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SALUTATION

Les salutations ont toujours joué un très grand rôle dans la vie de l'Oriental, à la politesse exubérante ; elles joignent aux paroles généralement prolixes les gestes démonstratifs (Ex 18:7), et elles ont autant d'importance lors des séparations que lors des rencontres.

On salue les supérieurs, les grands personnages,

en se prosternant devant eux jusqu'en terre (Ge 33:6 42:6 etc.), en s'agenouillant (Mr 10:17 etc.) ; on se tend les mains, on s'embrasse : (2Sa 15:5 etc.) voir Gestes.
Les formules de salutation sont tenues pour solennelles ; elles se confondent assez souvent avec de véritables bénédictions (voir ce mot) auxquelles est attribué un pouvoir caché et une sorte d'existence indépendante. (cf. Lu 10:6)

Le verbe hébreu bârak (=bénir) peut donc se traduire aussi dans bien des cas par saluer, (cf. Ge 47:8,1Sa 13:10, Pr 27:14, etc.) et le grec aspazesthaï s'applique tout à la fois au salut respectueux ou fraternel, au baiser, à l'accueil en général, au message affectueux dont on charge un ami pour des amis (Mt 5:47, Ac 25:13,1Th 5:26 2Jn 1:10).

Les saluts des Israélites s'exprimaient surtout par le terme de châlôm, qui signifie : paix, dans un sens très large comprenant à la fois santé, sécurité, prospérité, bien-être (1Sa 1:17,1Ch 12:18 etc.) ; « s'informer de la paix » est une locution équivalant au verbe saluer (Jug 18:15 etc.).

Les questions personnelles se pressent autour de ces informations (Ge 43:27-29,2Sa 20:9 etc.) ; en général elles se prolongent et se répètent interminablement (voir dans Beedeker, Palestine et Syrie, p. CIX, les salutations et formules de politesse des bédouins et des paysans d'aujourd'hui, qui reprennent volontiers une demande une douzaine de fois ; il en est de même chez bien des peuples primitifs, au témoignage des voyageurs et missionnaires) ; ainsi s'explique la consigne d'éviter les salutations, lorsqu'on ne doit perdre son temps à aucun prix (2Ro 4:29, Lu 10:4).

Le terme péjoratif de salamalec, qui s'applique aux politesses exagérées, est précisément la forme francisée du salam, ou salut, musulman : es-salam aleïka, qui est calqué sur le salut hébreu : « La paix soit avec toi ! » Cette expression est la plus commune dans l'A.T., et aussi dans le N.T., où elle est parfois littéralement traduite (Jug 19:20,1Sa 25:6, Jn 20:19,21,26,1Pi 5:14 etc.). C'est à cette formule de salutation que Jésus fait allusion dans la chambre haute : « Je vous laisse la paix, je vous donne ma paix ; je ne la donne pas comme le monde la donne » (Jn 14:27), c-à-d, « je vous dis adieu ; c'est mon adieu que je vous adresse ; mon adieu n'est pas comme l'adieu du monde... l'adieu du monde est pour toujours ; moi, je vais revenir » (A. Westphal).

Les protestations verbales du monde oriental sont d'ailleurs en fonction de son imagination sans mesure ; la courtoisie et la faconde en varient à l'infini des développements improvisés, suivant les circonstances les plus diverses.

Ceux qu'a conservés l'A. T, sont du reste modérés (par ex. les habiles compliments d'Abigaïl à David : 1Sa 25:23 et suivants). Les salutations spécifiquement religieuses y sont fréquentes : voir les saluts échangés entre Booz et ses moissonneurs, entre Booz et Ruth (Ru 2:4-12) ; ce salut des moissonneurs est repris dans Ps 129:8.

Quant à la bénédiction de Ps 118:26, ce devait être un des répons, prononcé par un choeur ou par un prêtre, dans ce chant de fête au temple de Jérusalem (cf. Bbl. Cent.) ; elle sera lancée comme acclamation messianique devant le cortège du Seigneur entrant dans la ville (Mt 21:9), et les parallèles des quatre évangiles donnent une idée des variantes individuelles qui devaient s'entrecroiser à ce moment. d'enthousiasme populaire (voir Hosanna). Les vivats réservés aux rois étaient plus ou moins stéréotypés (1Sa 10:24,1Ro 13:9,2Ro 11:12, Ne 2:3, Da 2:4 5:10) ; ils se sont perpétués à travers les siècles.

Le N.T. adopte parfois la forme de salutation grecque, en rendant par khairé, khaïreïn (=réjouis-toi), le châlôm hébreu ; littéralement, ce n'est plus la paix, mais la joie (en latin, ce sera la santé : vale =porte-toi bien), la portée de la formule de politesse demeurant la même : salut ! (Lu 1:28, Mt 26:49, Mr 15:18)

Dans la correspondance écrite officielle entre les rois de Perse et leurs gouverneurs apparaît la salutation araméenne chelâm, chelâmâ =salut, prospérité, paix parfaite ! (Esd 4:17 5:7)

De même, dans deux lettres de l'époque apostolique, c'est la salutation classique du temps : khaïreïn (Ac 15:23 23:26).

Comme le Maître avait tiré enseignement du châlôm hébreu, ainsi l'apôtre Paul tire enseignement de ce khaïreïn grec lorsque dans son « épître de la joie » il donne à ce mot d'adieu alors devenu banal toute sa force d'exhortation chrétienne : « Réjouissez-vous ! » (Php 3:1 4:4). Et l'épître de Jacques, aussitôt après le « salut » (khaïreïn) à ses lecteurs, en prend texte pour sa première exhortation : « Parfaite joie, mes frères, les diverses épreuves qui vous surviennent » (Php 1:1 et suivants).

La correspondance populaire des premiers siècles, retrouvée depuis quelque cinquante ans dans les innombrables papyrus d'Egypte, prouve que le plan même des épîtres du N.T. était exactement celui des lettres entre particuliers : nom et titre de l'auteur, nom et titre du destinataire, et une brève salutation de l'un à l'autre, consistant en un souhait de joie, de paix, de bonne santé ; puis généralement une action de grâces, suivie enfin de l'objet de la lettre, et de nouveau des actions de grâces et des voeux de bonne santé, enfin une salutation plus ou moins élaborée, désignant souvent un certain nombre de personnes.

C'est ainsi que le chap. 16 de l'épître aux Romains, avec tant de salutations, ressemble tout à fait à ces fins de lettres du I er ou du II° siècle : « Salue Diodore avec les autres ; salue Harpocrate... Salue bien fort Capiton et mes frères, Serènille et mes amis, etc. » L'expression de 3Jn 1:14 : « Salue les amis, chacun en particulier » (grec, kat'onoma) y est aussi très fréquente. La salutation isolée, à la 1re personne du singulier, de Tertius le scribe qui avait écrit l'épître aux Romains dictée par saint Paul (Ro 16:22), trouve aussi un cas similaire : une lettre du III° siècle envoyée à son frère par une certaine Hélène, se termine par ce post-scriptum de la même écriture que la lettre : « Et moi Alexandre, votre père, je vous salue beaucoup » (VGT, p. 85).

Jn L.

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      Genèse 33

      6 Then the handmaids came near with their children, and they bowed themselves.

      Genèse 42

      6 Joseph was the governor over the land. It was he who sold to all the people of the land. Joseph's brothers came, and bowed themselves down to him with their faces to the earth.

      Genèse 43

      27 He asked them of their welfare, and said, "Is your father well, the old man of whom you spoke? Is he yet alive?"
      28 They said, "Your servant, our father, is well. He is still alive." They bowed down humbly.
      29 He lifted up his eyes, and saw Benjamin, his brother, his mother's son, and said, "Is this your youngest brother, of whom you spoke to me?" He said, "God be gracious to you, my son."

      Genèse 47

      8 Pharaoh said to Jacob, "How many are the days of the years of your life?"

      Exode 18

      7 Moses went out to meet his father-in-law, and bowed and kissed him. They asked each other of their welfare, and they came into the tent.

      Lévitique 16

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they drew near before Yahweh, and died;
      2 and Yahweh said to Moses, "Tell Aaron your brother, not to come at all times into the Most Holy Place within the veil, before the mercy seat which is on the ark; lest he die: for I will appear in the cloud on the mercy seat.
      3 "Herewith shall Aaron come into the sanctuary: with a young bull for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering.
      4 He shall put on the holy linen coat, and he shall have the linen breeches on his body, and shall put on the linen sash, and he shall be clothed with the linen turban. They are the holy garments. He shall bathe his body in water, and put them on.
      5 He shall take from the congregation of the children of Israel two male goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering.
      6 "Aaron shall offer the bull of the sin offering, which is for himself, and make atonement for himself and for his house.
      7 He shall take the two goats, and set them before Yahweh at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 Aaron shall cast lots for the two goats; one lot for Yahweh, and the other lot for the scapegoat.
      9 Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot fell for Yahweh, and offer him for a sin offering.
      10 But the goat, on which the lot fell for the scapegoat, shall be presented alive before Yahweh, to make atonement for him, to send him away for the scapegoat into the wilderness.
      11 "Aaron shall present the bull of the sin offering, which is for himself, and shall make atonement for himself and for his house, and shall kill the bull of the sin offering which is for himself.
      12 He shall take a censer full of coals of fire from off the altar before Yahweh, and two handfuls of sweet incense beaten small, and bring it within the veil:
      13 and he shall put the incense on the fire before Yahweh, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that is on the testimony, so that he will not die.
      14 He shall take some of the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it with his finger on the mercy seat on the east; and before the mercy seat he shall sprinkle some of the blood with his finger seven times.
      15 "Then he shall kill the goat of the sin offering, that is for the people, and bring his blood within the veil, and do with his blood as he did with the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it on the mercy seat, and before the mercy seat:
      16 and he shall make atonement for the Holy Place, because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions, even all their sins; and so he shall do for the Tent of Meeting, that dwells with them in the midst of their uncleanness.
      17 No one shall be in the Tent of Meeting when he enters to make atonement in the Holy Place, until he comes out, and has made atonement for himself and for his household, and for all the assembly of Israel.
      18 "He shall go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and shall take some of the bull's blood, and some of the goat's blood, and put it around on the horns of the altar.
      19 He shall sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and make it holy from the uncleanness of the children of Israel.
      20 "When he has made an end of atoning for the Holy Place, the Tent of Meeting, and the altar, he shall present the live goat.
      21 Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions, even all their sins; and he shall put them on the head of the goat, and shall send him away into the wilderness by the hand of a man who is in readiness.
      22 The goat shall carry all their iniquities on himself to a solitary land, and he shall let the goat go in the wilderness.
      23 "Aaron shall come into the Tent of Meeting, and shall take off the linen garments, which he put on when he went into the Holy Place, and shall leave them there.
      24 Then he shall bathe himself in water in a holy place, and put on his garments, and come out and offer his burnt offering and the burnt offering of the people, and make atonement for himself and for the people.
      25 The fat of the sin offering he shall burn on the altar.
      26 "He who lets the goat go for the scapegoat shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.
      27 The bull for the sin offering, and the goat for the sin offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the Holy Place, shall be carried forth outside the camp; and they shall burn their skins, their flesh, and their dung with fire.
      28 He who burns them shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.
      29 "It shall be a statute to you forever: in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall afflict your souls, and shall do no kind of work, the native-born, or the stranger who lives as a foreigner among you:
      30 for on this day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse you; from all your sins you shall be clean before Yahweh.
      31 It is a Sabbath of solemn rest to you, and you shall afflict your souls; it is a statute forever.
      32 The priest, who is anointed and who is consecrated to be priest in his father's place, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen garments, even the holy garments.
      33 Then he shall make atonement for the Holy Sanctuary; and he shall make atonement for the Tent of Meeting and for the altar; and he shall make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly.
      34 "This shall be an everlasting statute for you, to make atonement for the children of Israel once in the year because of all their sins." It was done as Yahweh commanded Moses.

      Juges 18

      15 They turned aside there, and came to the house of the young man the Levite, even to the house of Micah, and asked him of his welfare.

      Juges 19

      20 The old man said, "Peace be to you; howsoever let all your wants lie on me; only don't lodge in the street."

      Ruth 2

      4 Behold, Boaz came from Bethlehem, and said to the reapers, "Yahweh be with you." They answered him, "Yahweh bless you."
      5 Then Boaz said to his servant who was set over the reapers, "Whose young lady is this?"
      6 The servant who was set over the reapers answered, "It is the Moabite lady who came back with Naomi out of the country of Moab.
      7 She said, 'Please let me glean and gather after the reapers among the sheaves.' So she came, and has continued even from the morning until now, except that she stayed a little in the house."
      8 Then Boaz said to Ruth, "Listen, my daughter. Don't go to glean in another field, and don't go from here, but stay here close to my maidens.
      9 Let your eyes be on the field that they reap, and go after them. Haven't I commanded the young men not to touch you? When you are thirsty, go to the vessels, and drink from that which the young men have drawn."
      10 Then she fell on her face, and bowed herself to the ground, and said to him, "Why have I found favor in your sight, that you should take knowledge of me, since I am a foreigner?"
      11 Boaz answered her, "It has fully been shown me, all that you have done to your mother-in-law since the death of your husband; and how you have left your father and your mother, and the land of your birth, and have come to a people that you didn't know before.
      12 May Yahweh repay your work, and a full reward be given you from Yahweh, the God of Israel, under whose wings you have come to take refuge."

      1 Samuel 1

      17 Then Eli answered, "Go in peace; and may the God of Israel grant your petition that you have asked of him."

      1 Samuel 10

      24 Samuel said to all the people, "You see him whom Yahweh has chosen, that there is none like him among all the people?" All the people shouted, and said, "Let the king live!"

      1 Samuel 13

      10 It came to pass that as soon as he had made an end of offering the burnt offering, behold, Samuel came; and Saul went out to meet him, that he might greet him.

      1 Samuel 25

      6 You shall tell him, 'Long life to you! Peace be to you, and peace be to your house, and peace be to all that you have.
      23 When Abigail saw David, she hurried, and alighted from her donkey, and fell before David on her face, and bowed herself to the ground.

      2 Samuel 15

      5 It was so, that when any man came near to do him obeisance, he put forth his hand, and took hold of him, and kissed him.

      2 Samuel 20

      9 Joab said to Amasa, "Is it well with you, my brother?" Joab took Amasa by the beard with his right hand to kiss him.

      1 Chroniques 12

      18 Then the Spirit came on Amasai, who was chief of the thirty, and he said, "We are yours, David, and on your side, you son of Jesse: peace, peace be to you, and peace be to your helpers; for your God helps you." Then David received them, and made them captains of the band.

      Esdras 4

      17 Then the king sent an answer to Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions who dwell in Samaria, and in the rest of the country beyond the River: Peace, and so forth.

      Esdras 5

      7 they sent a letter to him, in which was written thus: To Darius the king, all peace.

      Néhémie 2

      3 I said to the king, "Let the king live forever! Why shouldn't my face be sad, when the city, the place of my fathers' tombs, lies waste, and its gates have been consumed with fire?"

      Psaumes 118

      26 Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yahweh! We have blessed you out of the house of Yahweh.

      Psaumes 129

      8 Neither do those who go by say, "The blessing of Yahweh be on you. We bless you in the name of Yahweh."

      Proverbes 27

      14 He who blesses his neighbor with a loud voice early in the morning, it will be taken as a curse by him.

      Daniel 2

      4 Then spoke the Chaldeans to the king in the Syrian language, O king, live forever: tell your servants the dream, and we will show the interpretation.

      Daniel 5

      10 [Now] the queen by reason of the words of the king and his lords came into the banquet house: the queen spoke and said, O king, live forever; don't let your thoughts trouble you, nor let your face be changed.

      Matthieu 5

      47 If you only greet your friends, what more do you do than others? Don't even the tax collectors do the same?

      Matthieu 21

      9 The multitudes who went before him, and who followed kept shouting, "Hosanna to the son of David! Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest!"

      Matthieu 26

      49 Immediately he came to Jesus, and said, "Hail, Rabbi!" and kissed him.

      Marc 10

      17 As he was going out into the way, one ran to him, knelt before him, and asked him, "Good Teacher, what shall I do that I may inherit eternal life?"

      Marc 15

      18 They began to salute him, "Hail, King of the Jews!"

      Luc 1

      28 Having come in, the angel said to her, "Rejoice, you highly favored one! The Lord is with you. Blessed are you among women!"

      Luc 10

      4 Carry no purse, nor wallet, nor sandals. Greet no one on the way.
      6 If a son of peace is there, your peace will rest on him; but if not, it will return to you.

      Jean 1

      10 He was in the world, and the world was made through him, and the world didn't recognize him.

      Jean 14

      27 Peace I leave with you. My peace I give to you; not as the world gives, give I to you. Don't let your heart be troubled, neither let it be fearful.

      Jean 20

      19 When therefore it was evening, on that day, the first day of the week, and when the doors were locked where the disciples were assembled, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood in the midst, and said to them, "Peace be to you."
      21 Jesus therefore said to them again, "Peace be to you. As the Father has sent me, even so I send you."
      26 After eight days again his disciples were inside, and Thomas was with them. Jesus came, the doors being locked, and stood in the midst, and said, "Peace be to you."

      Actes 15

      23 They wrote these things by their hand: "The apostles, the elders, and the brothers, to the brothers who are of the Gentiles in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia: greetings.

      Actes 23

      26 "Claudius Lysias to the most excellent governor Felix: Greetings.

      Actes 25

      13 Now when some days had passed, King Agrippa and Bernice arrived at Caesarea, and greeted Festus.

      Romains 11

      12 Now if their fall is the riches of the world, and their loss the riches of the Gentiles; how much more their fullness?

      Romains 13

      2 Therefore he who resists the authority, withstands the ordinance of God; and those who withstand will receive to themselves judgment.
      9 For the commandments, "You shall not commit adultery," "You shall not murder," "You shall not steal," "You shall not give false testimony," "You shall not covet," and whatever other commandments there are, are all summed up in this saying, namely, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself."

      Romains 16

      22 I, Tertius, who write the letter, greet you in the Lord.

      1 Thessaloniciens 5

      26 Greet all the brothers with a holy kiss.

      1 Pierre 5

      14 Greet one another with a kiss of love. Peace be to you all who are in Christ Jesus. Amen.

      2 Jean 1

      10 If anyone comes to you, and doesn't bring this teaching, don't receive him into your house, and don't welcome him,

      3 Jean 1

      14 but I hope to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name.
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