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REINE

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La Bible ne nomme que trois femmes ayant réellement exercé par elles-mêmes le pouvoir royal :

la reine de Séba (1Ro 10 parallèle 2Ch 9, Mt 12:42 parallèle Lu 11:31),

Candace reine d'Ethiopie (Ac 8:27)

et Athalie en Juda (2Ro 11) ; encore est-il seulement dit de celle-ci qu' « elle régnait sur le pays » (2Ro 11:3). C'est du reste en qualité de reine mère qu'il lui fut possible de s'attribuer la royauté. De même en Israël sa propre mère Jézabel, malgré une forte personnalité et une influence souvent décisive, n'est désignée du vivant d'Achab que par le simple titre : « sa femme » (1Ro 21:5-7) ; lorsque après sa mort elle est appelée reine (2Ro 10:13), c'est la dignité de reine mère qu'exprime le terme hébreu bîrâh. Il n'a pas été employé à propos de Bath-Séba lorsque à la mort de David elle prend en fait position de reine mère (1Ro 2:13-22) ; mais il est encore appliqué à Maaca, mère du roi Asa (1Ro 15:13 parallèle 2Ch 15:16), et à Néhusta, mère du roi Jéhojakim ou Jéchonias (Jer 13:18 29:2, cf. 2Ro 24:8,12,15).

Dans 1Ro 11:19 il désigne en un sens plus général l'épouse d'un pharaon. Mais la Bible n'appelle jamais reine la femme d'un roi israélite régnant. On sait que dans les cours orientales des monarques polygames la reine mère joue presque toujours un rôle plus important que n'importe laquelle des femmes du harem royal. Celles-ci peuvent être, par une liberté poétique (Ca 6:8 et suivants), dénommées reines (malkâh de mélèk roi) ; mais ce titre est plus généralement limité à celle qui pour une raison ou une autre devient la favorite, comme à la cour de Perse Vasthi (Est 1:9) etc. puis Esther (Est 2:22. etc.).

Telle devait être aussi la reine de la cour de Belsatsar. (Da 5:10)

C'est sans doute une sorte de « reine consort » que désigne dans deux passages le terme de chégâl (Ne 2:6, Ps 45:10). Enfin, l'emploi au figuré du titre de reine se trouve trois fois dans la prédiction de déchéance d'une splendeur condamnée, le terme original étant chaque fois différent gbèrèt =souveraine, Esa 47:5,7 ; sârâh =princesse, La 1:1 ; basilissa, grec pour reine, Ap 18:7.

--Pour la reine de Séba ou du Midi, voir Séba (reine de), Sabéens.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      2 Chroniques 9

      1 When the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon, she came to prove Solomon with hard questions at Jerusalem, with a very great train, and camels that bore spices, and gold in abundance, and precious stones: and when she had come to Solomon, she talked with him of all that was in her heart.
      2 Solomon told her all her questions; and there was not anything hidden from Solomon which he didn't tell her.
      3 When the queen of Sheba had seen the wisdom of Solomon, and the house that he had built,
      4 and the food of his table, and the sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and their clothing, his cup bearers also, and their clothing, and his ascent by which he went up to the house of Yahweh; there was no more spirit in her.
      5 She said to the king, "It was a true report that I heard in my own land of your acts, and of your wisdom.
      6 However I didn't believe their words, until I came, and my eyes had seen it; and behold, the half of the greatness of your wisdom was not told me: you exceed the fame that I heard.
      7 Happy are your men, and happy are these your servants, who stand continually before you, and hear your wisdom.
      8 Blessed be Yahweh your God, who delighted in you, to set you on his throne, to be king for Yahweh your God: because your God loved Israel, to establish them forever, therefore made he you king over them, to do justice and righteousness."
      9 She gave the king one hundred and twenty talents of gold, and spices in great abundance, and precious stones: neither was there any such spice as the queen of Sheba gave to king Solomon.
      10 The servants also of Huram, and the servants of Solomon, who brought gold from Ophir, brought algum trees and precious stones.
      11 The king made of the algum trees terraces for the house of Yahweh, and for the king's house, and harps and stringed instruments for the singers: and there were none like these seen before in the land of Judah.
      12 King Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba all her desire, whatever she asked, besides that which she had brought to the king. So she turned, and went to her own land, she and her servants.
      13 Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred and sixty-six talents of gold,
      14 besides that which the traders and merchants brought: and all the kings of Arabia and the governors of the country brought gold and silver to Solomon.
      15 King Solomon made two hundred bucklers of beaten gold; six hundred shekels of beaten gold went to one buckler.
      16 He made three hundred shields of beaten gold; three hundred shekels of gold went to one shield: and the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon.
      17 Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with pure gold.
      18 And there were six steps to the throne, with a footstool of gold, which were fastened to the throne, and stays on either side by the place of the seat, and two lions standing beside the stays.
      19 Twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other on the six steps: there was nothing like it made in any kingdom.
      20 All king Solomon's drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold: silver was nothing accounted of in the days of Solomon.
      21 For the king had ships that went to Tarshish with the servants of Huram; once every three years came the ships of Tarshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks.
      22 So king Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth in riches and wisdom.
      23 All the kings of the earth sought the presence of Solomon, to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart.
      24 They brought every man his tribute, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and clothing, armor, and spices, horses, and mules, a rate year by year.
      25 Solomon had four thousand stalls for horses and chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, that he stationed in the chariot cities, and with the king at Jerusalem.
      26 He ruled over all the kings from the River even to the land of the Philistines, and to the border of Egypt.
      27 The king made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones, and he made cedars to be as the sycamore trees that are in the lowland, for abundance.
      28 They brought horses for Solomon out of Egypt, and out of all lands.
      29 Now the rest of the acts of Solomon, first and last, aren't they written in the history of Nathan the prophet, and in the prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite, and in the visions of Iddo the seer concerning Jeroboam the son of Nebat?
      30 Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel forty years.
      31 Solomon slept with his fathers, and he was buried in the city of David his father: and Rehoboam his son reigned in his place.

      2 Chroniques 15

      16 Also Maacah, the mother of Asa the king, he removed from being queen, because she had made an abominable image for an Asherah; and Asa cut down her image, and made dust of it, and burnt it at the brook Kidron.

      Néhémie 2

      6 The king said to me (the queen was also sitting by him), "For how long shall your journey be? And when will you return?" So it pleased the king to send me; and I set him a time.

      Esther 1

      9 Also Vashti the queen made a feast for the women in the royal house which belonged to King Ahasuerus.

      Esther 2

      22 This thing became known to Mordecai, who informed Esther the queen; and Esther informed the king in Mordecai's name.

      Psaumes 45

      10 Listen, daughter, consider, and turn your ear. Forget your own people, and also your father's house.

      Cantique 6

      8 There are sixty queens, eighty concubines, and virgins without number.

      Esaïe 47

      5 "Sit in silence, and go into darkness, daughter of the Chaldeans; for you shall no more be called the mistress of kingdoms.
      7 You said, 'I shall be a mistress forever;' so that you did not lay these things to your heart, nor did you remember the latter end of it.

      Jérémie 13

      18 Say to the king and to the queen mother, Humble yourselves, sit down; for your headdresses have come down, even the crown of your glory.

      Jérémie 29

      2 (after that Jeconiah the king, the queen mother, the eunuchs, the princes of Judah and Jerusalem, the craftsmen, and the smiths, had departed from Jerusalem),

      Lamentations 1

      1 How the city sits solitary, that was full of people! She has become as a widow, who was great among the nations! She who was a princess among the provinces has become tributary!

      Daniel 5

      10 [Now] the queen by reason of the words of the king and his lords came into the banquet house: the queen spoke and said, O king, live forever; don't let your thoughts trouble you, nor let your face be changed.

      Matthieu 12

      42 The queen of the south will rise up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it, for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, someone greater than Solomon is here.

      Luc 11

      31 The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and will condemn them: for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, one greater than Solomon is here.

      Actes 8

      27 He arose and went; and behold, there was a man of Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, who was over all her treasure, who had come to Jerusalem to worship.

      Apocalypse 18

      7 However much she glorified herself, and grew wanton, so much give her of torment and mourning. For she says in her heart, 'I sit a queen, and am no widow, and will in no way see mourning.'
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