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SCYTHES

1.

Sources historiques.

A part les allusions assez vagues contenues dans la Bible et sur lesquelles nous allons revenir, nos connaissances sur les Scythes dans l'antiquité proviennent des inscriptions assyriennes, des auteurs classiques et des fouilles archéologiques dans la région du fleuve Kouban au Nord du Caucase et du Dnieper inférieur, dans la Russie méridionale. Les Ashgouzaï (ou Ishgouzaï), dans les inscriptions d'Assarhaddon et d'Assourbanipal (681-626 av. J. -C), sont sans doute les Scythes d'Hérodote (I, 103-106 ; IV, 1-144 ; etc.), d'Hippocrate (De Aere, 24-30), de Diodore de Sicile, de Strabon, etc. ; ce nom assyrien apparaît dans l'A. T, sous la forme Askénaz, probablement une erreur pour Asgouz (Ge 10:3,1Ch 1:6, Jer 51:27).

2.

Histoire.

La langue des Scythes, à en juger par les quelques mots qu'on nous en a transmis, appartient au groupe iranien (indo-européen), bien que certains groupes des Scythes d'origine iranienne aient subi des infiltrations de type mongolien (turco-tatar). Au VIII e siècle av. J. -C, les Scythes, poussés par des hordes mongoliennes, attaquent les Cimmériens (Gomer, Ge 10:2 et suivant) en les forçant à passer au Sud du Caucase. Les Cimmériens attaquent le royaume d'Ourartou (Arménie) vers 710, se battent contre les Assyriens, et, en 652, ils mettent en déroute Gygès roi de Lydie. Les Scythes, de leur côté, suivent les Cimmériens au Sud du Caucase et s'établissent à l'Est de ce peuple, dans la région du lac d'Ourmia. Bartatoua roi des Scythes (qu'Hérodote appelle Protothyès) s'allie avec Assarhaddon roi d'Assyrie (681-669), dont il aurait épousé la fille. Pendant le'règne d'Assourbanipal (669-626), les Scythes sont encore les alliés des Assyriens dans leurs guerres contre les Mèdes et même contre les Égyptiens : en effet Hérodote raconte que les Scythes firent (vers 630) une incursion contre l'Egypte : Psammétique I er (663-609) les rencontra en Palestine « et les persuada, au moyen de dons et de prières, de ne pas avancer plus loin », mais au retour quelques Scythes pillèrent le temple d'Aphrodite à Askalon. On suppose que des Scythes s'établirent à cette époque dans la vieille ville forte de Beth-Séan, puisque son nom, après l'époque d'Alexandre, est Scythopolis (cf. Jug 1:27, Jug 3:10, 2Ma 12:29 dans LXX) : « Les Scythes ravagèrent la Palestine et occupèrent Beth-Schan, qui fut appelée d'après leur nom Scythopolis » (Syncellus, éd. Dindorf, I, 405). Après avoir détruit Ninive en 612, les Mèdes se tournèrent contre les Scythes, en massacrèrent un grand nombre, et forcèrent les autres à retourner dans la Russie méridionale (cette victoire fut commémorée par une fête appelée Sacaea) : c'est là que Darius I er les attaqua sans beaucoup de succès vers 516. Le seul vestige que les Scythes, qui avaient dominé en Asie pendant 28 ans (Hérodote), laissèrent au Sud du Caucase après 600, consiste en deux noms : Scythopolis et Sacaea.

3.

Les Scythes dans la Bible.

A part les allusions à Askénaz déjà citées, ils ne sont nommés dans la Bible que dans Col 3:11, où le mot « Scythe » est employé dans le sens de « plus barbare que les barbares » : sur la cruauté proverbiale des Scythes, voir 2Ma 4:47,3Ma 7:5 ; Josèphe, Contre Àpion, II, 37. Magog (Ge 10:2,1Ch 1:5, cf. Eze 38:2 39:6, Ap 20:8) est interprété dans le sens de « Scythes » par Josèphe (Ant., I, 6:1), Jérôme et d'autres ; cette hypothèse n'est pas absurde (en raison de la position assignée à Magog entre les Cimmériens [Gomer] et les Mèdes [Madaï]), mais, en tout cas, le nom Magog (voir ce mot) est inconnu en dehors de la Bible. Gog, prince de Rosch, de Mésec et de Tubal, est en rapport avec le pays de Magog (Eze 38:2, cf. Ap 20:8) : personnage eschatologique plutôt que proprement historique, il forme le sujet d'Eze 38 et 39. Qui se cache sous ce nom énigmatique ? Les conjectures abondent : on y a vu Gygès (E. Meyer), Antiochus III (Polychronius [427 ap. J. -C], Grotius), Alexandre le Grand (H. Winckler, T. Nöldeke, C.C. Torrey), Mithridate VI le Grand [123-63 av. J. -C] (N. Schmidt).

Enfin on reconnaît généralement des allusions à l'invasion des Scythes en Palestine (vers 630) dans Jer 4:5,31 5:15,17 6:1,8,22-26 (quelques critiques ajoutent aussi Jer 8:14-17 10:18-22), et, avec moins d'assurance, dans Sop 1,2, Joe 2:20, De 28:49,57. Il paraît que déjà Photius voyait dans Jer 6:22-26 une allusion aux Scythes, mais c'est J.G. Eichhorn (1819) qui formula l'hypothèse que le prophète écrivit les chap. 4 à 6 sous l'impression accablante de l'approche des Scythes. Cette théorie a été acceptée par la plupart des exégètes et des historiens de l'A.T. ; cependant Fritz Wilke (voir Bibliographie) a montré que, somme toute, « l'hypothèse scythe » repose sur des bases assez précaires et que Jérémie et les autres auteurs bibliques nommés plus haut font probablement allusion à l'invasion des Caldéens de Nabuchodonosor (de même Lucien Gautier). BIBLIOGRAPHIE --L. Gautier, Introd. A.T., vol. I, parag. 194. R.H. Pf.

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      Genèse 10

      2 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
      3 The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.

      Juges 1

      27 Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shean and its towns, nor Taanach and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and its towns; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land.

      Juges 3

      10 The Spirit of Yahweh came on him, and he judged Israel; and he went out to war, and Yahweh delivered Cushan Rishathaim king of Mesopotamia into his hand: and his hand prevailed against Cushan Rishathaim.

      1 Chroniques 1

      5 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras.
      6 The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, and Diphath, and Togarmah.

      Jérémie 4

      5 Declare in Judah, and publish in Jerusalem; and say, 'Blow the trumpet in the land!' Cry aloud and say, 'Assemble yourselves! Let us go into the fortified cities!'
      31 For I have heard a voice as of a woman in travail, the anguish as of her who brings forth her first child, the voice of the daughter of Zion, who gasps for breath, who spreads her hands, saying, "Woe is me now! For my soul faints before the murderers."

      Jérémie 5

      15 Behold, I will bring a nation on you from far, house of Israel," says Yahweh. "It is a mighty nation. It is an ancient nation, a nation whose language you don't know, neither understand what they say.
      17 They shall eat up your harvest, and your bread, which your sons and your daughters should eat. They shall eat up your flocks and your herds. They shall eat up your vines and your fig trees. They shall beat down your fortified cities, in which you trust, with the sword.

      Jérémie 6

      1 "Flee for safety, you children of Benjamin, out of the midst of Jerusalem, and blow the trumpet in Tekoa, and raise up a signal on Beth Haccherem; for evil looks forth from the north, and a great destruction.
      8 Be instructed, Jerusalem, lest my soul be alienated from you; lest I make you a desolation, a land not inhabited."
      22 Thus says Yahweh, "Behold, a people comes from the north country. A great nation shall be stirred up from the uttermost parts of the earth.
      23 They take hold of bow and spear. They are cruel, and have no mercy. Their voice roars like the sea, and they ride on horses, everyone set in array, as a man to the battle, against you, daughter of Zion."
      24 We have heard its report; our hands become feeble: anguish has taken hold of us, and pains as of a woman in labor.
      25 Don't go forth into the field, nor walk by the way; for the sword of the enemy and terror, are on every side.
      26 Daughter of my people, clothe yourself with sackcloth, and wallow in ashes! Mourn, as for an only son, most bitter lamentation; for the destroyer shall suddenly come on us.

      Jérémie 8

      14 Why do we sit still? Assemble yourselves, and let us enter into the fortified cities, and let us be silent there; for Yahweh our God has put us to silence, and given us water of gall to drink, because we have sinned against Yahweh.
      15 We looked for peace, but no good came; and for a time of healing, and behold, dismay!
      16 The snorting of his horses is heard from Dan: at the sound of the neighing of his strong ones the whole land trembles; for they have come, and have devoured the land and all that is in it; the city and those who dwell therein.
      17 For, behold, I will send serpents, adders, among you, which will not be charmed; and they shall bite you, says Yahweh.

      Jérémie 10

      18 For thus says Yahweh, Behold, I will sling out the inhabitants of the land at this time, and will distress them, that they may feel it.

      Jérémie 51

      27 Set up a standard in the land, blow the trumpet among the nations, prepare the nations against her, call together against her the kingdoms of Ararat, Minni, and Ashkenaz: appoint a marshal against her; cause the horses to come up as the rough canker worm.

      Ezéchiel 38

      1 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying,
      2 Son of man, set your face toward Gog, of the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal, and prophesy against him,
      3 and say, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Behold, I am against you, Gog, prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal:
      4 and I will turn you around, and put hooks into your jaws, and I will bring you forth, with all your army, horses and horsemen, all of them clothed in full armor, a great company with buckler and shield, all of them handling swords;
      5 Persia, Cush, and Put with them, all of them with shield and helmet;
      6 Gomer, and all his hordes; the house of Togarmah in the uttermost parts of the north, and all his hordes; even many peoples with you.
      7 Be prepared, yes, prepare yourself, you, and all your companies who are assembled to you, and be a guard to them.
      8 After many days you shall be visited: in the latter years you shall come into the land that is brought back from the sword, that is gathered out of many peoples, on the mountains of Israel, which have been a continual waste; but it is brought forth out of the peoples, and they shall dwell securely, all of them.
      9 You shall ascend, you shall come like a storm, you shall be like a cloud to cover the land, you, and all your hordes, and many peoples with you.
      10 Thus says the Lord Yahweh: It shall happen in that day, that things shall come into your mind, and you shall devise an evil device:
      11 and you shall say, I will go up to the land of unwalled villages; I will go to those who are at rest, who dwell securely, all of them dwelling without walls, and having neither bars nor gates;
      12 to take the spoil and to take the prey; to turn your hand against the waste places that are [now] inhabited, and against the people who are gathered out of the nations, who have gotten livestock and goods, who dwell in the middle of the earth.
      13 Sheba, and Dedan, and the merchants of Tarshish, with all the young lions of it, shall tell you, Have you come to take the spoil? have you assembled your company to take the prey? to carry away silver and gold, to take away livestock and goods, to take great spoil?
      14 Therefore, son of man, prophesy, and tell Gog, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: In that day when my people Israel dwells securely, shall you not know it?
      15 You shall come from your place out of the uttermost parts of the north, you, and many peoples with you, all of them riding on horses, a great company and a mighty army;
      16 and you shall come up against my people Israel, as a cloud to cover the land: it shall happen in the latter days, that I will bring you against my land, that the nations may know me, when I shall be sanctified in you, Gog, before their eyes.
      17 Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Are you he of whom I spoke in old time by my servants the prophets of Israel, who prophesied in those days for [many] years that I would bring you against them?
      18 It shall happen in that day, when Gog shall come against the land of Israel, says the Lord Yahweh, that my wrath shall come up into my nostrils.
      19 For in my jealousy and in the fire of my wrath have I spoken, Surely in that day there shall be a great shaking in the land of Israel;
      20 so that the fish of the sea, and the birds of the sky, and the animals of the field, and all creeping things who creep on the earth, and all the men who are on the surface of the earth, shall shake at my presence, and the mountains shall be thrown down, and the steep places shall fall, and every wall shall fall to the ground.
      21 I will call for a sword against him to all my mountains, says the Lord Yahweh: every man's sword shall be against his brother.
      22 With pestilence and with blood will I enter into judgment with him; and I will rain on him, and on his hordes, and on the many peoples who are with him, an overflowing shower, and great hailstones, fire, and sulfur.
      23 I will magnify myself, and sanctify myself, and I will make myself known in the eyes of many nations; and they shall know that I am Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 39

      1 You, son of man, prophesy against Gog, and say, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Behold, I am against you, Gog, prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal:
      2 and I will turn you around, and will lead you on, and will cause you to come up from the uttermost parts of the north; and I will bring you on the mountains of Israel;
      3 and I will strike your bow out of your left hand, and will cause your arrows to fall out of your right hand.
      4 You shall fall on the mountains of Israel, you, and all your hordes, and the peoples who are with you: I will give you to the ravenous birds of every sort, and to the animals of the field to be devoured.
      5 You shall fall on the open field; for I have spoken it, says the Lord Yahweh.
      6 I will send a fire on Magog, and on those who dwell securely in the islands; and they shall know that I am Yahweh.
      7 My holy name will I make known in the midst of my people Israel; neither will I allow my holy name to be profaned any more: and the nations shall know that I am Yahweh, the Holy One in Israel.
      8 Behold, it comes, and it shall be done, says the Lord Yahweh; this is the day about which I have spoken.
      9 Those who dwell in the cities of Israel shall go forth, and shall make fires of the weapons and burn them, both the shields and the bucklers, the bows and the arrows, and the war clubs, and the spears, and they shall make fires of them seven years;
      10 so that they shall take no wood out of the field, neither cut down any out of the forests; for they shall make fires of the weapons; and they shall plunder those who plundered them, and rob those who robbed them, says the Lord Yahweh.
      11 It shall happen in that day, that I will give to Gog a place for burial in Israel, the valley of those who pass through on the east of the sea; and it shall stop those who pass through: and there shall they bury Gog and all his multitude; and they shall call it The valley of Hamon Gog.
      12 Seven months shall the house of Israel be burying them, that they may cleanse the land.
      13 Yes, all the people of the land shall bury them; and it shall be to them a renown in the day that I shall be glorified, says the Lord Yahweh.
      14 They shall set apart men of continual employment, who shall pass through the land, and, with those who pass through, those who bury those who remain on the surface of the land, to cleanse it: after the end of seven months shall they search.
      15 Those who pass through the land shall pass through; and when any sees a man's bone, then shall he set up a sign by it, until the undertakers have buried it in the valley of Hamon Gog.
      16 Hamonah shall also be the name of a city. Thus shall they cleanse the land.
      17 You, son of man, thus says the Lord Yahweh: Speak to the birds of every sort, and to every animal of the field, Assemble yourselves, and come; gather yourselves on every side to my sacrifice that I do sacrifice for you, even a great sacrifice on the mountains of Israel, that you may eat flesh and drink blood.
      18 You shall eat the flesh of the mighty, and drink the blood of the princes of the earth, of rams, of lambs, and of goats, of bulls, all of them fatlings of Bashan.
      19 You shall eat fat until you be full, and drink blood until you are drunk, of my sacrifice which I have sacrificed for you.
      20 You shall be filled at my table with horses and chariots, with mighty men, and with all men of war, says the Lord Yahweh.
      21 I will set my glory among the nations; and all the nations shall see my judgment that I have executed, and my hand that I have laid on them.
      22 So the house of Israel shall know that I am Yahweh their God, from that day and forward.
      23 The nations shall know that the house of Israel went into captivity for their iniquity; because they trespassed against me, and I hid my face from them: so I gave them into the hand of their adversaries, and they fell all of them by the sword.
      24 According to their uncleanness and according to their transgressions did I to them; and I hid my face from them.
      25 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Now will I bring back the captivity of Jacob, and have mercy on the whole house of Israel; and I will be jealous for my holy name.
      26 They shall bear their shame, and all their trespasses by which they have trespassed against me, when they shall dwell securely in their land, and none shall make them afraid;
      27 when I have brought them back from the peoples, and gathered them out of their enemies' lands, and am sanctified in them in the sight of many nations.
      28 They shall know that I am Yahweh their God, in that I caused them to go into captivity among the nations, and have gathered them to their own land; and I will leave none of them any more there;
      29 neither will I hide my face any more from them; for I have poured out my Spirit on the house of Israel, says the Lord Yahweh.

      Joël 2

      20 But I will remove the northern army far away from you, and will drive it into a barren and desolate land, its front into the eastern sea, and its back into the western sea; and its stench will come up, and its bad smell will rise." Surely he has done great things.

      Colossiens 3

      11 where there can't be Greek and Jew, circumcision and uncircumcision, barbarian, Scythian, bondservant, freeman; but Christ is all, and in all.

      Apocalypse 20

      8 and he will come out to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to the war; the number of whom is as the sand of the sea.
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