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SAC

Ce mot, commun à la plupart des langues européennes, semble remonter à travers le latin et le grec aux langues sémitiques et peut-être à l'égyptien. C'est dans l'A. T, le plus employé des mots hébreux que nous avons à citer ici.

I Sac, récipient.

Il s'agit des diverses poches de cuir, d'étoffe, ou de peau avec poils de chèvre ou de chameau, destinées à recevoir toutes sortes d'objets :

saq, pour blé, provisions, etc. (Ge 42:25,27,35, Jos 9:4) ;

kelî =ustensile en général, quelquefois bagages (Ge 42:25) et en particulier réceptacle comme gibecière ou sac de berger (1Sa 17:40) ;

kîs, renferme les petits poids du marchand (De 25:13, Mic 6:11, Pr 16:11, Vers. Syn. : sachet), ou bien de l'or, d'où la traduction : bourse (Esa 46:6, Pr 1:14) ;

khârit, renferme aussi grandes sommes d'argent, vêtements de prix (2Ro 5:23), et peut faire partie, comme ornement, de la toilette des élégantes, sous le nom de sachet (Esa 3:22) ;

tserôr =paquet (d'une rac. signifiant attacher), représente de même une bourse d'argent bien fermée (Ge 42:35, Pr 7:20), image du sac scellé conservant les fautes du pécheur (Job 14:17), mais bourse parfois percée (Ag 1:6) ; peut être encore un bouquet parfumé posé sur la poitrine (Ca 1:13) et fournir enfin une belle métaphore : l'écrin des vivants (1Sa 25:29). On le voit, ces divers termes représentent des sacs ou bourses de toutes dimensions et d'usages très variés, d'une grande utilité pour les perpétuels voyageurs de la vie nomade. Encore aujourd'hui les bergers de Palestine portent souvent suspendu au cou leur sac de provisions. C'est dans son sac de provisions que Judith emporte la tête d'Holopherne décapité (Jug 10:5 13:10,15).

Dans le N.T., trois termes grecs sont à considérer :

pèra (Mr 6:8 et parallèle, Lu 22:35 et suivant, etc.) est ordinairement pris pour le sac de provisions du voyageur ; mais d'après Deissmann il serait plutôt à rapprocher du sac à aumônes des prêtres mendiants du paganisme : dans une inscription de l'époque impériale, un esclave de la déesse de Syrie dit que chacune de ses tournées de mendicité pour le compte de sa déesse « lui valait une rentrée de 70 sacs » (VGT, p. 512) ; on pourrait donc presque traduire ici par besace ;

ballantion est la bourse, le sac d'argent (Lu 10:4 12:33 22:35 et suivant) ;

glôssokomon, traduit par bourse à propos de Judas (Jn 12:6 13:29), avait perdu son sens primitif de tronc à embouchure, mais l'emploi fréquent de ce terme dans la langue commune des papyrus prouve qu'il s'agissait d'une boîte, d'une petite « caisse » portative, et non pas d'un sac.

II Sac, vêtement.

C'est presque exclusivement avec ce second sens que le saq hébreu apparaît dans l'A.T., plus de 30 fois. Le sac est le vestige du premier habillement des nomades, le pagne fait de peaux de bêtes, et conservé à travers les siècles comme costume de pénitence et d'humiliation, soit qu'il eût réellement la coupe d'un sac, ouvert pour la tête et les membres, soit qu'il consistât en un grossier tissu de crin entourant le corps ou les reins (cf. Bertholet, Hist. Civ. Isr., p. 144). C'est l'un des principaux signes de grand deuil (voir ce mot) : le sac sur les reins (Ge 37:34 1Ro 20:31, Jer 48:37, Job 16:15), souvent posé directement sur la peau (2Ro 6:30, Am 8:10), à la façon d'une ceinture (2Sa 3:31, Esa 15:3, Jer 4:8, Eze 7:18 27:31 etc), ou d'un habit dont on se couvre (Esa 37:1 et suivant, Ps 35:13, Jon 3:6-8, 1Ma 2:14 etc.). Les hommes que Dieu appelait à être des prophètes de malheur eurent à porter le sac ; c'était à peu près le costume d'Élie (2Ro 1:8), comme celui de Jean-Baptiste (Mr 1:6, Mt 3:4), deux messagers dressés contre le luxe de leur époque ; Ésaïe en est revêtu un certain temps (Esa 20:2), ainsi que les deux témoins mystérieux de la vision apocalyptique, qui doivent prêcher la repentance (Apoc, 11:3 ; grec, sakkos). Les femmes pouvaient avoir aussi à prendre le sac (Esa 3:24, Jer 49:3, Joe 1:8, Jug 8:5 9:1) ; d'après l'apocryphe Judith (4:10-15) on en chargea même les enfants et jusqu'à l'autel. Cette toile grossière et fort rude servait aussi de couchette, dans les mêmes circonstances de deuil et de douleur (2Sa 21:10,1Ro 21:27, Esa 58:5, Joe 1:13, Est 4:3). Le sac était ordinairement accompagné de la poussière ou de la cendre (Ne 9:1) ; d'où l'expression courante : prendre le sac et la cendre (Da 9:3), que Jésus emploie pour décrire des manifestations de repentir public en Orient (Mt 11:21). Naturellement, le retour à la joie et aux circonstances normales se marquait par l'enlèvement du sac (Ps 30:12, Est 4:4, Jug 10:3). Sa couleur sombre était elle-même symbolique ; elle inspire l'image du ciel qui s'assombrit comme s'il prenait aussi le sac du deuil (Esa 50:3, Ap 6:12). La coutume israélite devait être imitée plus tard par l'adoption du sac dans les pèlerinages, dans certaines confréries de pénitents, et par l'emploi du cilice de mortification, pratique ascétique opposée à l'esprit de l'Évangile. Jn L.

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      Genèse 37

      1 Jacob lived in the land of his father's travels, in the land of Canaan.
      34 Jacob tore his clothes, and put sackcloth on his waist, and mourned for his son many days.

      Genèse 42

      25 Then Joseph gave a command to fill their bags with grain, and to restore each man's money into his sack, and to give them food for the way. So it was done to them.
      27 As one of them opened his sack to give his donkey food in the lodging place, he saw his money. Behold, it was in the mouth of his sack.
      35 It happened as they emptied their sacks, that behold, each man's bundle of money was in his sack. When they and their father saw their bundles of money, they were afraid.

      Josué 9

      4 they also resorted to a ruse, and went and made as if they had been ambassadors, and took old sacks on their donkeys, and wineskins, old and torn and bound up,

      Juges 8

      5 He said to the men of Succoth, "Please give loaves of bread to the people who follow me; for they are faint, and I am pursuing after Zebah and Zalmunna, the kings of Midian."

      Juges 9

      1 Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal went to Shechem to his mother's brothers, and spoke with them, and with all the family of the house of his mother's father, saying,

      Juges 10

      3 After him arose Jair, the Gileadite; and he judged Israel twenty-two years.
      5 Jair died, and was buried in Kamon.

      Juges 13

      10 The woman made haste, and ran, and told her husband, and said to him, "Behold, the man has appeared to me, who came to me that day."
      15 Manoah said to the angel of Yahweh, "Please, let us detain you, that we may make a young goat ready for you."

      1 Samuel 17

      40 He took his staff in his hand, and chose for himself five smooth stones out of the brook, and put them in the shepherd's bag which he had, even in his wallet. His sling was in his hand; and he drew near to the Philistine.

      1 Samuel 25

      29 Though men may rise up to pursue you, and to seek your soul, yet the soul of my lord shall be bound in the bundle of life with Yahweh your God. He will sling out the souls of your enemies, as from the hollow of a sling.

      2 Samuel 3

      31 David said to Joab, and to all the people who were with him, Tear your clothes, and clothe yourselves with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner. King David followed the bier.

      2 Samuel 21

      10 Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth, and spread it for her on the rock, from the beginning of harvest until water was poured on them from the sky. She allowed neither the birds of the sky to rest on them by day, nor the animals of the field by night.

      Néhémie 9

      1 Now in the twenty-fourth day of this month the children of Israel were assembled with fasting, and with sackcloth, and earth on them.

      Esther 4

      3 In every province, wherever the king's commandment and his decree came, there was great mourning among the Jews, and fasting, and weeping, and wailing; and many lay in sackcloth and ashes.
      4 Esther's maidens and her eunuchs came and told her this, and the queen was exceedingly grieved. She sent clothing to Mordecai, to replace his sackcloth; but he didn't receive it.

      Job 14

      17 My disobedience is sealed up in a bag. You fasten up my iniquity.

      Job 16

      15 I have sewed sackcloth on my skin, and have thrust my horn in the dust.

      Psaumes 30

      12 To the end that my heart may sing praise to you, and not be silent. Yahweh my God, I will give thanks to you forever!

      Psaumes 35

      13 But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth. I afflicted my soul with fasting. My prayer returned into my own bosom.

      Proverbes 1

      14 You shall cast your lot among us. We'll all have one purse."

      Proverbes 7

      20 He has taken a bag of money with him. He will come home at the full moon."

      Proverbes 16

      11 Honest balances and scales are Yahweh's; all the weights in the bag are his work.

      Cantique 1

      13 My beloved is to me a sachet of myrrh, that lies between my breasts.

      Esaïe 3

      22 the fine robes, the capes, the cloaks, the purses,
      24 It shall happen that instead of sweet spices, there shall be rottenness; instead of a belt, a rope; instead of well set hair, baldness; instead of a robe, a wearing of sackcloth; and branding instead of beauty.

      Esaïe 15

      3 In their streets, they clothe themselves in sackcloth. In their streets and on their housetops, everyone wails, weeping abundantly.

      Esaïe 20

      2 at that time Yahweh spoke by Isaiah the son of Amoz, saying, "Go, and loosen the sackcloth from off your waist, and take your shoes from off your feet." He did so, walking naked and barefoot.

      Esaïe 37

      1 It happened, when king Hezekiah heard it, that he tore his clothes, covered himself with sackcloth, and went into Yahweh's house.

      Esaïe 46

      6 Some pour out gold from the bag, and weigh silver in the balance. They hire a goldsmith, and he makes it a god. They fall down--yes, they worship.

      Esaïe 50

      3 I clothe the heavens with blackness, and I make sackcloth their covering."

      Esaïe 58

      5 Is such the fast that I have chosen? the day for a man to afflict his soul? Is it to bow down his head as a rush, and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? Will you call this a fast, and an acceptable day to Yahweh?

      Jérémie 4

      8 For this clothe yourself with sackcloth, lament and wail; for the fierce anger of Yahweh hasn't turned back from us.

      Jérémie 48

      37 For every head is bald, and every beard clipped: on all the hands are cuttings, and on the waist sackcloth.

      Jérémie 49

      3 Wail, Heshbon, for Ai is laid waste; cry, you daughters of Rabbah, clothe yourself in sackcloth: lament, and run back and forth among the fences; for Malcam shall go into captivity, his priests and his princes together.

      Ezéchiel 7

      18 They shall also clothe themselves with sackcloth, and horror shall cover them; and shame shall be on all faces, and baldness on all their heads.

      Ezéchiel 27

      31 and they shall make themselves bald for you, and clothe them with sackcloth, and they shall weep for you in bitterness of soul with bitter mourning.

      Daniel 9

      3 I set my face to the Lord God, to seek by prayer and petitions, with fasting and sackcloth and ashes.

      Joël 1

      8 Mourn like a virgin dressed in sackcloth for the husband of her youth!
      13 Put on sackcloth and mourn, you priests! Wail, you ministers of the altar. Come, lie all night in sackcloth, you ministers of my God , for the meal offering and the drink offering are withheld from your God's house.

      Amos 8

      10 I will turn your feasts into mourning, and all your songs into lamentation; and I will make you wear sackcloth on all your bodies, and baldness on every head. I will make it like the mourning for an only son, and its end like a bitter day.

      Jonas 3

      6 The news reached the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, and took off his royal robe, covered himself with sackcloth, and sat in ashes.
      7 He made a proclamation and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, "Let neither man nor animal, herd nor flock, taste anything; let them not feed, nor drink water;
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      Michée 6

      11 Shall I be pure with dishonest scales, and with a bag of deceitful weights?

      Aggée 1

      6 You have sown much, and bring in little. You eat, but you don't have enough. You drink, but you aren't filled with drink. You clothe yourselves, but no one is warm, and he who earns wages earns wages to put them into a bag with holes in it."

      Matthieu 3

      4 Now John himself wore clothing made of camel's hair, with a leather belt around his waist. His food was locusts and wild honey.

      Matthieu 11

      21 "Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! For if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.

      Marc 1

      6 John was clothed with camel's hair and a leather belt around his waist. He ate locusts and wild honey.

      Marc 6

      8 He commanded them that they should take nothing for their journey, except a staff only: no bread, no wallet, no money in their purse,

      Luc 10

      4 Carry no purse, nor wallet, nor sandals. Greet no one on the way.

      Luc 12

      33 Sell that which you have, and give gifts to the needy. Make for yourselves purses which don't grow old, a treasure in the heavens that doesn't fail, where no thief approaches, neither moth destroys.

      Luc 22

      35 He said to them, "When I sent you out without purse, and wallet, and shoes, did you lack anything?" They said, "Nothing."

      Jean 12

      6 Now he said this, not because he cared for the poor, but because he was a thief, and having the money box, used to steal what was put into it.

      Jean 13

      29 For some thought, because Judas had the money box, that Jesus said to him, "Buy what things we need for the feast," or that he should give something to the poor.

      Apocalypse 6

      12 I saw when he opened the sixth seal, and there was a great earthquake. The sun became black as sackcloth made of hair, and the whole moon became as blood.

      Apocalypse 11

      3 I will give power to my two witnesses, and they will prophesy one thousand two hundred sixty days, clothed in sackcloth."
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