Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

SEIGNEUR

Titre divin, correspondant, Ie plus souvent à l'hébreu Adôn, Adonaï et au grec Kurios, quelquefois à l'hébreu Baal et au grec Despotes

1.

L'hébreu adôn est aussi très souvent appliqué à des autorités humaines ; en ces cas, nos versions le traduisent quelquefois par : maître (voir ce mot, parag. 1), mais elles conservent aussi le titre de : seigneur, surtout dans l'apostrophe : mon seigneur.

Sont ainsi désignés :

roi (1Sa 22:12 26:17, Jer 22:18 34:5), gouverneur (Ge 42:10 43:20 45:8, Ne 3:5), général (Jug 4:18,2Sa 11:11), prêtre (1Sa 1:15-26), prophète (1Ro 18:7-13,2Ro 2:19 4:28 5:3 6:5-15 etc.), père (Ge 31:35), mari (Ge 18:12, Ps 45:12), frère aîné redouté (Ge 33:8) ;
c'est un titre de vénération adressé à tout personnage qu'on veut honorer (Ge 23:6,11-15 24:18, Ru 2:13 etc.) ;
il est parfois conféré à Moïse (Ex 32:22, No 11:28 etc.) ; il l'est aussi aux anges (Ge 19:2, Jos 5:14, Jug 6:13, Da 10:16) dans plusieurs théophanies (apparitions de Dieu ou d'envoyés de Dieu), ce qui nous ramène à la limitation de ce titre à Celui qui est « le Seigneur » en un sens absolu (voir Dieu [les noms de], I, 1 et II).
Le livre de Daniel applique aussi deux termes araméens : mare, soit à Dieu (Da 2:47) soit au roi (Da 4:19,24), et rabrebânîn, aux seigneurs de la cour (Da 5 1,9).

2.

Dans le N.T., le grec despotes est traduit par « maître », même s'il s'applique à Dieu, sauf au début du Nunc dimittis (voir art.), cantique de Siméon (Lu 2:29). De même le grec kurios, quand il désigne un possesseur, propriétaire, patron, est généralement rendu par « maître » (voir ce mot, parag. 3). Mais lorsqu'il devient le titre honorifique qu'un subalterne décerne à un supérieur, nos versions disent, comme pour l'adôn de l'A.T. : « seigneur » ou « mon seigneur » (Mr 7:28, Mt 13:27 21:29 25:20-22 27:63, Lu 13:8 etc.) ; cet usage est très fréquent dans les papyrus du temps, et l'on y voit aussi la même appellation exprimer une déférente affection pour un membre de sa famille, père ou mère, frère ou soeur, même pour un fils. Naturellement, le titre respectueux de kurios, équivalant dans le grec des évangiles à l'hébreu rabbi, est adressé fréquemment à Jésus par ses disciples (Mt 8:25 16:22, Lu 11:1 22:33-38, Jn 13:6,9,13 etc.), qui saluaient en lui leur Maître, un incomparable rabbi (voir ce mot), et qui finirent par l'adorer comme leur Sauveur (voir ce mot) et véritablement comme le Seigneur.

3.

En effet, à mesure que la personne de Jésus-Christ s'élevait devant leur piété du plan humain au plan divin, la terminologie des religions contemporaines aussi bien que la langue de l'A. T, contribuaient à faire suivre cette divinisation à l'emploi du titre de Kurios. La notion de « seigneurie » était caractéristique des cultes orientaux et s'exprimait couramment dans les sanctuaires égyptiens du « Seigneur Sérapis » ; telle invitation du II° siècle parle de « dîner à la table du Seigneur Sérapis » en des termes qui rappellent la participation dont parle saint Paul « à la table du Seigneur ou à la table des démons » (1Co 10:21).

D'autre part, Kurios dans la version grecque des LXX représentait les noms propres hébreux Adonaï, Élohim, JHVH ; dans le Siracide (Sir 46:5) est mis en parallèle le mégas Kurios (=le grand Seigneur) avec le hupsistos Dunastès (=le Puissant très haut) ; pour les Juifs, Kurios était en grec le titre par excellence, réservé à l'unique Seigneur (Mt 5:33, Mr 5:19 13:20, Ac 7:49,2Ti 1:16,18 1Pi 1:25 etc.) ; la formule de l'A.T. : « JHVH ton Élohim » (Ex 20:2) devenait Kurios ho Théos soû (=le Seigneur ton Dieu, Mt 4:7, etc.), le vocable Kurios soulignant la souveraineté de la divinité : le Seigneur du ciel et de la terre (Lu 10:21), le Seigneur des seigneurs (1Ti 6:15), le Seigneur des armées (Ro 9:29), etc.

Jésus, le Messie, ayant acquis par son incarnation et son oeuvre de rédemption comme un droit de propriété sur les hommes pécheurs et ayant été élevé après sa résurrection jusqu'à partager avec le Père la souveraineté divine, est devenu le Seigneur (Php 2:9-11) ; « c'est pour être le Seigneur des morts et des vivants que le Christ est mort et qu'il a repris vie » (Ro 14:9, cf. Ac 10:36,1Co 7:22 8:6, Eph 4:5, etc.).

Il est appelé :

le Seigneur Jésus (Ac 16:31 20:35,1Co 11:23 etc.), le Seigneur Jésus-Christ (1Co 16:23,2Co 13:13, Eph 1:2), notre Seigneur (1Ti 1:14,2Ti 1:8,2Pi 3:15), notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ (1Th 1:3,1Ti 6:3,14,2Ti 1:2), Seigneur des seigneurs (Ap 17:14 19:16).
Voir Paul, VII, 3.

Cette désignation du Christ comme « le Seigneur », devenue constante dans l'Église primitive, est passée dans les évangiles. Il n'est pas toujours facile de démêler si l'évangéliste l'emploie encore comme le simple titre de respect ou déjà comme le titre divin (ex., dans Mr 11:3 et parallèle). Dans le cantique des anges (Lu 2:11) il est normal que le plan providentiel du salut fasse proclamer à l'avance par les anges « le Christ, le Seigneur » dans le nouveau-né de Bethléhem. Par ailleurs, Luc est le seul des évang, synopt, qui, en une sorte d'anticipation historique, appelle Jésus « le Seigneur » dès le cours de son ministère (Lu 7:13 10:1 11:39 12:42 13:15 17:5 24:34) ; en cela il prépare une transition vers le 4 e évangile, où ce titre correspond davantage au point de vue spirituel de l'évangile du Christ glorieux (Jn 4:1 6:23 11:2 20:2,18,20,25 21:7,12). L'évolution victorieuse de la foi des disciples est marquée dans cet évangile par l'exclamation significative qu'arrache au plus lent à croire parmi eux, l'apôtre Thomas, l'apparition révélatrice du Crucifié ressuscité : « Mon Seigneur et mon Dieu ! » (Jn 20:28).

4.

La mission de porter au monde cet ineffable témoignage et cet enthousiaste credo réservait aux chrétiens des premiers siècles la persécution des « seigneurs » de ce monde.

Plusieurs générations antérieures à Jésus-Christ avaient déjà connu l'application du titre de Kurios à des souverains orientaux : des inscriptions ou des textes avaient appelé Ptolémée XIII d'Alexandrie « le Seigneur Roi Dieu » (62 av. J. -C), Ptolémée. XIV et Cléopâtre « les Seigneurs, dieux très hauts » (52 av. J. -C), Hérode le Grand « le Seigneur Roi Hérode » (37-34 av. J-C), Hérode Agrippa I er « le Seigneur Roi Agrippa » (37-44 ap. J. -C).

Il n'y a pas d'indices que l'Occident ait attribué le même titre aux empereurs romains avant Domitien ; même, Auguste et Tibère l'avaient expressément déclaré contraire à la conception romaine du Principat (cf. Ovide, Fastes, 2:142 ; Suétone, Aug., 53 ; Tib., 27 ; Tacite, Ann., 2:87, etc.).

En Orient, par contre, on le décerna à Claude (49) dans des pièces officielles, puis à Néron très fréquemment dans des inscriptions de 60, 62, 66, 67, la dernière ainsi conçue : « Néron le Seigneur du monde entier » ; plus tard, mêmes hommages rendus à Vespasien, Antonin, Caracalla, etc. Et c'est à cette époque que l'apôtre insiste sur le nom de « Seigneur », donné par Dieu à Jésus, « au-dessus de tout nom » (Php 2:9), qu'il proteste contre les adorations adressées à « plusieurs dieux et plusieurs seigneurs » (1Co 8:5), alors qu'à partir de Néron l'empereur monopolise tous les cultes de l'empire autour de sa personne, sous peine des pires supplices. « Au temps de la Rome des Césars, le mot « Seigneur » signifiait : celui qui a droit sur tout ce que je possède et sur tout ce que je suis. Il signifiait aussi, pour qui le refusait à César, la persécution et la mort.

Tertullien nous dit : « La négation de tous les dieux de la mythologie n'aurait pas eu pour les chrétiens la conséquence terrible qu'eut leur attitude intransigeante vis-à-vis du Seigneur César. » L'illustre vieillard Polycarpe n'aurait pas subi le martyre s'il avait accepté de prononcer la formule : Kurios Kaïsar =Seigneur César. On demandait à Separatus de jurer « par le génie de notre Seigneur l'Empereur » ; il mourut martyr pour avoir répondu : « Je ne connais point l'empire de ce siècle, je connais mon Seigneur, Roi des rois et Empereur de toutes les nations » (Wetter, Rev. Strasb., 1927, p. 30).

L'Apocalypse frémit tout entière de la lutte engagée par l'Église contre l'adoration de l'empereur. Un chrétien qui proclamait, avec le Symbole des premiers siècles, n'avoir qu'un Seigneur : Jésus-Christ, jouait sa tête toutes les fois qu'il passait sans s'incliner devant une icône impériale. » (A. Westphal, Le Symbole des Apôtres, pp. 68, 69.) Voilà pourquoi saint Paul déclarait que le fait de pouvoir s'approprier, avec toutes les conséquences qu'elle comporte,. la solennelle proclamation : « Jésus est le Seigneur », est un don du Saint-Esprit : (1Co 12:3) car c'est la révélation même de l'Évangile, engageant toute la vie du croyant, qui appartient à son Seigneur Jésus-Christ, impliquant l'obéissance à son Père (Mt 7:21 et suivants) et, s'il le faut, jusqu'à mourir pour le Seigneur (Ro 14:8).

CONSULTER. --Trench, Syn. N.T., parag. XXVIII ; Deissmann, Licht von Osten ; Bousset, Kyrios Christos ; Kattenbusch, Dos apostol. Symbol ; VGT, IV, pp. 364-366. Jn L.

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      23 However boats from Tiberias came near to the place where they ate the bread after the Lord had given thanks.

      Jean 11

      2 It was that Mary who had anointed the Lord with ointment, and wiped his feet with her hair, whose brother, Lazarus, was sick.

      Jean 13

      6 Then he came to Simon Peter. He said to him, "Lord, do you wash my feet?"
      9 Simon Peter said to him, "Lord, not my feet only, but also my hands and my head!"
      13 You call me, 'Teacher' and 'Lord.' You say so correctly, for so I am.

      Jean 20

      2 Therefore she ran and came to Simon Peter, and to the other disciple whom Jesus loved, and said to them, "They have taken away the Lord out of the tomb, and we don't know where they have laid him!"
      18 Mary Magdalene came and told the disciples that she had seen the Lord, and that he had said these things to her.
      20 When he had said this, he showed them his hands and his side. The disciples therefore were glad when they saw the Lord.
      25 The other disciples therefore said to him, "We have seen the Lord!" But he said to them, "Unless I see in his hands the print of the nails, and put my hand into his side, I will not believe."
      28 Thomas answered him, "My Lord and my God!"

      Jean 21

      7 That disciple therefore whom Jesus loved said to Peter, "It's the Lord!" So when Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he wrapped his coat around him (for he was naked), and threw himself into the sea.
      12 Jesus said to them, "Come and eat breakfast." None of the disciples dared inquire of him, "Who are you?" knowing that it was the Lord.

      Actes 7

      49 'heaven is my throne, and the earth a footstool for my feet. What kind of house will you build me?' says the Lord; 'or what is the place of my rest?

      Actes 10

      36 The word which he sent to the children of Israel, preaching good news of peace by Jesus Christ--he is Lord of all--

      Actes 16

      31 They said, "Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, and you will be saved, you and your household."

      Actes 20

      35 In all things I gave you an example, that so laboring you ought to help the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, that he himself said, 'It is more blessed to give than to receive.'"

      Romains 9

      29 As Isaiah has said before, "Unless the Lord of Armies had left us a seed, we would have become like Sodom, and would have been made like Gomorrah."

      Romains 14

      8 For if we live, we live to the Lord. Or if we die, we die to the Lord. If therefore we live or die, we are the Lord's.
      9 For to this end Christ died, rose, and lived again, that he might be Lord of both the dead and the living.

      1 Corinthiens 7

      22 For he who was called in the Lord being a bondservant is the Lord's free man. Likewise he who was called being free is Christ's bondservant.

      1 Corinthiens 8

      5 For though there are things that are called "gods," whether in the heavens or on earth; as there are many "gods" and many "lords";

      1 Corinthiens 10

      21 You can't both drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons. You can't both partake of the table of the Lord, and of the table of demons.

      1 Corinthiens 11

      23 For I received from the Lord that which also I delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night in which he was betrayed took bread.

      1 Corinthiens 12

      3 Therefore I make known to you that no man speaking by God's Spirit says, "Jesus is accursed." No one can say, "Jesus is Lord," but by the Holy Spirit.

      1 Corinthiens 16

      23 The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with you.

      2 Corinthiens 13

      13 All the saints greet you.

      Ephésiens 1

      2 Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

      Ephésiens 4

      5 one Lord, one faith, one baptism,

      1 Thessaloniciens 1

      3 remembering without ceasing your work of faith and labor of love and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus Christ, before our God and Father.

      1 Timothée 1

      14 The grace of our Lord abounded exceedingly with faith and love which is in Christ Jesus.

      1 Timothée 6

      3 If anyone teaches a different doctrine, and doesn't consent to sound words, the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the doctrine which is according to godliness,
      15 which in its own times he will show, who is the blessed and only Ruler, the King of kings, and Lord of lords;

      2 Timothée 1

      2 to Timothy, my beloved child: Grace, mercy, and peace, from God the Father and Christ Jesus our Lord.
      8 Therefore don't be ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, nor of me his prisoner; but endure hardship for the Good News according to the power of God,
      16 May the Lord grant mercy to the house of Onesiphorus, for he often refreshed me, and was not ashamed of my chain,

      1 Pierre 1

      25 but the Lord's word endures forever." This is the word of Good News which was preached to you.

      2 Pierre 3

      15 Regard the patience of our Lord as salvation; even as our beloved brother Paul also, according to the wisdom given to him, wrote to you;

      Apocalypse 17

      14 These will war against the Lamb, and the Lamb will overcome them, for he is Lord of lords, and King of kings. They also will overcome who are with him, called and chosen and faithful."

      Apocalypse 19

      16 He has on his garment and on his thigh a name written, "KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS."
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