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RIRE

Dans l'A. T, le rire est désigné par deux mots hébreux différents, comme dans le N.T. par deux mots grec différents qui leur correspondent à peu près. Le verbe au sens le plus général, sâkhaq, évoque le rire joyeux, souvent en contraste avec l'a tristesse et les pleurs (Pr 14:13 29:9, Ec 2:2 3:4 7:3) ; dans Ec 7:6 le rire des insensés est opposé au feu d'épines qui contrairement à celui du charbon brûle vite, mais n'a pour effet que du bruit et non de la chaleur. Sir 27:13 dénonce aussi le rire des insensés et des pécheurs ; mais dans Sir 19:30 le rire (litt. le rire des dents) qui avec le vêtement et la démarche révèle le caractère peut être aussi bien celui des sages que des insensés. Le même verbe peut s'appliquer au sourire amical (Job 29:24), ou se traduire par jouer ; voir (Ps 104:26, Pr 26:19, Za 8:5) Jeu. Avec le verbe gêlân, dans Lu 6:21 (Vers. Syn., vous serez dans la joie), Lu 6:25, Jas 4:9, le rire s'oppose aux larmes (voir ce mot), et dans les deux derniers passages c'est le rire des pécheurs en tant que tels.

D'ailleurs le verbe sâkhaq peut signifier aussi : rire de quelqu'un, c-à-d, s'en moquer. C'est autour de ce sens que les récits de la naissance d'Isaac (voir ce mot) cherchent plusieurs étymologies de son nom (Ge 17:17 18:12,15 21:9 ; dans Ge 21:6 le « sujet de joie » est une traduction exacte, mais dans 21:6 il faut sans doute lire « riront de moi » au lieu de « me souriront » [Vers. Syn. ]). Il s'agit parfois simplement de ceux qui se rient d'un danger, d'un ennui, d'un effort, en ce sens qu'ils le méprisent, le narguent ou lui sourient (Job 5:22 39:10,21,25 41:20 Pr 31:25). Mais on trouve aussi la raillerie proprement dite, le sarcasme et l'objet de risée (Job 30:1, La 1:7, Sag 5:3, Ps 37:13 2:4, Pr 1:26).

Dans les deux derniers textes cités, sâkhaq est en parallèle avec l'autre verbe hébr., lâag, qui, lui, signifie toujours railler, et qu'on retrouve dans 2Ro 19:21, Job 9:23, Ps 44:14 59:9, Os 7:16, etc. et dans beaucoup d'autres endroits où il est traduit par : se moquer (Job 22:19, Pr 17:5 30:17, Ne 2:19 4:1, etc.). Le verbe grec correspondant, kata gêlân, n'est employé dans le N.T. qu'à propos des moqueries déplacées de la foule qui l'instant d'avant pleurait à grands cris sur la mort de la fille de Jaïrus et qui ricane grossièrement aux dépens de Jésus lorsqu'il déclare qu'elle n'est pas morte maïs endormie (Mr 5:40 parallèle Mt 9:24 parallèle Lu 8:53). C'est le même rire vulgairement railleur qu'exprime ce verbe grec dans la lettre d'un soldat à sa mère (III e siècle) se plaignant de son père qui en venant le voir ne lui a pas fait le moindre cadeau : « tous se moquent de moi ! » ou dans une inscription du III e siècle av. J. -C, parlant d'un homme qui venait chercher au temple d'Asklépios à Epidaure la guérison d'une calvitie totale et « se couchait tout honteux, parce que les autres se moquaient de lui ». (cf. 2Ro 2:23)

De nombreux passages bibliques condamnent la moquerie, manifestation de méchanceté, d'orgueil (Pr 1:22 21:24 etc.), parfois d'incrédulité (Ps 1:1, Ac 2:13,2Pi 3:3 etc.). Ce fut une des épreuves des dernières heures de la vie du Christ que de subir les moqueries du peuple, des soldats, des juges et des prêtres (Mr 15:16-20,29-32 et parallèle Lu 23:11-36 etc.). L'apôtre Paul ne recueillit guère, par son discours à l'Aréopage, que moquerie et indifférence des sceptiques Athéniens (Ac 17:32), comme les prophètes s'étaient heurtés aux moqueries et aux persécutions (Esa 28:22, Jer 20:7, Heb 11:36, etc.).

Dans l'ensemble des passages bibliques c'est donc le rire égoïste ou malveillant qui se trouve le plus souvent mentionné. Il n'en faut pourtant pas conclure que le rire loyal et franc et que le sourire cordial et amusé soient incompatibles avec la révélation de l'Évangile, la « bonne nouvelle » par excellence. Une interprétation abusive, devenue trop traditionnelle, de la notion de « l'Homme de douleurs » a provoqué des jugements pessimistes ou moroses, comme celui-ci : « On ne nous dit jamais que Jésus a ri, alors qu'on nous dit une fois qu'il a pleuré » (Farrar, Vie de Jésus, chap. 22). L'observation se trouve déjà dans la fameuse « lettre de Lentulus » (épître apocryphe, soi-disant adressée au sénat romain par Publius Lentulus, gouverneur en Palestine avant Pilate), qui esquisse le portrait physique du Christ, homme majestueux au beau visage régulier sans défaut, et ajoute : « Aimable, d'une gravité tempérée, on ne l'a jamais vu rire mais souvent pleurer » ; cette remarque représente les vues ascétiques du Moyen âge et s'ajoute aux nombreuses autres preuves de la parfaite inauthenticité du document, invention du XII e siècle si ce n'est même du XVI e (voir Encycl., t. 8, art. Lentulus). A l'extrême opposé, Renan, malgré les exagérations parfois ridicules du fade roman galiléen qu'il imagine, est plus près de la réalité lorsqu'il dit de Jésus que « sa douce gaieté s'exprimait sans cesse par des réflexions vives, d'aimables plaisanteries » (Vie de Jésus, chap. XI).

La faculté du rire est éminemment humaine, et son absence totale eût constitué un défaut dans la personnalité si complète et harmonieuse du « Fils de l'homme », notre Modèle ; le don de faire rire est une ressource pédagogique qu'ont utilisée tous les grands maîtres en la contenant dans de justes bornes, et à laquelle il n'est pas vraisemblable qu'ait renoncé le Maître des Douze, prédicateur des foules. Le fait fortuit qu'aucun texte du N.T. ne lui attribue le rire proprement dit ne prouve pas que le Christ s'interdît systématiquement une manifestation aussi naturelle de l'esprit, et de l'esprit de sociabilité. Bien au contraire, tout son genre de vie simple, digne certes mais libre et spontanée, le mêle sans cesse à l'existence de ses contemporains, il répudie l'austérité des rites et la rigidité pharisienne, s'abstenant du jeûne, en dispensant ses disciples (Mr 2:19 et parallèle) et ordonnant à ceux qui le pratiquaient la discrétion du visage reposé agréable au prochain au lieu des mines défaites ostentatoires (Mt 6:16,18) ; au risque de se faire traiter de mangeur et de buveur (Lu 5:30 7:34 15:2). il participe volontiers aux repas de noces ou de fêtes (Jn 2:1 et suivants Jn 12:18, Lu 5:29 7:36. etc.), il aime la compagnie des enfants, qui visiblement sont attirés par son accueillant sourire (Mr 9:36 10:13-16 et parallèle), il observe leurs moindres jeux (Mt 11:16 et suivant et parallèle), refuse aux prêtres du Temple d'imposer silence aux acclamations d'enfants émerveillés (Mt 21:15 et suivant), il annonce à ses fidèles des tressaillements de joie même au sein des persécutions (Lu 6:23), leur révèle la source de la joie éternelle (Lu 10:20), et lui-même il éprouve ces exultations devant les conquêtes du Père céleste parmi les petits enfants (Lu 10:21). D'autre part on ne peut méconnaître le tour enjoué de tant de ses entretiens, marqués évidemment de jeux de physionomie soulignant le trait humoristique, qui ne pouvait alors échapper à ses auditeurs comme il peut échapper aujourd'hui aux simples lecteurs. (cf. Mr 2:7, Mt 5:15 7:3,5 9 15:14 19:24, Lu 5:10, Jn 10:32 etc.) Il n'est donc point douteux que les sourires et les rires aient souvent accompagné le Seigneur et ses disciples au cours de son ministère.

Plus tard saint François d'Assise et ses amis seront appelés les rieurs du Seigneur (joculatores Domini). Sans doute, les psychologues qui cherchent à expliquer le mécanisme du rire nous montrent que le sens du comique n'est pas éloigné de la raillerie, et les moralistes ajoutent que le bon coeur est nécessaire pour garder au rire toute sa bonté : l'amour de Jésus pouvait sans peine en donner le parfait exemple. Remarquons enfin que Jésus s'avançait vers la Passion : sa tragique destinée de Sauveur par le sacrifice de la croix ne souffrait guère de manifestations extérieures de gaieté ; aussi bien, la vertu profonde du Seigneur comme celle de ses fidèles, devant le péril, la souffrance et la mort, n'est-elle pas la gaieté, toujours plus ou moins superficielle, mais la joie (voir ce mot). Jn L.

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      Genèse 17

      17 Then Abraham fell on his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, "Will a child be born to him who is one hundred years old? Will Sarah, who is ninety years old, give birth?"

      Genèse 18

      12 Sarah laughed within herself, saying, "After I have grown old will I have pleasure, my lord being old also?"
      15 Then Sarah denied, saying, "I didn't laugh," for she was afraid. He said, "No, but you did laugh."

      Genèse 21

      6 Sarah said, "God has made me laugh. Everyone who hears will laugh with me."
      9 Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, mocking.

      Néhémie 2

      19 But when Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah the servant, the Ammonite, and Geshem the Arabian, heard it, they ridiculed us, and despised us, and said, "What is this thing that you are doing? Will you rebel against the king?"

      Néhémie 4

      1 But it happened that when Sanballat heard that we were building the wall, he was angry, and took great indignation, and mocked the Jews.

      Job 5

      22 At destruction and famine you shall laugh, neither shall you be afraid of the animals of the earth.

      Job 9

      23 If the scourge kills suddenly, he will mock at the trial of the innocent.

      Job 22

      19 The righteous see it, and are glad. The innocent ridicule them,

      Job 29

      24 I smiled on them when they had no confidence. They didn't reject the light of my face.

      Job 30

      1 "But now those who are younger than I have me in derision, whose fathers I would have disdained to put with my sheep dogs.

      Job 39

      10 Can you hold the wild ox in the furrow with his harness? Or will he till the valleys after you?
      21 He paws in the valley, and rejoices in his strength. He goes out to meet the armed men.
      25 As often as the trumpet sounds he snorts, 'Aha!' He smells the battle afar off, the thunder of the captains, and the shouting.

      Job 41

      20 Out of his nostrils a smoke goes, as of a boiling pot over a fire of reeds.

      Psaumes 1

      1 Blessed is the man who doesn't walk in the counsel of the wicked, nor stand in the way of sinners, nor sit in the seat of scoffers;

      Psaumes 2

      4 He who sits in the heavens will laugh. The Lord will have them in derision.

      Psaumes 37

      13 The Lord will laugh at him, for he sees that his day is coming.

      Psaumes 44

      14 You make us a byword among the nations, a shaking of the head among the peoples.

      Psaumes 59

      9 Oh, my Strength, I watch for you, for God is my high tower.

      Psaumes 104

      26 There the ships go, and leviathan, whom you formed to play there.

      Proverbes 1

      22 "How long, you simple ones, will you love simplicity? How long will mockers delight themselves in mockery, and fools hate knowledge?
      26 I also will laugh at your disaster. I will mock when calamity overtakes you;

      Proverbes 14

      13 Even in laughter the heart may be sorrowful, and mirth may end in heaviness.

      Proverbes 17

      5 Whoever mocks the poor reproaches his Maker. He who is glad at calamity shall not be unpunished.

      Proverbes 21

      24 The proud and haughty man, "scoffer" is his name; he works in the arrogance of pride.

      Proverbes 26

      19 is the man who deceives his neighbor and says, "Am I not joking?"

      Proverbes 29

      9 If a wise man goes to court with a foolish man, the fool rages or scoffs, and there is no peace.

      Proverbes 30

      17 "The eye that mocks at his father, and scorns obedience to his mother: the ravens of the valley shall pick it out, the young eagles shall eat it.

      Proverbes 31

      25 Strength and dignity are her clothing. She laughs at the time to come.

      Ecclésiaste 2

      2 I said of laughter, "It is foolishness"; and of mirth, "What does it accomplish?"

      Ecclésiaste 3

      4 a time to weep, and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance;

      Ecclésiaste 7

      3 Sorrow is better than laughter; for by the sadness of the face the heart is made good.
      6 For as the crackling of thorns under a pot, so is the laughter of the fool. This also is vanity.

      Esaïe 28

      22 Now therefore don't be scoffers, lest your bonds be made strong; for I have heard a decree of destruction from the Lord, Yahweh of Armies, on the whole earth.

      Jérémie 20

      7 Yahweh, you have persuaded me, and I was persuaded; you are stronger than I, and have prevailed: I am become a laughing-stock all the day, every one mocks me.

      Lamentations 1

      7 Jerusalem remembers in the days of her affliction and of her miseries all her pleasant things that were from the days of old: when her people fell into the hand of the adversary, and no one helped her, The adversaries saw her, they mocked at her desolations.

      Osée 7

      16 They return, but not to the Most High. They are like a faulty bow. Their princes will fall by the sword for the rage of their tongue. This will be their derision in the land of Egypt.

      Zacharie 8

      5 The streets of the city will be full of boys and girls playing in its streets."

      Matthieu 5

      9 Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God.
      15 Neither do you light a lamp, and put it under a measuring basket, but on a stand; and it shines to all who are in the house.

      Matthieu 6

      16 "Moreover when you fast, don't be like the hypocrites, with sad faces. For they disfigure their faces, that they may be seen by men to be fasting. Most certainly I tell you, they have received their reward.
      18 so that you are not seen by men to be fasting, but by your Father who is in secret, and your Father, who sees in secret, will reward you.

      Matthieu 7

      3 Why do you see the speck that is in your brother's eye, but don't consider the beam that is in your own eye?

      Matthieu 9

      24 he said to them, "Make room, because the girl isn't dead, but sleeping." They were ridiculing him.

      Matthieu 11

      16 "But to what shall I compare this generation? It is like children sitting in the marketplaces, who call to their companions

      Matthieu 15

      14 Leave them alone. They are blind guides of the blind. If the blind guide the blind, both will fall into a pit."

      Matthieu 19

      24 Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the Kingdom of God."

      Matthieu 21

      15 But when the chief priests and the scribes saw the wonderful things that he did, and the children who were crying in the temple and saying, "Hosanna to the son of David!" they were indignant,

      Marc 2

      7 "Why does this man speak blasphemies like that? Who can forgive sins but God alone?"
      19 Jesus said to them, "Can the groomsmen fast while the bridegroom is with them? As long as they have the bridegroom with them, they can't fast.

      Marc 5

      40 They ridiculed him. But he, having put them all out, took the father of the child, her mother, and those who were with him, and went in where the child was lying.

      Marc 9

      36 He took a little child, and set him in their midst. Taking him in his arms, he said to them,

      Marc 10

      13 They were bringing to him little children, that he should touch them, but the disciples rebuked those who were bringing them.

      Marc 15

      16 The soldiers led him away within the court, which is the Praetorium; and they called together the whole cohort.
      17 They clothed him with purple, and weaving a crown of thorns, they put it on him.
      18 They began to salute him, "Hail, King of the Jews!"
      19 They struck his head with a reed, and spat on him, and bowing their knees, did homage to him.
      20 When they had mocked him, they took the purple off of him, and put his own garments on him. They led him out to crucify him.
      29 Those who passed by blasphemed him, wagging their heads, and saying, "Ha! You who destroy the temple, and build it in three days,

      Luc 5

      10 and so also were James and John, sons of Zebedee, who were partners with Simon. Jesus said to Simon, "Don't be afraid. From now on you will be catching people alive."
      29 Levi made a great feast for him in his house. There was a great crowd of tax collectors and others who were reclining with them.
      30 Their scribes and the Pharisees murmured against his disciples, saying, "Why do you eat and drink with the tax collectors and sinners?"

      Luc 6

      21 Blessed are you who hunger now, for you will be filled. Blessed are you who weep now, for you will laugh.
      23 Rejoice in that day, and leap for joy, for behold, your reward is great in heaven, for their fathers did the same thing to the prophets.
      25 Woe to you, you who are full now, for you will be hungry. Woe to you who laugh now, for you will mourn and weep.

      Luc 7

      34 The Son of Man has come eating and drinking, and you say, 'Behold, a gluttonous man, and a drunkard; a friend of tax collectors and sinners!'
      36 One of the Pharisees invited him to eat with him. He entered into the Pharisee's house, and sat at the table.

      Luc 8

      53 They were ridiculing him, knowing that she was dead.

      Luc 10

      20 Nevertheless, don't rejoice in this, that the spirits are subject to you, but rejoice that your names are written in heaven."
      21 In that same hour Jesus rejoiced in the Holy Spirit, and said, "I thank you, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you have hidden these things from the wise and understanding, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father, for so it was well-pleasing in your sight."

      Luc 15

      2 The Pharisees and the scribes murmured, saying, "This man welcomes sinners, and eats with them."

      Luc 23

      11 Herod with his soldiers humiliated him and mocked him. Dressing him in luxurious clothing, they sent him back to Pilate.
      12 Herod and Pilate became friends with each other that very day, for before that they were enemies with each other.
      13 Pilate called together the chief priests and the rulers and the people,
      14 and said to them, "You brought this man to me as one that perverts the people, and see, I have examined him before you, and found no basis for a charge against this man concerning those things of which you accuse him.
      15 Neither has Herod, for I sent you to him, and see, nothing worthy of death has been done by him.
      16 I will therefore chastise him and release him."
      17 Now he had to release one prisoner to them at the feast.
      18 But they all cried out together, saying, "Away with this man! Release to us Barabbas!"--
      19 one who was thrown into prison for a certain revolt in the city, and for murder.
      20 Then Pilate spoke to them again, wanting to release Jesus,
      21 but they shouted, saying, "Crucify! Crucify him!"
      22 He said to them the third time, "Why? What evil has this man done? I have found no capital crime in him. I will therefore chastise him and release him."
      23 But they were urgent with loud voices, asking that he might be crucified. Their voices and the voices of the chief priests prevailed.
      24 Pilate decreed that what they asked for should be done.
      25 He released him who had been thrown into prison for insurrection and murder, for whom they asked, but he delivered Jesus up to their will.
      26 When they led him away, they grabbed one Simon of Cyrene, coming from the country, and laid on him the cross, to carry it after Jesus.
      27 A great multitude of the people followed him, including women who also mourned and lamented him.
      28 But Jesus, turning to them, said, "Daughters of Jerusalem, don't weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children.
      29 For behold, the days are coming in which they will say, 'Blessed are the barren, the wombs that never bore, and the breasts that never nursed.'
      30 Then they will begin to tell the mountains, 'Fall on us!' and tell the hills, 'Cover us.'
      31 For if they do these things in the green tree, what will be done in the dry?"
      32 There were also others, two criminals, led with him to be put to death.
      33 When they came to the place that is called The Skull, they crucified him there with the criminals, one on the right and the other on the left.
      34 Jesus said, "Father, forgive them, for they don't know what they are doing." Dividing his garments among them, they cast lots.
      35 The people stood watching. The rulers with them also scoffed at him, saying, "He saved others. Let him save himself, if this is the Christ of God, his chosen one!"
      36 The soldiers also mocked him, coming to him and offering him vinegar,

      Jean 2

      1 The third day, there was a marriage in Cana of Galilee. Jesus' mother was there.
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