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ROUE

(Hébr. ôphan, rac. tourner ?; galgal, rac. rouler ; grec trokhos, rac. courir.) La Bible désigne indifféremment par ces termes plusieurs sortes de roues.

I Sens propre.

1.

ROUES DE CHARS (voir ce mot). Les plus souvent mentionnées sont celles des chars de guerre (Ex 14:25, Esa 5:28, Jer 47:3, Eze 26:10, Na 3:2) et des chariots de l'agriculture (Esa 28:27 et suivant). A leur fabrication est comparée celle des « socles », d'airain et de métal fondu, destinés à porter les cuves dans le Temple de Salomon (1Ro 7:30,32 et suivant) ; ces roues, « faites comme celles d'un char », se composaient d'un essieu (le sens du terme hébreu est douteux), de rais ou rayons, fixés au moyeu et à la jante, sans doute au nombre de six ou de huit comme pour les chars de guerre d'Egypte et d'Assyrie (voir t. I, fig. 16 et 32). Il s'agit ici, d'ailleurs, de roues perfectionnées, car les chariots primitifs ont toujours eu d'abord des roues pleines, simples sections de troncs d'arbres (voir Gens et Choses de Pal., fig. 49).

2.

AUTRES ROUES. On peut citer encore : les roues ou poulies, facilitant le transport des seaux et godets des citernes ou des puits (voir Citerne, 2) ; qu'elle soit petite et tournée à la main, comme celle qu'on voit aujourd'hui au puits de Jacob, près de Naplouse, ou à l'un des puits de Béer-Séba, ou qu'elle soit grande et déplacée par une bête de somme, âne ou chameau, si la roue se casse l'eau n'est plus accessible ; (Ec 12:8, image de la mort soudaine)

--La roue du potier, plus exactement appelée un tour (Jer 18:3, Sir 38:29), et décrite dans notre art. Poterie. Tous les genres de roues énumérés ici se trouvent mentionnés dans les papyrus d'Egypte, innombrables témoins de la vie publique en Orient quelques siècles avant ou après l'ère chrétienne.

Pour le supplice de la « roue », voir Crimes, délits et peines.

II Sens figurés.

1.

IMAGES DIVERSES. L'emploi des roues du chariot pour fouler le grain en fait un emblème de châtiment et de répression (Pr 20:26, cf. Esa 28:27 et suivant).

--La roue qui tourne à vide représente l'esprit du sot.

--Dans (Sir 33:5) Jas 3:6, « le cours de la vie », qu'enflamme la langue, est litt. « la roue de la naissance » (grec génèseôs). Cette image peu claire « se retrouve chez Anacréon, Hérodote, Platon, Euripide » (Bbl. Cent.) ; un fragment interpolé dans le second Oracle sibyllin dit : « La souffrance est commune à tous, la vie est comme une roue, et le sort est incertain » (II, 87). Aussi a-t-on vu parfois dans ce passage de Jacques une allusion à des successions d'existences, d'après quelque philosophie de métempsycose (cf. la loi hindoue du Karma). Il se peut aussi que l'auteur chrétien d'origine juive pensât plus simplement à la création de la vie d'après la Genèse, et à quelque image de la vie sous la forme d'un char comme le chariot d'Ézéchiel (ci-dessous, parag. 2) : les roues, symbole de mouvement et d'activité, s'immobilisent quand le char de la vie a pris feu. Au reste, d'où que provienne l'image, le sens général en est clair : la mauvaise langue met le feu au cours de la vie.

2.

ROUES DU « CHARIOT D'ÉZECHIEL ». On a indiqué, dans l'article Char, l'idée générale de cette vision symbolique de Eze 1, reprise en Eze 10 (voir aussi Chérubin) : descriptions des plus compliquées, de valeur nullement picturale, mais purement idéale, et dont le texte obscur semble être çà et là plus ou moins altéré. L'image du char, constitué par le carré ultra-mobile des « êtres vivants » ailés, ou chérubins (Eze 1:9,14), évoque logiquement celle des quatre roues (Eze 1:15,21). Ces deux images doivent probablement être tenues pour successives et non pour juxtaposées : les roues apparaissent comme indépendantes des chérubins (1:15,18), mais en harmonie parfaite avec eux (Eze 1:19,21 10:12) par l'animation due au même Esprit (Eze 1:20 et suivant). Elles ont l'éclat d'une pierre précieuse (la pierre de Tarsis [la topaze ? ] était le symbole de la lumière) et une forme mystérieuse de roues entrelacées, sans doute sorte de sphère leur permettant de circuler instantanément dans tous les sens, à la façon du zigzag de l'éclair, (cf. Eze 1:14) sans les détours que les changements de direction imposent à un attelage (Eze 1:15-17). D'où leur nom : « Tourbillons rapides » (Eze 10:13). Cette extrême mobilité des roues symbolise l'omniprésence de Dieu ; leur hauteur gigantesque, son omnipotence ; les yeux tout autour de leurs jantes, son omniscience (Eze 1:18) ; le feu (voir ce mot) et les charbons ardents qui les environnent, sa sainteté (Eze 10 2,6). C'est cette révélation de Jéhovah, reçue par le jeune Ézéchiel (voir ce mot) dans le pays de l'exil, qui le bouleversa par sa nouveauté et fut le point de départ de sa vocation de prophète (ch. 1-3) ; c'est la vision significative que le Siracide a retenue de son livre (Sir 49:8).

Il n'est pas inutile de rappeler ici que la roue à rayons, dans les temps préhistoriques et tout spécialement dans la civilisation suméro-akkadienne, au pays de Babylonie, a été le symbole de la divinité, représentant une sorte d'idéogramme du soleil. Quand on en vint à diviniser les rois à partir du III e millénaire, la roue à rayons parut à côté de leur nom comme signe divin (ex. : Naram-Sin d'Akkad au XXVI e siècle et les souverains des XXI° et XXII° siècles).

Certains éléments de la vision d'Ézéchiel entreront dans celles de Daniel. (cf. Da 7:9) L'apocalyptique juive plus tardive fera des Roues des personnifications tout à fait distinctes des Chérubins et Séraphins : elles constituent à côté de ceux-ci une classe particulière d'anges dans le livre éthiopien d'Hénoc (61:10 70:7). Jn L.

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      Exode 14

      25 He took off their chariot wheels, and they drove them heavily; so that the Egyptians said, "Let's flee from the face of Israel, for Yahweh fights for them against the Egyptians!"

      Proverbes 20

      26 A wise king winnows out the wicked, and drives the threshing wheel over them.

      Ecclésiaste 12

      8 "Vanity of vanities," says the Preacher. "All is vanity!"

      Esaïe 5

      28 whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent. Their horses' hoofs will be like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind.

      Esaïe 28

      27 For the dill are not threshed with a sharp instrument, neither is a cart wheel turned over the cumin; but the dill is beaten out with a stick, and the cumin with a rod.

      Jérémie 18

      3 Then I went down to the potter's house, and behold, he was making a work on the wheels.

      Jérémie 47

      3 At the noise of the stamping of the hoofs of his strong ones, at the rushing of his chariots, at the rumbling of his wheels, the fathers don't look back to their children for feebleness of hands;

      Ezéchiel 1

      1 Now it happened in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth of the month, as I was among the captives by the river Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God .
      2 In the fifth of the month, which was the fifth year of king Jehoiachin's captivity,
      3 the word of Yahweh came expressly to Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and the hand of Yahweh was there on him.
      4 I looked, and behold, a stormy wind came out of the north, a great cloud, with flashing lightning, and a brightness around it, and out of its midst as it were glowing metal, out of the midst of the fire.
      5 Out of its midst came the likeness of four living creatures. This was their appearance: they had the likeness of a man.
      6 Everyone had four faces, and each one of them had four wings.
      7 Their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was like the sole of a calf's foot; and they sparkled like burnished brass.
      8 They had the hands of a man under their wings on their four sides; and the four of them had their faces and their wings thus:
      9 their wings were joined one to another; they didn't turn when they went; each one went straight forward.
      10 As for the likeness of their faces, they had the face of a man; and the four of them had the face of a lion on the right side; and the four of them had the face of an ox on the left side; the four of them also had the face of an eagle.
      11 Such were their faces. Their wings were spread out above. Two wings of each one touched another, and two covered their bodies.
      12 Each one went straight forward: where the spirit was to go, they went; they didn't turn when they went.
      13 As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, like the appearance of torches: the fire went up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and out of the fire went forth lightning.
      14 The living creatures ran and returned as the appearance of a flash of lightning.
      15 Now as I saw the living creatures, behold, one wheel on the earth beside the living creatures, for each of the four faces of it.
      16 The appearance of the wheels and their work was like a beryl: and the four of them had one likeness; and their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel within a wheel.
      17 When they went, they went in their four directions: they didn't turn when they went.
      18 As for their rims, they were high and dreadful; and the four of them had their rims full of eyes all around.
      19 When the living creatures went, the wheels went beside them; and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up.
      20 Wherever the spirit was to go, they went; there was the spirit to go: and the wheels were lifted up beside them; for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.
      21 When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up beside them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.
      22 Over the head of the living creature there was the likeness of an expanse, like the awesome crystal to look on, stretched forth over their heads above.
      23 Under the expanse were their wings straight, the one toward the other: each one had two which covered on this side, and every one had two which covered on that side, their bodies.
      24 When they went, I heard the noise of their wings like the noise of great waters, like the voice of the Almighty, a noise of tumult like the noise of an army: when they stood, they let down their wings.
      25 There was a voice above the expanse that was over their heads: when they stood, they let down their wings.
      26 Above the expanse that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone; and on the likeness of the throne was a likeness as the appearance of a man on it above.
      27 I saw as it were glowing metal, as the appearance of fire within it all around, from the appearance of his waist and upward; and from the appearance of his waist and downward I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and there was brightness around him.
      28 As the appearance of the rainbow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness all around. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of Yahweh. When I saw it, I fell on my face, and I heard a voice of one that spoke.

      Ezéchiel 10

      1 Then I looked, and see, in the expanse that was over the head of the cherubim there appeared above them as it were a sapphire stone, as the appearance of the likeness of a throne.
      2 He spoke to the man clothed in linen, and said, Go in between the whirling wheels, even under the cherub, and fill both your hands with coals of fire from between the cherubim, and scatter them over the city. He went in as I watched.
      3 Now the cherubim stood on the right side of the house, when the man went in; and the cloud filled the inner court.
      4 The glory of Yahweh mounted up from the cherub, and stood over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of Yahweh's glory.
      5 The sound of the wings of the cherubim was heard even to the outer court, as the voice of God Almighty when he speaks.
      6 It came to pass, when he commanded the man clothed in linen, saying, Take fire from between the whirling wheels, from between the cherubim, that he went in, and stood beside a wheel.
      7 The cherub stretched forth his hand from between the cherubim to the fire that was between the cherubim, and took of it, and put it into the hands of him who was clothed in linen, who took it and went out.
      8 There appeared in the cherubim the form of a man's hand under their wings.
      9 I looked, and behold, four wheels beside the cherubim, one wheel beside one cherub, and another wheel beside another cherub; and the appearance of the wheels was like a beryl stone.
      10 As for their appearance, the four of them had one likeness, like a wheel within a wheel.
      11 When they went, they went in their four directions: they didn't turn as they went, but to the place where the head looked they followed it; they didn't turn as they went.
      12 Their whole body, and their backs, and their hands, and their wings, and the wheels, were full of eyes all around, even the wheels that the four of them had.
      13 As for the wheels, they were called in my hearing, the whirling wheels.
      14 Every one had four faces: the first face was the face of the cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third face the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.
      15 The cherubim mounted up: this is the living creature that I saw by the river Chebar.
      16 When the cherubim went, the wheels went beside them; and when the cherubim lifted up their wings to mount up from the earth, the wheels also didn't turn from beside them.
      17 When they stood, these stood; and when they mounted up, these mounted up with them: for the spirit of the living creature was in them.
      18 The glory of Yahweh went forth from over the threshold of the house, and stood over the cherubim.
      19 The cherubim lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the earth in my sight when they went forth, and the wheels beside them: and they stood at the door of the east gate of Yahweh's house; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above.
      20 This is the living creature that I saw under the God of Israel by the river Chebar; and I knew that they were cherubim.
      21 Every one had four faces, and every one four wings; and the likeness of the hands of a man was under their wings.
      22 As for the likeness of their faces, they were the faces which I saw by the river Chebar, their appearances and themselves; they went every one straight forward.

      Ezéchiel 26

      10 By reason of the abundance of his horses their dust shall cover you: your walls shall shake at the noise of the horsemen, and of the wagons, and of the chariots, when he shall enter into your gates, as men enter into a city in which is made a breach.

      Daniel 7

      9 I saw until thrones were placed, and one who was ancient of days sat: his clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head like pure wool; his throne was fiery flames, [and] its wheels burning fire.

      Nahum 3

      2 The noise of the whip, the noise of the rattling of wheels, prancing horses, and bounding chariots,

      Jacques 3

      6 And the tongue is a fire. The world of iniquity among our members is the tongue, which defiles the whole body, and sets on fire the course of nature, and is set on fire by Gehenna.
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