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SECRÉTAIRE

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(Hébr. sôphér, de sâphar =compter ; grec grammateus, de gramma =lettre ; latin scriba, de scribere =écrire.)

Les fonctions officielles des secrétaires du roi, chargés évidemment de la correspondance, apparaissent avec l'administration de David (2Sa 8:17 20:25,1Ch 18:16), distinctes de celles des archivistes (voir Archives, Écriture, parag. IV) ; on les retrouve sous Salomon et Ézéchias (1Ro 4:3,2Ro 18:18 parallèle Esa 36:3).

Les noms de ces fonctionnaires sont généralement conservés ; de même sous les règnes de Josias, Jéhojakim ou Sédécias (2Ro 22:3, Jer 36:10,12,20 37:15,20).

Certains de ces secrétaires sont chargés de tâches particulières trésorier-payeur (2Ro 12:11 et 2Ch 24:11), recenseur (2Ch 26:11), secrétariat de l'armée (2Ro 25:19 parallèle Jer 52:25) ; les secrétaires de la cour de Perse rédigent les décrets royaux dans les diverses langues du royaume (Est 3:12 8:9).

Les plus connus de ces personnages sont Saphan, qui apporta et lut à Josias le livre de la Loi découvert dans le temple par le grand-prêtre Hilkija (2Ro 22:8 et suivants parallèle 2Ch 34:13 et suivants), et surtout Baruc, le secrétaire particulier et le fidèle ami du prophète Jérémie. voir (Jer 36:4,26,32) Baruc, Jérémie. Pour le sens du titre hébreu chôtér, v. Officier, I, 1.

Dans les derniers temps de la royauté, et surtout après l'exil, la spécialisation de certains secrétaires dans les copies de la Loi et les écrits relatifs au culte prépara l'apparition des docteurs de la Loi (hébreu tannaîm ; grec nomikoï). La transition est marquée par l'oeuvre des scribes (voir ce mot). C'est pourquoi nos traductions de l'A. T, préfèrent quelquefois ce dernier titre à celui de secrétaire ; (cf. 1Ch 2:55 24:6, Ne 13:13) Esdras, l'un des principaux réformateurs du culte juif, et sans doute rédacteur de certains textes de lois, est appelé « prêtre et scribe », « scribe versé dans la loi de Moïse », « dans la loi du Dieu du ciel » (Esd 7 6,11,21, Ne 8:1,4 etc.). La dénonciation par Jérémie des scribes menteurs s'appliquait aux infidèles interprètes de la loi de l'Éternel (Jer 8:8).

Le N.T. mentionne une fois un « secrétaire de la ville » (Ost., greffier), celui d'Èphèse (Ac 19:35), qui intervint dans le tumulte provoqué par l'orfèvre Démétrius, et sut habilement apaiser le peuple en flattant son amour-propre, (Ac 19:35 et suivant) en le ramenant à la raison (, (Ac 19:37) en lui donnant un conseil pratique ( (Ac 19:38) et en lui rappelant le risque de son rassemblement illicite (. (Ac 19:40) Les attributions du secrétaire de la ville ont varié avec les époques et les cités helléniques ; il tenait l'emploi le plus élevé après le président du conseil de la ville et avait généralement la charge de rédiger les décrets présentés à l'assemblée. L'importance de celui d'Éphèse est abondamment confirmée par les inscriptions et lettres des premiers siècles : ses fonctions étaient aussi étendues qu'essentielles à la vie de la cité.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      2 Samuel 8

      17 and Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, were priests; and Seraiah was scribe;

      1 Chroniques 2

      55 The families of scribes who lived at Jabez: the Tirathites, the Shimeathites, the Sucathites. These are the Kenites who came of Hammath, the father of the house of Rechab.

      1 Chroniques 18

      16 and Zadok the son of Ahitub, and Abimelech the son of Abiathar, were priests; and Shavsha was scribe;

      2 Chroniques 24

      11 It was so, that whenever the chest was brought to the king's officers by the hand of the Levites, and when they saw that there was much money, the king's scribe and the chief priest's officer came and emptied the chest, and took it, and carried it to its place again. Thus they did day by day, and gathered money in abundance.

      2 Chroniques 26

      11 Moreover Uzziah had an army of fighting men, who went out to war by bands, according to the number of their reckoning made by Jeiel the scribe and Maaseiah the officer, under the hand of Hananiah, one of the king's captains.

      2 Chroniques 34

      13 Also they were over the bearers of burdens, and set forward all who did the work in every kind of service: and of the Levites there were scribes, and officers, and porters.

      Esdras 7

      6 this Ezra went up from Babylon: and he was a ready scribe in the law of Moses, which Yahweh, the God of Israel, had given; and the king granted him all his request, according to the hand of Yahweh his God on him.
      11 Now this is the copy of the letter that the king Artaxerxes gave to Ezra the priest, the scribe, even the scribe of the words of the commandments of Yahweh, and of his statutes to Israel:
      21 I, even I Artaxerxes the king, do make a decree to all the treasurers who are beyond the River, that whatever Ezra the priest, the scribe of the law of the God of heaven, shall require of you, it be done with all diligence,

      Néhémie 8

      1 All the people gathered themselves together as one man into the broad place that was before the water gate; and they spoke to Ezra the scribe to bring the book of the law of Moses, which Yahweh had commanded to Israel.
      4 Ezra the scribe stood on a pulpit of wood, which they had made for the purpose; and beside him stood Mattithiah, and Shema, and Anaiah, and Uriah, and Hilkiah, and Maaseiah, on his right hand; and on his left hand, Pedaiah, and Mishael, and Malchijah, and Hashum, and Hashbaddanah, Zechariah, and Meshullam.

      Néhémie 13

      13 I made treasurers over the treasuries, Shelemiah the priest, and Zadok the scribe, and of the Levites, Pedaiah: and next to them was Hanan the son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah; for they were counted faithful, and their business was to distribute to their brothers.

      Esther 3

      12 Then the king's scribes were called in on the first month, on the thirteenth day of the month; and all that Haman commanded was written to the king's satraps, and to the governors who were over every province, and to the princes of every people, to every province according its writing, and to every people in their language. It was written in the name of King Ahasuerus, and it was sealed with the king's ring.

      Esther 8

      9 Then the king's scribes were called at that time, in the third month Sivan, on the twenty-third day of the month; and it was written according to all that Mordecai commanded to the Jews, and to the satraps, and the governors and princes of the provinces which are from India to Ethiopia, one hundred twenty-seven provinces, to every province according to its writing, and to every people in their language, and to the Jews in their writing, and in their language.

      Esaïe 36

      3 Then Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, who was over the household, and Shebna the scribe, and Joah, the son of Asaph, the recorder came out to him.

      Jérémie 8

      8 How do you say, We are wise, and the law of Yahweh is with us? But, behold, the false pen of the scribes has worked falsely.

      Jérémie 36

      4 Then Jeremiah called Baruch the son of Neriah; and Baruch wrote from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of Yahweh, which he had spoken to him, on a scroll of a book.
      10 Then read Baruch in the book the words of Jeremiah in the house of Yahweh, in the room of Gemariah the son of Shaphan, the scribe, in the upper court, at the entry of the new gate of Yahweh's house, in the ears of all the people.
      12 he went down into the king's house, into the scribe's room: and behold, all the princes were sitting there, Elishama the scribe, and Delaiah the son of Shemaiah, and Elnathan the son of Achbor, and Gemariah the son of Shaphan, and Zedekiah the son of Hananiah, and all the princes.
      20 They went in to the king into the court; but they had laid up the scroll in the room of Elishama the scribe; and they told all the words in the ears of the king.
      26 The king commanded Jerahmeel the king's son, and Seraiah the son of Azriel, and Shelemiah the son of Abdeel, to take Baruch the scribe and Jeremiah the prophet; but Yahweh hid them.
      32 Then took Jeremiah another scroll, and gave it to Baruch the scribe, the son of Neriah, who wrote therein from the mouth of Jeremiah all the words of the book which Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire; and there were added besides to them many like words.

      Jérémie 37

      15 The princes were angry with Jeremiah, and struck him, and put him in prison in the house of Jonathan the scribe; for they had made that the prison.
      20 Now please hear, my lord the king: please let my supplication be presented before you, that you not cause me to return to the house of Jonathan the scribe, lest I die there.

      Jérémie 52

      25 and out of the city he took an officer who was set over the men of war; and seven men of those who saw the king's face, who were found in the city; and the scribe of the captain of the army, who mustered the people of the land; and sixty men of the people of the land, who were found in the midst of the city.

      Actes 19

      35 When the town clerk had quieted the multitude, he said, "You men of Ephesus, what man is there who doesn't know that the city of the Ephesians is temple keeper of the great goddess Artemis, and of the image which fell down from Zeus?
      37 For you have brought these men here, who are neither robbers of temples nor blasphemers of your goddess.
      38 If therefore Demetrius and the craftsmen who are with him have a matter against anyone, the courts are open, and there are proconsuls. Let them press charges against one another.
      40 For indeed we are in danger of being accused concerning this day's riot, there being no cause. Concerning it, we wouldn't be able to give an account of this commotion."
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