Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

RENOUVELLEMENT

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En son sens strict, ce terme correspond aux mots grecs de la racine d'anakaïnizeïn, que le N.T. applique à la rénovation constante et graduelle, par le Saint-Esprit, de l'image divine dans l'âme du racheté (2Co 4:16, Ro 12:2, Col 3:10, Heb 6:6 ; comp, ananeoûsthaï de Eph 4:23). Cette restauration continue du chrétien suppose sa régénération préalable, et les deux termes sont associés dans Tit 3:5: le renouvellement (anakaïnôsis) du Saint-Esprit y suit le baptême de la régénération (palingenesià) Ce dernier terme grec (de palin-- de nouveau, et genesis = naissance) a donc ici une application individuelle, qui se trouvait dans les religions des mystères (voir ce mot), mais dont la valeur profonde est une révélation de l'Évangile : pour les païens, une « palingénésie » pouvait être le réveil de la terre après l'hiver (Marc-Aurèle, stoïcien), la résurrection de nos connaissances par le souvenir (Olympiodore, platonicien), la réintégration d'un exilé aux honneurs (Cicéron), la réincarnation d'une âme (les Pythagoriciens, d'après Plutarque) ; pour le chrétien, « palingénésie » correspond à « nouvelle naissance » ou régénération (voir ce mot). Mais c'est surtout un sens collectif et général que le terme de palingénésie a pris dans l'histoire religieuse. De même qu'il désignait chez Philon la résurrection du monde matériel enseigné par le stoïcisme, ou encore la restauration de la nation juive, de même dans Mt 19:28 (seule mention dans le N.T., en dehors de Tit 3:5) il évoque la nouvelle naissance de la création tout entière, et la plupart de nos versions l'y traduisent par : le renouvellement (ou : rétablissement) de toutes choses. Il s'agit de l'état messianique de perfection qui succédera à l'imperfection du monde actuel où le bien et le mal sont étroitement mêlés, (cf. Mt 13:38-40,49) « l'avènement du Royaume de Dieu conçu comme la création d'un monde nouveau » (Bbl. Cent.). --Voir Trench, Syn. N.T., parag. 18.

Dans l'A. T, perce déjà une telle conception, par exemple dans l'espérance du Jour de l'Éternel (v. art.). La plupart des prophètes, cependant, pensent avant tout à la Palestine et au seul peuple juif : ainsi dans Am 9:11-15, Mic 2:12 et suivant, Eze 40 à Eze 48 (la Nouvelle Jérusalem). Le renouvellement vraiment général n'est annoncé que dans Esa 51:16 65:17-25, où il se rapproche de conceptions mazdéennes (voir Prophète, VI). Le N.T. marque l'importance de cette idée dans la foi de l'Église primitive. Plusieurs expressions s'y rapportent : « le rétablissement (apokatastasis) de toutes choses » (Ac 3:21) « de nouveaux cieux et une nouvelle terre » (2Pi 3:13, Ap 21:1), « faire toutes choses nouvelles » (Ap 21:5).

Ce renouvellement ne concerne pas seulement la terre et les humains, mais l'univers entier, lequel est profondément troublé. Placé sous la domination de puissances mauvaises, le monde présent a pour caractéristiques essentielles le péché, la mort et l'impuissance (1Co 1:20 2:6 3:18,2Co 4:4 Ga 1:4) ; le désordre y règne et ne peut être aboli que par une transformation de la création tout entière (Ro 8:20,22), où la souveraineté de Dieu sera rétablie (1Co 15:28). Cette transformation se produira lors de la glorification du Fils de l'homme (Mt 19:28), ou parousie (voir ce mot), à la fin des âges, qui doit par la victoire du Christ (1Co 15:24 et suivant) inaugurer un univers où l'ordre sera rétabli (1Co 15:26, Col 1:19 et suivant). Ce renouvellement, d'autre part, est souvent rattaché à des prophéties de l'A. T (Mt 17:11, Ac 3:21,2Pi 3:13).

Au point de vue des destinées humaines, la palingénésie sera-t-elle réellement un renouvelle Tient de toutes choses, comportant donc la conversion finale des méchants, ou bien un rétablissement seulement partiel qui laissera les réprouvés dans leur châtiment ? Certaines paroles de saint Paul pourraient faire croire à une régénération universelle (Ro 11:32,1Co 15:22, Eph 1:10, Php 2:10 et suivant) ; mais une étude plus attentive montre que l'apôtre ne croyait pas à la conversion totale de l'humanité incrédule (Ro 2:8-12,1Co 6:9 et suivant, Php 3:19,2Th 1:9). Constatation confirmée par les autres écrits du N.T. (Mt 13:40-42 18:8 25:41,46, Mr 9:45, Ac 3:21,23, Ap 20:10 etc.), en particulier par les passages relatifs au péché contre l'Esprit ; voir (Mr 3:29, Mt 12:31,1Jn 5:16) Péché.

En résumé, le N.T., malgré plusieurs allusions à un renouvellement de toutes choses, ne professe pas de doctrine précise à cet égard ; certains textes semblent universalistes, mais d'autres textes semblent les contredire. Les auteurs chrétiens inspirés se bornent à l'affirmation de la foi : le rétablissement de l'absolue souveraineté de Dieu, lors de la consommation des temps ; Dieu régnera, et sa volonté ne rencontrera plus aucune opposition. --Voir Eschatologie. Edm. R.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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    • Esaïe 51

      16 I have put my words in your mouth, and have covered you in the shadow of my hand, that I may plant the heavens, and lay the foundations of the earth, and tell Zion, 'You are my people.'"

      Esaïe 65

      17 "For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth; and the former things shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.

      Ezéchiel 40

      1 In the five and twentieth year of our captivity, in the beginning of the year, in the tenth [day] of the month, in the fourteenth year after that the city was struck, in the same day, the hand of Yahweh was on me, and he brought me there.
      2 In the visions of God brought he me into the land of Israel, and set me down on a very high mountain, whereon was as it were the frame of a city on the south.
      3 He brought me there; and, behold, there was a man, whose appearance was like the appearance of brass, with a line of flax in his hand, and a measuring reed; and he stood in the gate.
      4 The man said to me, Son of man, see with your eyes, and hear with your ears, and set your heart on all that I shall show you; for, to the intent that I may show them to you, you are brought here: declare all that you see to the house of Israel.
      5 Behold, a wall on the outside of the house all around, and in the man's hand a measuring reed six cubits long, of a cubit and a handbreadth each: so he measured the thickness of the building, one reed; and the height, one reed.
      6 Then came he to the gate which looks toward the east, and went up its steps: and he measured the threshold of the gate, one reed broad; and the other threshold, one reed broad.
      7 Every lodge was one reed long, and one reed broad; and [the space] between the lodges was five cubits; and the threshold of the gate by the porch of the gate toward the house was one reed.
      8 He measured also the porch of the gate toward the house, one reed.
      9 Then measured he the porch of the gate, eight cubits; and its posts, two cubits; and the porch of the gate was toward the house.
      10 The lodges of the gate eastward were three on this side, and three on that side; they three were of one measure: and the posts had one measure on this side and on that side.
      11 He measured the breadth of the opening of the gate, ten cubits; and the length of the gate, thirteen cubits;
      12 and a border before the lodges, one cubit [on this side], and a border, one cubit on that side; and the lodges, six cubits on this side, and six cubits on that side.
      13 He measured the gate from the roof of the one lodge to the roof of the other, a breadth of twenty-five cubits; door against door.
      14 He made also posts, sixty cubits; and the court [reached] to the posts, around the gate.
      15 [From] the forefront of the gate at the entrance to the forefront of the inner porch of the gate were fifty cubits.
      16 There were closed windows to the lodges, and to their posts within the gate all around, and likewise to the arches; and windows were around inward; and on [each] post were palm trees.
      17 Then brought he me into the outer court; and behold, there were rooms and a pavement, made for the court all around: thirty rooms were on the pavement.
      18 The pavement was by the side of the gates, answerable to the length of the gates, even the lower pavement.
      19 Then he measured the breadth from the forefront of the lower gate to the forefront of the inner court outside, one hundred cubits, [both] on the east and on the north.
      20 The gate of the outer court whose prospect is toward the north, he measured its length and its breadth.
      21 The lodges of it were three on this side and three on that side; and its posts and its arches were after the measure of the first gate: its length was fifty cubits, and the breadth twenty-five cubits.
      22 The windows of it, and its arches, and the palm trees of it, were after the measure of the gate whose prospect is toward the east; and they went up to it by seven steps; and its arches were before them.
      23 There was a gate to the inner court over against the [other] gate, [both] on the north and on the east; and he measured from gate to gate one hundred cubits.
      24 He led me toward the south; and behold, a gate toward the south: and he measured its posts and its arches according to these measures.
      25 There were windows in it and in its arches all around, like those windows: the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth twenty-five cubits.
      26 There were seven steps to go up to it, and its arches were before them; and it had palm trees, one on this side, and another on that side, on its posts.
      27 There was a gate to the inner court toward the south: and he measured from gate to gate toward the south a hundred cubits.
      28 Then he brought me to the inner court by the south gate: and he measured the south gate according to these measures;
      29 and its lodges, and its posts, and its arches, according to these measures: and there were windows in it and in its arches all around; it was fifty cubits long, and twenty-five cubits broad.
      30 There were arches all around, twenty-five cubits long, and five cubits broad.
      31 The arches of it were toward the outer court; and palm trees were on its posts: and the ascent to it had eight steps.
      32 He brought me into the inner court toward the east: and he measured the gate according to these measures;
      33 and its lodges, and its posts, and its arches, according to these measures: and there were windows therein and in its arches all around; it was fifty cubits long, and twenty-five cubits broad.
      34 The arches of it were toward the outer court; and palm trees were on its posts, on this side, and on that side: and the ascent to it had eight steps.
      35 He brought me to the north gate: and he measured [it] according to these measures;
      36 its lodges, its posts, and its arches: and there were windows therein all around; the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth twenty-five cubits.
      37 The posts of it were toward the outer court; and palm trees were on its posts, on this side, and on that side: and the ascent to it had eight steps.
      38 A room with its door was by the posts at the gates; there they washed the burnt offering.
      39 In the porch of the gate were two tables on this side, and two tables on that side, to kill thereon the burnt offering and the sin offering and the trespass offering.
      40 On the [one] side outside, as one goes up to the entry of the gate toward the north, were two tables; and on the other side, which belonged to the porch of the gate, were two tables.
      41 Four tables were on this side, and four tables on that side, by the side of the gate; eight tables, whereupon they killed [the sacrifices].
      42 There were four tables for the burnt offering, of cut stone, a cubit and a half long, and a cubit and a half broad, and one cubit high; whereupon they laid the instruments with which they killed the burnt offering and the sacrifice.
      43 The hooks, a handbreadth long, were fastened within all around: and on the tables was the flesh of the offering.
      44 Outside of the inner gate were rooms for the singers in the inner court, which was at the side of the north gate; and their prospect was toward the south; one at the side of the east gate having the prospect toward the north.
      45 He said to me, This room, whose prospect is toward the south, is for the priests, the keepers of the duty of the house;
      46 and the room whose prospect is toward the north is for the priests, the keepers of the duty of the altar: these are the sons of Zadok, who from among the sons of Levi come near to Yahweh to minister to him.
      47 He measured the court, one hundred cubits long, and a hundred cubits broad, foursquare; and the altar was before the house.
      48 Then he brought me to the porch of the house, and measured each post of the porch, five cubits on this side, and five cubits on that side: and the breadth of the gate was three cubits on this side, and three cubits on that side.
      49 The length of the porch was twenty cubits, and the breadth eleven cubits; even by the steps by which they went up to it: and there were pillars by the posts, one on this side, and another on that side.

      Ezéchiel 48

      1 Now these are the names of the tribes: From the north end, beside the way of Hethlon to the entrance of Hamath, Hazar Enan at the border of Damascus, northward beside Hamath, (and they shall have their sides east [and] west), Dan, one [portion].
      2 By the border of Dan, from the east side to the west side, Asher, one [portion].
      3 By the border of Asher, from the east side even to the west side, Naphtali, one [portion].
      4 By the border of Naphtali, from the east side to the west side, Manasseh, one [portion].
      5 By the border of Manasseh, from the east side to the west side, Ephraim, one [portion].
      6 By the border of Ephraim, from the east side even to the west side, Reuben, one [portion].
      7 By the border of Reuben, from the east side to the west side, Judah, one [portion].
      8 By the border of Judah, from the east side to the west side, shall be the offering which you shall offer, twenty-five thousand [reeds] in breadth, and in length as one of the portions, from the east side to the west side: and the sanctuary shall be in its midst.
      9 The offering that you shall offer to Yahweh shall be twenty-five thousand [reeds] in length, and ten thousand in breadth.
      10 For these, even for the priests, shall be the holy offering: toward the north twenty-five thousand [in length], and toward the west ten thousand in breadth, and toward the east ten thousand in breadth, and toward the south twenty-five thousand in length: and the sanctuary of Yahweh shall be in its midst.
      11 [It shall be] for the priests who are sanctified of the sons of Zadok, who have kept my instruction, who didn't go astray when the children of Israel went astray, as the Levites went astray.
      12 It shall be to them an offering from the offering of the land, a thing most holy, by the border of the Levites.
      13 Answerable to the border of the priests, the Levites shall have twenty-five thousand in length, and ten thousand in breadth: all the length shall be twenty-five thousand, and the breadth ten thousand.
      14 They shall sell none of it, nor exchange it, nor shall the first fruits of the land be alienated; for it is holy to Yahweh.
      15 The five thousand that are left in the breadth, in front of the twenty-five thousand, shall be for common use, for the city, for dwelling and for suburbs; and the city shall be in its midst.
      16 These shall be its measures: the north side four thousand and five hundred, and the south side four thousand and five hundred, and on the east side four thousand and five hundred, and the west side four thousand and five hundred.
      17 The city shall have suburbs: toward the north two hundred fifty, and toward the south two hundred fifty, and toward the east two hundred fifty, and toward the west two hundred fifty.
      18 The remainder in the length, answerable to the holy offering, shall be ten thousand eastward, and ten thousand westward; and it shall be answerable to the holy offering; and its increase shall be for food to those who labor in the city.
      19 Those who labor in the city, out of all the tribes of Israel, shall cultivate it.
      20 All the offering shall be twenty-five thousand by twenty-five thousand: you shall offer the holy offering foursquare, with the possession of the city.
      21 The residue shall be for the prince, on the one side and on the other of the holy offering and of the possession of the city; in front of the twenty-five thousand of the offering toward the east border, and westward in front of the twenty-five thousand toward the west border, answerable to the portions, it shall be for the prince: and the holy offering and the sanctuary of the house shall be in its midst.
      22 Moreover from the possession of the Levites, and from the possession of the city, being in the midst of that which is the prince's, between the border of Judah and the border of Benjamin, it shall be for the prince.
      23 As for the rest of the tribes: from the east side to the west side, Benjamin, one [portion].
      24 By the border of Benjamin, from the east side to the west side, Simeon, one [portion].
      25 By the border of Simeon, from the east side to the west side, Issachar, one [portion].
      26 By the border of Issachar, from the east side to the west side, Zebulun, one [portion].
      27 By the border of Zebulun, from the east side to the west side, Gad, one [portion].
      28 By the border of Gad, at the south side southward, the border shall be even from Tamar to the waters of Meribath Kadesh, to the brook [of Egypt], to the great sea.
      29 This is the land which you shall divide by lot to the tribes of Israel for inheritance, and these are their several portions, says the Lord Yahweh.
      30 These are the exits of the city: On the north side four thousand and five hundred [reeds] by measure;
      31 and the gates of the city shall be after the names of the tribes of Israel, three gates northward: the gate of Reuben, one; the gate of Judah, one; the gate of Levi, one.
      32 At the east side four thousand and five hundred [reeds], and three gates: even the gate of Joseph, one; the gate of Benjamin, one; the gate of Dan, one.
      33 At the south side four thousand and five hundred [reeds] by measure, and three gates: the gate of Simeon, one; the gate of Issachar, one; the gate of Zebulun, one.
      34 At the west side four thousand and five hundred [reeds], with their three gates: the gate of Gad, one; the gate of Asher, one; the gate of Naphtali, one.
      35 It shall be eighteen thousand [reeds] around: and the name of the city from that day shall be, Yahweh is there.

      Amos 9

      11 In that day I will raise up the tent of David who is fallen, and close up its breaches, and I will raise up its ruins, and I will build it as in the days of old;
      12 that they may possess the remnant of Edom, and all the nations who are called by my name," says Yahweh who does this.
      13 "Behold, the days come," says Yahweh, "that the plowman shall overtake the reaper, and the one treading grapes him who sows seed; and sweet wine will drip from the mountains, and flow from the hills.
      14 I will bring my people Israel back from captivity, and they will rebuild the ruined cities, and inhabit them; and they will plant vineyards, and drink wine from them. They shall also make gardens, and eat their fruit.
      15 I will plant them on their land, and they will no more be plucked up out of their land which I have given them," says Yahweh your God.

      Michée 2

      12 I will surely assemble, Jacob, all of you; I will surely gather the remnant of Israel; I will put them together as the sheep of Bozrah, as a flock in the midst of their pasture; they will swarm with people.

      Matthieu 12

      31 Therefore I tell you, every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven men, but the blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven men.

      Matthieu 13

      38 the field is the world; and the good seed, these are the children of the Kingdom; and the darnel weeds are the children of the evil one.
      39 The enemy who sowed them is the devil. The harvest is the end of the age, and the reapers are angels.
      40 As therefore the darnel weeds are gathered up and burned with fire; so will it be at the end of this age.
      41 The Son of Man will send out his angels, and they will gather out of his Kingdom all things that cause stumbling, and those who do iniquity,
      42 and will cast them into the furnace of fire. There will be weeping and the gnashing of teeth.
      49 So will it be in the end of the world. The angels will come forth, and separate the wicked from among the righteous,

      Matthieu 17

      11 Jesus answered them, "Elijah indeed comes first, and will restore all things,

      Matthieu 18

      8 If your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off, and cast it from you. It is better for you to enter into life maimed or crippled, rather than having two hands or two feet to be cast into the eternal fire.

      Matthieu 19

      28 Jesus said to them, "Most certainly I tell you that you who have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of Man will sit on the throne of his glory, you also will sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.

      Matthieu 25

      41 Then he will say also to those on the left hand, 'Depart from me, you cursed, into the eternal fire which is prepared for the devil and his angels;
      46 These will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life."

      Marc 3

      29 but whoever may blaspheme against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness, but is guilty of an eternal sin"

      Marc 9

      45 If your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off. It is better for you to enter into life lame, rather than having your two feet to be cast into Gehenna, into the fire that will never be quenched--

      Jean 5

      16 For this cause the Jews persecuted Jesus, and sought to kill him, because he did these things on the Sabbath.

      Actes 3

      21 whom heaven must receive until the times of restoration of all things, which God spoke long ago by the mouth of his holy prophets.
      23 It will be, that every soul that will not listen to that prophet will be utterly destroyed from among the people.'

      Romains 2

      8 but to those who are self-seeking, and don't obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, will be wrath and indignation,
      9 oppression and anguish, on every soul of man who works evil, to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.
      10 But glory, honor, and peace go to every man who works good, to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.
      11 For there is no partiality with God.
      12 For as many as have sinned without law will also perish without the law. As many as have sinned under the law will be judged by the law.

      Romains 8

      20 For the creation was subjected to vanity, not of its own will, but because of him who subjected it, in hope
      22 For we know that the whole creation groans and travails in pain together until now.

      Romains 11

      32 For God has shut up all to disobedience, that he might have mercy on all.

      Romains 12

      2 Don't be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, so that you may prove what is the good, well-pleasing, and perfect will of God.

      1 Corinthiens 1

      20 Where is the wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the lawyer of this world? Hasn't God made foolish the wisdom of this world?

      1 Corinthiens 6

      9 Or don't you know that the unrighteous will not inherit the Kingdom of God? Don't be deceived. Neither the sexually immoral, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor male prostitutes, nor homosexuals,

      1 Corinthiens 15

      22 For as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive.
      24 Then the end comes, when he will deliver up the Kingdom to God, even the Father; when he will have abolished all rule and all authority and power.
      26 The last enemy that will be abolished is death.
      28 When all things have been subjected to him, then the Son will also himself be subjected to him who subjected all things to him, that God may be all in all.

      2 Corinthiens 4

      4 in whom the god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelieving, that the light of the Good News of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God, should not dawn on them.
      16 Therefore we don't faint, but though our outward man is decaying, yet our inward man is renewed day by day.

      Galates 1

      4 who gave himself for our sins, that he might deliver us out of this present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father--

      Ephésiens 1

      10 to an administration of the fullness of the times, to sum up all things in Christ, the things in the heavens, and the things on the earth, in him;

      Ephésiens 4

      23 and that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind,

      Colossiens 1

      19 For all the fullness was pleased to dwell in him;

      Colossiens 3

      10 and have put on the new man, who is being renewed in knowledge after the image of his Creator,

      2 Thessaloniciens 1

      9 who will pay the penalty: eternal destruction from the face of the Lord and from the glory of his might,

      Tite 3

      5 not by works of righteousness, which we did ourselves, but according to his mercy, he saved us, through the washing of regeneration and renewing by the Holy Spirit,

      Hébreux 6

      6 and then fell away, it is impossible to renew them again to repentance; seeing they crucify the Son of God for themselves again, and put him to open shame.

      2 Pierre 3

      13 But, according to his promise, we look for new heavens and a new earth, in which righteousness dwells.

      1 Jean 5

      16 If anyone sees his brother sinning a sin not leading to death, he shall ask, and God will give him life for those who sin not leading to death. There is a sin leading to death. I don't say that he should make a request concerning this.

      Apocalypse 20

      10 The devil who deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and sulfur, where the beast and the false prophet are also. They will be tormented day and night forever and ever.

      Apocalypse 21

      1 I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth have passed away, and the sea is no more.
      5 He who sits on the throne said, "Behold, I am making all things new." He said, "Write, for these words of God are faithful and true."
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