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REGARD

L'oeil est la fenêtre de l'âme. Quand l'âme se met à cette fenêtre, c'est le regard. Par le regard sur le monde extérieur l'âme est impressionnée, et elle impressionne. Il n'est pas de moyen de connaître plus prompt, plus vif que le regard. Et toujours, le contact occasionné par la vue provoque une sensation qui se joint à la connaissance, qui souvent la précède et qui peut décider de notre moralité. L'objet que nous regardons est-il élevé, noble ? notre être moral s'élève et s'ennoblit. Fixons-nous notre vue sur un objet vil et dégradant ? notre âme s'abaisse et se pervertit. Ainsi, par le regard, l'âme se sent tantôt exhortée, amendée, sanctifiée, tantôt séduite, avilie, ravalée. Par le regard vient l'exemple, et l'exemple nous gagne insensiblement, nous rend peu à peu semblables à l'objet considéré.

Par le regard se révèlent aussi les sympathies et les antipathies de l'âme. Pourquoi du premier coup telle personne nous attire-t-elle, alors que telle autre nous repousse ? Parce que dans l'échange de deux regards, deux âmes se sont affrontées ; heureuses de se rapprocher s'il y a harmonie entre elles, empressées à se fuir s'il y a discordance.

Par le regard, enfin, le jugement vient sur nous. Si le proverbe est vrai : « Dis-moi qui tu hantes et je te dirai qui tu es », on pourrait avancer avec une égale vérité : « Dis-moi ce que tu regardes et je te dirai ce que tu vaux ». (méditer Mt 5:28 7:3)

Ne nous étonnons plus, après ces quelques réflexions, du rôle capital donné par l'enseignement biblique au regard : au regard de Dieu (Ge 6:12, Ex 2:25,2Ch 16:9, Ps 104:32, etc., cf. Lu 22:61) et au regard de l'homme.

St Jacques a écrit que la langue de l'homme est un petit membre qui peut se vanter de grandes choses (Jas 3:5) ; il aurait pu en dire autant de l'oeil : « lampe du corps » (Mt 6:22), « occasion de chute » (Mt 5:29), « organe d'adoration » (Jn 20:25 et suivants, Mt 28:17, cf. Ps 8:4, etc.).

Dès les premières pages de la Bible nous voyons l'infernal suggesteur conduire la femme vers l'arbre défendu pour la soumettre à la séduction qui doit perdre le genre humain : « La femme vit que l'arbre était agréable à la vue... » (Ge 3:6) ; ainsi s'éveilla en elle ce que saint Jean appelle « la convoitise des yeux » (1Jn 2:16) ; « et la convoitise, ayant conçu, enfante le péché » (Jas 1:15). Le Diable essaya aussi ce redoutable moyen de tentation avec Jésus quand il lui fit voir en un instant « tous les royaumes du monde et leur gloire » et lui murmura : « Prosterne-toi, et je te les donnerai » (Mt 4 parallèle Lu 4). Jésus a résisté.

Par sa victoire sur Satan, Jésus crucifié est devenu le pôle magnétique vers lequel de tous les points de la terre les hommes tournent les yeux. « Un regard nous avait perdus. Dieu a voulu qu'un regard nous sauvât... La foi est un regard de l'âme vers la croix de Jésus » (Vinet). Déjà au temps du désert, la vertu de ce regard avait été annoncée, quand Moïse éleva le serpent d'airain (No 21:9). Plus tard, des lueurs prophétiques éclairent la valeur salutaire du regard (Esa 45:22, Jer 6:16, Za 12:10) ; c'est en Jésus-Christ que s'accomplit la parole de Dieu : « Vous tous, des bouts de la terre, regardez vers moi et soyez sauvés. » Par le regard porté sur la croix où le Fils de Dieu expire, où son sang innocent coule pour notre salut, le pécheur se sent brisé par le repentir ; transporté par la reconnaissance et l'admiration, il accepte cette mort, il veut cette mort, il commence à mourir de cette mort... dans cette volonté de mourir avec Christ, l'oeuvre de sa régénération est déjà commencée, car en nous « la volonté est le principe rebelle, comme elle est l'agent de la conversion, c'est la volonté naturelle qui doit mourir » (Ch. Secretan).

Quand l'oeuvre de la conversion est accomplie, c'est encore la vue, muée en contemplation, qui conduit l'homme jusqu'à la glorification : « Nous, dit saint Paul, qui contemplons comme dans un miroir la gloire du Seigneur, nous serons transformés à son image, de gloire en gloire, par l'action de l'Esprit dû Seigneur » (2Co 3:18). St Jean achève de nous révéler la puissance créatrice du regard quand il ajoute à l'affirmation de saint Paul : « Nous savons que lorsqu'il [Jésus] paraîtra nous lui serons semblables, parce que nous le verrons tel qu'il est » (1Jn 3:2). Jésus lui-même avait consacré la valeur du regard et des promesses qui y sont rattachées quand il avait déclaré aux Juifs : « C'est ici la volonté de mon Père, que quiconque contemple le Fils et croit en lui », c'est-à-dire a acquis la foi par la contemplation du Fils, « ait la vie éternelle » (Jn 6:40). Regard non de la curiosité ni de la science, mais regard d'enfant, qui n'analyse pas, qui ne critique pas, qui exprime l'élan confiant du coeur et fait entrer le Christ dans l'âme par les yeux.

Depuis les appels du Christ à ceux qui se pressaient autour de lui dans la synagogue de Capernaüm, la contemplation recommandée par le Maître n'a plus quitté l'horizon des disciples. D'abord, les apôtres ont essayé de stimuler ce regard de l'âme en dépeignant le crucifiement du Christ aux foules qu'ils évangélisaient (Ga 3:1, cf. Heb 12:2). Puis leurs successeurs ont fait fixer sur la toile les principaux épisodes de la vie de Jésus. C'est ainsi que Paulin de Nole (Mort en 431), le premier, a placé dans le sanctuaire des tableaux représentant la Passion, et cela pour que le regard des communiants, porté sur ces scènes tragiques, les ramenât à la sobriété pendant le repas de la Cène. En principe, les saintes images étaient pour aider à la contemplation. Mais peu à peu s'introduisirent dans l'Église le culte des images et leur trafic. Admis par Grégoire I er (599), sanctionné par le 4 e concile de Constantinople (869-707), associé depuis longtemps au culte des reliques, ce culte dégénéra en superstitions idolâtriques.

La Réforme, voulant rétablir le culte en esprit et en vérité, supprima tous les objets de la dévotion superstitieuse. En rendant aux chrétiens la liberté de la prière, en supprimant les intermédiaires entre l'âme et Dieu, en prêchant le détachement des ambitions temporelles, elle ramena la contemplation à ses origines : la révélation hébraïque qui exclut les images, et le christianisme primitif qui fonde directement en Christ la vie spirituelle du croyant. La contemplation a été un des éléments vitaux de la piété de Luther ; c'est elle qui est au fond du dogme de la double prédestination de Calvin ; c'est elle qui inspire la prière silencieuse des Quakers. La persécution, au lieu de l'éteindre, l'exalte. Il faut compter avec elle si l'on veut juger équitablement du prophétisme des Cévennes ; on la retrouve chez les martyrs de l'Église sous la croix. Par contre, les temps de prospérité matérielle, de théologie rationaliste, de lutte ecclésiastique et d'agitation sociale la mettent en péril. De nos jours, où la rapidité de la vie en surface nuit à la vie en profondeur, le protestantisme a besoin d'entendre la recommandation de Paul à Timothée : « Ranime le don qui est en toi ». (cf. 1Ti 4:14,2Ti 1:6) Qui, dans la fièvre des oeuvres, néglige la contemplation, rompt dangereusement l'équilibre entre l'action et l'adoration.

Contempler n'est pas réfléchir ou méditer, car dans ces deux manières d'être l'intelligence est essentiellement active et cherche encore quelque point de vérité ; la contemplation n'est pas non plus l'extase (voir ce mot), le ravissement d'esprit dont Paul disait : « Fut-ce en son corps, je ne sais ». (cf. 2Co 12:3) Symbolisée par l'attitude de Marie de Béthanie, exprimant avant tout le désir de l'imitation de Jésus-Christ, la contemplation est l'état où l'âme fermée à tout bruit du dehors, libre de toute emprise des sens comme de tout souci d'activité, concentre ses regards intérieurs sur l'objet divin de son amour, s'ouvre toute à son influence, et, suspendue à ses paroles, se laisse pénétrer des effluves de son Esprit, comme le corps qui s'expose'au soleil reçoit la chaleur de ses rayons. Abandonnée à cette attitude qu'on a définie « une prière de silence et de repos », l'âme « se met dans la situation la plus favorable pour recevoir l'action de la grâce et suivre en tout l'impulsion divine » (Ad. Franck).

Mais il ne faut pas tomber dans l'erreur catholique qui place la vie contemplative au-dessus de la vie active. Tant que nous sommes dans le combat de la terre, où Jésus nous invite à prier : « Que ton règne vienne ! », la contemplation ne doit être qu'un stimulant de l'action, une occasion de nous retremper aux sources de la vie spirituelle. Heureux le chrétien qui dans son culte matinal trouve un moment pour la contemplation. Ce moment, loin d'être perdu pour son activité, assure à celle-ci ses qualités les plus hautes et son évangélique saveur. Dans la course qui nous est proposée, où la continuité de l'effort si aisément dessèche et lasse, la contemplation maintient à la piété sa sève, à l'espérance sa fraîcheur, en ramenant constamment nos regards sur « Jésus, le chef et le consommateur de la foi », c'est-à-dire sur Celui en qui notre foi trouve son principe et son accomplissement (Heb 12:2). Alex. W.

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      Genèse 3

      6 When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate.

      Genèse 6

      12 God saw the earth, and saw that it was corrupt, for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth.

      Exode 2

      25 God saw the children of Israel, and God was concerned about them.

      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Nombres 21

      9 Moses made a serpent of brass, and set it on the standard: and it happened, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he looked to the serpent of brass, he lived.

      2 Chroniques 16

      9 For the eyes of Yahweh run back and forth throughout the whole earth, to show himself strong in the behalf of them whose heart is perfect toward him. Herein you have done foolishly; for from henceforth you shall have wars."

      Psaumes 8

      4 what is man, that you think of him? What is the son of man, that you care for him?

      Psaumes 104

      32 He looks at the earth, and it trembles. He touches the mountains, and they smoke.

      Esaïe 45

      22 "Look to me, and be saved, all the ends of the earth; for I am God, and there is no other.

      Jérémie 6

      16 Thus says Yahweh, "Stand in the ways and see, and ask for the old paths, 'Where is the good way?' and walk in it, and you will find rest for your souls. But they said, 'We will not walk in it.'

      Zacharie 12

      10 I will pour on the house of David, and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplication; and they will look to me whom they have pierced; and they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for his only son, and will grieve bitterly for him, as one grieves for his firstborn.

      Matthieu 4

      1 Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil.
      2 When he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was hungry afterward.
      3 The tempter came and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread."
      4 But he answered, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.'"
      5 Then the devil took him into the holy city. He set him on the pinnacle of the temple,
      6 and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, 'He will put his angels in charge of you.' and, 'On their hands they will bear you up, so that you don't dash your foot against a stone.'"
      7 Jesus said to him, "Again, it is written, 'You shall not test the Lord, your God.'"
      8 Again, the devil took him to an exceedingly high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world, and their glory.
      9 He said to him, "I will give you all of these things, if you will fall down and worship me."
      10 Then Jesus said to him, "Get behind me, Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.'"
      11 Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and served him.
      12 Now when Jesus heard that John was delivered up, he withdrew into Galilee.
      13 Leaving Nazareth, he came and lived in Capernaum, which is by the sea, in the region of Zebulun and Naphtali,
      14 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying,
      15 "The land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, toward the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles,
      16 the people who sat in darkness saw a great light, to those who sat in the region and shadow of death, to them light has dawned."
      17 From that time, Jesus began to preach, and to say, "Repent! For the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand."
      18 Walking by the sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers: Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew, his brother, casting a net into the sea; for they were fishermen.
      19 He said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you fishers for men."
      20 They immediately left their nets and followed him.
      21 Going on from there, he saw two other brothers, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in the boat with Zebedee their father, mending their nets. He called them.
      22 They immediately left the boat and their father, and followed him.
      23 Jesus went about in all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, preaching the Good News of the Kingdom, and healing every disease and every sickness among the people.
      24 The report about him went out into all Syria. They brought to him all who were sick, afflicted with various diseases and torments, possessed with demons, epileptics, and paralytics; and he healed them.
      25 Great multitudes from Galilee, Decapolis, Jerusalem, Judea and from beyond the Jordan followed him.

      Matthieu 5

      28 but I tell you that everyone who gazes at a woman to lust after her has committed adultery with her already in his heart.
      29 If your right eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out and throw it away from you. For it is more profitable for you that one of your members should perish, than for your whole body to be cast into Gehenna.

      Matthieu 6

      22 "The lamp of the body is the eye. If therefore your eye is sound, your whole body will be full of light.

      Matthieu 7

      3 Why do you see the speck that is in your brother's eye, but don't consider the beam that is in your own eye?

      Matthieu 28

      17 When they saw him, they bowed down to him, but some doubted.

      Luc 4

      1 Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness
      2 for forty days, being tempted by the devil. He ate nothing in those days. Afterward, when they were completed, he was hungry.
      3 The devil said to him, "If you are the Son of God, command this stone to become bread."
      4 Jesus answered him, saying, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God.'"
      5 The devil, leading him up on a high mountain, showed him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time.
      6 The devil said to him, "I will give you all this authority, and their glory, for it has been delivered to me; and I give it to whomever I want.
      7 If you therefore will worship before me, it will all be yours."
      8 Jesus answered him, "Get behind me Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.'"
      9 He led him to Jerusalem, and set him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, cast yourself down from here,
      10 for it is written, 'He will put his angels in charge of you, to guard you;'
      11 and, 'On their hands they will bear you up, lest perhaps you dash your foot against a stone.'"
      12 Jesus answering, said to him, "It has been said, 'You shall not tempt the Lord your God.'"
      13 When the devil had completed every temptation, he departed from him until another time.
      14 Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee, and news about him spread through all the surrounding area.
      15 He taught in their synagogues, being glorified by all.
      16 He came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up. He entered, as was his custom, into the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and stood up to read.
      17 The book of the prophet Isaiah was handed to him. He opened the book, and found the place where it was written,
      18 "The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to preach good news to the poor. He has sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to proclaim release to the captives, recovering of sight to the blind, to deliver those who are crushed,
      19 and to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord."
      20 He closed the book, gave it back to the attendant, and sat down. The eyes of all in the synagogue were fastened on him.
      21 He began to tell them, "Today, this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing."
      22 All testified about him, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth, and they said, "Isn't this Joseph's son?"
      23 He said to them, "Doubtless you will tell me this parable, 'Physician, heal yourself! Whatever we have heard done at Capernaum, do also here in your hometown.'"
      24 He said, "Most certainly I tell you, no prophet is acceptable in his hometown.
      25 But truly I tell you, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land.
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