all the evil that I have pronounced against them; because I have spoken to them, but they have not heard; and I have called to them, but they have not answered.
      18 Jeremiah said to the house of the Rechabites, Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel: Because you have obeyed the commandment of Jonadab your father, and kept all his precepts, and done according to all that he commanded you;
      19 therefore thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel: Jonadab the son of Rechab shall not want a man to stand before me forever.

      Osée 2

      11 I will also cause all her celebrations to cease: her feasts, her new moons, her Sabbaths, and all her solemn assemblies.
      12 I will lay waste her vines and her fig trees, about which she has said, 'These are my wages that my lovers have given me; and I will make them a forest,' and the animals of the field shall eat them.
      13 I will visit on her the days of the Baals, to which she burned incense, when she decked herself with her earrings and her jewels, and went after her lovers, and forgot me," says Yahweh.
      14 "Therefore behold, I will allure her, and bring her into the wilderness, and speak tenderly to her.
      15 I will give her vineyards from there, and the valley of Achor for a door of hope; and she will respond there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt.

      Osée 10

      1 Israel is a luxuriant vine that puts forth his fruit. According to the abundance of his fruit he has multiplied his altars. As their land has prospered, they have adorned their sacred stones.
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