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SCEAU

L'usage des cachets marquant une empreinte dans l'argile, la cire, etc. remonte à une haute antiquité chez les peuples orientaux. On en a retrouvé des quantités dans les fouilles entreprises en Egypte, en Caldée, en Palestine. Il n'est donc pas étonnant que la Bible les mentionne comme un objet courant. Leur forme peut être cylindrique, ovale, ronde ou carrée. La matière dans laquelle ils sont taillés varie beaucoup : stéatite blanche, cornaline, cristal, émail jaune, améthyste bleue, porcelaine bleu clair, argile émaillée de vert, pierre à chaux, métal, etc. La gravure, faite quelquefois avec une pointe de diamant (Jer 17:1) par les soins d'un lapidaire, (cf. Ex 28:11,36 39:14) peut aussi varier à l'infini ; (cf. Sir 38:27) l'image représentée et même les caractères dénotent souvent une influence babylonienne ou égyptienne ; scarabée, oiseau, étoile, lune. Les sceaux des fidèles jéhovistes se distinguent par l'absence d'une représentation divine ou humaine, et par deux lignes parallèles rapprochées divisant en deux parties l'inscription ; celle-ci est le nom du propriétaire du sceau. A Méguiddo, on a trouvé un sceau représentant un âne piqué par un frelon ; un autre (fig. 238), en jaspe, du même endroit, représentant un lion, la gueule béante, la queue dressée, avec cette inscription : « A Chema, serviteur de Jéroboam » (783-743 av. J. -C.) ; voir aussi fig. 239, 254.

Le sceau pouvait se porter de diverses manières :

comme chaton de bague à un doigt de la main droite (Jer 22:24, Est 3:12), sur un bracelet (Ca 8:6), sur la poitrine, suspendu à un cordon (Ge 38:18, Ca 8:6).
C'était naturellement un objet très précieux (Ge 38:17-26, De 32:34, Ag 2:23, Sir 17:22 49:11).

Quel est l'emploi du sceau ?

Il peut servir de gage, de signe de reconnaissance, de signalement ou de pièce d'identité (Ge 38:17,26). Le plus souvent il remplace la signature (Ne 10:1,1Ro 21:8), constitue un certificat d'authenticité comme aujourd'hui le papier timbré et la légalisation de l'autorité administrative (Est 3:12 8:10).

L'acte qui porte le sceau devient exécutoire et irrévocable (Est 8:8) ; pour des contrats entre particuliers il prend la valeur de ce que nous appelons un acte notarié : vente (Jer 32:10,11,14,44), contrat de mariage (Tob 7:13).

On appose aussi des scellés pour rendre inviolable une ouverture :

celle de la fosse aux lions (Da 6:17), celle d'un tombeau (Mt 27:60), celle d'un écrit secret (Esa 29:11, Ap 5:1 22:10, Da 12:4-9).
Le sceau marquait encore un droit de propriété sur des objets ; on en trouve par exemple sur les bouchons d'argile qui fermaient les jarres de vin (Job 38:14). En Palestine, pays riche en miel, l'utilisation de la cire dut être très courante, celle de l'argile étant plus ancienne. Tous ces usages, et d'autres encore, sont amplement confirmés par les papyrus grecs du temps, où les termes sphragis, sphragizeïn, très communs, apparaissent aussi à propos de paniers, de sacs, de testaments, etc.

Ce qui précède explique l'emploi de ces termes au sens figuré :

pour marquer l'importance d'une prophétie ou d'un enseignement religieux (Esa 8:16), le caractère définitif d'une destinée (Sag 2:5) ; surtout dans le N.T. : pour affirmer l'authenticité de la filialité et de la mission divines de Jésus-Christ (Jn 6:27, Heb 1:3) ou de la vocation de saint Paul (2Co 1:22). Les convertis du grand missionnaire sont la confirmation vivante de son apostolat (1Co 9:2).
Le sceau est comme une garantie, qui fournit une assurance absolue (Jn 3:33 [trad. : certifie, confirme) ; 2Ti 2:19). Il représente aussi l'état de justice légale que conférait au Juif la circoncision (Ro 4:11) et surtout, pour le chrétien, le baptême du Saint-Esprit (Eph 1:13 4:30). Au jour des rétributions les fidèles sont en effet marqués du sceau de Dieu (Ap 7:2,4). P. D.

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      Genèse 38

      17 He said, "I will send you a young goat from the flock." She said, "Will you give me a pledge, until you send it?"
      18 He said, "What pledge will I give you?" She said, "Your signet and your cord, and your staff that is in your hand." He gave them to her, and came in to her, and she conceived by him.
      19 She arose, and went away, and put off her veil from her, and put on the garments of her widowhood.
      20 Judah sent the young goat by the hand of his friend, the Adullamite, to receive the pledge from the woman's hand, but he didn't find her.
      21 Then he asked the men of her place, saying, "Where is the prostitute, that was at Enaim by the road?" They said, "There has been no prostitute here."
      22 He returned to Judah, and said, "I haven't found her; and also the men of the place said, 'There has been no prostitute here.'"
      23 Judah said, "Let her keep it, lest we be shamed. Behold, I sent this young goat, and you haven't found her."
      24 It happened about three months later, that it was told Judah, saying, "Tamar, your daughter-in-law, has played the prostitute; and moreover, behold, she is with child by prostitution." Judah said, "Bring her out, and let her be burnt."
      25 When she was brought out, she sent to her father-in-law, saying, "By the man, whose these are, I am with child." She also said, "Please discern whose are these--the signet, and the cords, and the staff."
      26 Judah acknowledged them, and said, "She is more righteous than I, because I didn't give her to Shelah, my son." He knew her again no more.

      Exode 28

      11 With the work of an engraver in stone, like the engravings of a signet, you shall engrave the two stones, according to the names of the children of Israel: you shall make them to be enclosed in settings of gold.
      36 "You shall make a plate of pure gold, and engrave on it, like the engravings of a signet, 'HOLY TO YAHWEH.'

      Exode 39

      14 The stones were according to the names of the children of Israel, twelve, according to their names; like the engravings of a signet, everyone according to his name, for the twelve tribes.

      Néhémie 10

      1 Now those who sealed were: Nehemiah the governor, the son of Hacaliah, and Zedekiah,

      Esther 3

      12 Then the king's scribes were called in on the first month, on the thirteenth day of the month; and all that Haman commanded was written to the king's satraps, and to the governors who were over every province, and to the princes of every people, to every province according its writing, and to every people in their language. It was written in the name of King Ahasuerus, and it was sealed with the king's ring.

      Esther 8

      8 Write also to the Jews, as it pleases you, in the king's name, and seal it with the king's ring; for the writing which is written in the king's name, and sealed with the king's ring, may not be reversed by any man."
      10 He wrote in the name of King Ahasuerus, and sealed it with the king's ring, and sent letters by courier on horseback, riding on royal horses that were bread from swift steeds.

      Job 38

      14 It is changed as clay under the seal, and stands forth as a garment.

      Cantique 8

      6 Set me as a seal on your heart, as a seal on your arm; for love is strong as death. Jealousy is as cruel as Sheol . Its flashes are flashes of fire, a very flame of Yahweh.

      Esaïe 8

      16 Wrap up the testimony. Seal the law among my disciples.

      Esaïe 29

      11 All vision has become to you like the words of a book that is sealed, which men deliver to one who is educated, saying, "Read this, please"; and he says, "I can't, for it is sealed:"

      Jérémie 17

      1 The sin of Judah is written with a pen of iron, and with the point of a diamond: it is engraved on the tablet of their heart, and on the horns of your altars;

      Jérémie 22

      24 As I live, says Yahweh, though Coniah the son of Jehoiakim king of Judah were the signet on my right hand, yet would I pluck you there;

      Jérémie 32

      10 I subscribed the deed, and sealed it, and called witnesses, and weighed him the money in the balances.
      11 So I took the deed of the purchase, both that which was sealed, containing the terms and conditions, and that which was open;
      14 Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel: Take these deeds, this deed of the purchase which is sealed, and this deed which is open, and put them in an earthen vessel; that they may continue many days.
      44 Men shall buy fields for money, and subscribe the deeds, and seal them, and call witnesses, in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, and in the cities of the hill country, and in the cities of the lowland, and in the cities of the South: for I will cause their captivity to return, says Yahweh.

      Daniel 6

      17 A stone was brought, and laid on the mouth of the den; and the king sealed it with his own signet, and with the signet of his lords; that nothing might be changed concerning Daniel.

      Daniel 12

      4 But you, Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book, even to the time of the end: many shall run back and forth, and knowledge shall be increased."
      5 Then I, Daniel, looked, and behold, two others stood, one on the river bank on this side, and the other on the river bank on that side.
      6 One said to the man clothed in linen, who was above the waters of the river, How long shall it be to the end of these wonders?
      7 I heard the man clothed in linen, who was above the waters of the river, when he held up his right hand and his left hand to heaven, and swore by him who lives forever that it shall be for a time, times, and a half; and when they have made an end of breaking in pieces the power of the holy people, all these things shall be finished.
      8 I heard, but I didn't understand: then I said, my lord, what shall be the issue of these things?
      9 He said, Go your way, Daniel; for the words are shut up and sealed until the time of the end.

      Aggée 2

      23 In that day, says Yahweh of Armies, will I take you, Zerubbabel, my servant, the son of Shealtiel,' says Yahweh, 'and will make you as a signet, for I have chosen you,' says Yahweh of Armies."

      Matthieu 27

      60 and laid it in his own new tomb, which he had cut out in the rock, and he rolled a great stone to the door of the tomb, and departed.

      Jean 3

      33 He who has received his witness has set his seal to this, that God is true.

      Jean 6

      27 Don't work for the food which perishes, but for the food which remains to eternal life, which the Son of Man will give to you. For God the Father has sealed him."

      Romains 4

      11 He received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had while he was in uncircumcision, that he might be the father of all those who believe, though they might be in uncircumcision, that righteousness might also be accounted to them.

      1 Corinthiens 9

      2 If to others I am not an apostle, yet at least I am to you; for you are the seal of my apostleship in the Lord.

      2 Corinthiens 1

      22 who also sealed us, and gave us the down payment of the Spirit in our hearts.

      Ephésiens 1

      13 in whom you also, having heard the word of the truth, the Good News of your salvation--in whom, having also believed, you were sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise,

      Ephésiens 4

      30 Don't grieve the Holy Spirit of God, in whom you were sealed for the day of redemption.

      2 Timothée 2

      19 However God's firm foundation stands, having this seal, "The Lord knows those who are his," and, "Let every one who names the name of the Lord depart from unrighteousness."

      Hébreux 1

      3 His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very image of his substance, and upholding all things by the word of his power, when he had by himself made purification for our sins, sat down on the right hand of the Majesty on high;

      Apocalypse 5

      1 I saw, in the right hand of him who sat on the throne, a book written inside and outside, sealed shut with seven seals.

      Apocalypse 7

      2 I saw another angel ascend from the sunrise, having the seal of the living God. He cried with a loud voice to the four angels to whom it was given to harm the earth and the sea,
      4 I heard the number of those who were sealed, one hundred forty-four thousand, sealed out of every tribe of the children of Israel:

      Apocalypse 22

      10 He said to me, "Don't seal up the words of the prophecy of this book, for the time is at hand.
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