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SERMON SUR LA MONTAGNE

1.

Introduction.

On donne le nom de sermon ou discours sur la montagne au contenu des chap. 5, 6 et 7 de Matthieu On admet généralement que cet évangile de Matthieu reproduit l'ensemble de celui de Marc qui est surtout anecdotique, en intercalant dans le cours du récit plusieurs groupes de discours de Jésus provenant de la source des Logia (voir Évang, synopt.). Le sermon sur la montagne est le premier et le plus important de ces discours.

D'après la tradition, la colline de Karn Hattîn, entre Tibériade et Nazareth, serait le site du sermon sur la montagne (fig. 187). Cette tradition, assez récente, n'est pas invraisemblable ; elle concilierait assez bien les données en apparence contradictoires des passages de Matthieu (Mt 5:1) et de Luc (Lu 6:17) qui servent d'introduction à ce premier discours de Jésus.

2.

Sermon ou compilation ?

Un des problèmes les plus importants que pose ce long passage est celui de savoir si nous sommes en présence d'un discours prononcé tel quel en un même endroit et au cours d'une même réunion, ou d'une compilation de paroles de Jésus, originairement éparses, mais réunies après coup par l'auteur de la source ou par l'évangéliste.

(a) Généralement les exhortations de Jésus dégagent une idée centrale très précise et très frappante ; or ici nous trouvons diversité et multiplicité des sujets traités, sans lien entre les diverses parties. Il semble que l'attention des auditeurs de Jésus a dû se disperser si le sermon a été prononcé tel quel. On peut, il est vrai, découvrir un certain plan dans le, sermon sur la montagne ; le fait qu'on a proposé des plans assez différents les uns des autres prouve bien qu'il s'agit de plans à propos du discours plutôt que de plans du discours. Qu'on ait pu établir ces plans montre simplement qu'il y a analogie entre les morceaux qui composent le discours.

(b) La présomption de compilation s'accentue si l'on compare le texte de Matthieu avec les passages parallèles de Luc. (On peut faire abstraction des passages parallèles de Marc qui sont peu nombreux et peu significatifs).

Une grande partie du « sermon » de Matthieu se retrouve dans Lc ; mais, à part l'important fragment (Lu 6:20,49) qui constitue ce qu'on a improprement appelé le sermon dans la plaine et qui, prononcé dans des circonstances analogues à celles du sermon sur la montagne, en est le parallèle beaucoup plus bref, le reste se retrouve disséminé dans l'évangile de Luc en dix ou douze fragments. Si la source primitive avait contenu le discours tel qu'il nous est parvenu dans Matthieu, on se demande pourquoi Luc l'aurait ainsi coupé en petits tronçons.

De plus, ces passages semblent mieux situés dans Luc que dans Matthieu Par exemple, le « Notre Père » de Matthieu est introduit d'une manière assez artificielle dans un passage sur la sincérité de la prière, tandis que dans Lu 11 répond très naturellement à une question des disciples. Le passage relatif aux soucis (voir ce mot) n'a pas dans Matthieu de rapport direct avec le reste du sermon, tandis que dans Lu 11 fait logiquement suite à la parabole du riche insensé.

(c) Nous sommes ainsi amenés à penser :

1° Qu'il y a dans le « sermon » de Matthieu des paroles qui ne faisaient pas partie originairement du discours de Jésus, mais qui, prononcées par lui en d'autres circonstances, ont été réunies à ce discours à cause de certaines analogies. Ces groupements caractérisent précisément la manière de composer de Matthieu

2° Le discours original, ou en tout cas la source primitive, devait contenir les passages communs à Lu 6 et au « sermon » de Matthieu, que les deux évang, présentent dans le même ordre. Il devait s'ouvrir par les béatitudes, continuer par un appel à l'amour fraternel et une exhortation à mettre en pratique la vie chrétienne, et s'achever par la parabole de la maison bâtie sur le roc. Réduit à ces éléments, le discours ne manque pas d'unité.

3° Certains passages propres à Matthieu ont pu aussi en faire partie, notamment Mt 5:21-24,33-37 qui entreraient bien dans le plan primitif, mais que Luc écrivant pour des païens a pu laisser tomber parce qu'ils faisaient allusion à des coutumes strictement juives. Ainsi la source primitive devait être à la fois plus courte que le discours de Matthieu et p ! us longue que celui de Luc.

Il va sans dire que le fait de ne pas avoir appartenu au discours original n'enlève rien à la valeur des paroles prononcées par Jésus en d'autres circonstances. Les deux principales intercalations, le « Notre Père » et le passage sur les soucis, sont au contraire parmi les plus beaux enseignements du Seigneur et constituent un des éléments essentiels de son message.

3.

Forme originale.

Dans l'ensemble, la forme de Matthieu est assez voisine de celle des passages parallèles de Luc. Toutefois on constate sur certains points des divergences assez sensibles, et comme il s'agit justement de passages très importants, on se demande souvent quel est le texte le plus proche de l'original. Il est impossible d'affirmer qu'en bloc l'un des deux évangiles doit être préféré à l'autre. C'est une question d'espèce. Il faut étudier à part chaque cas. On trouvera cette étude dans les articles spéciaux (voir Béatitudes, Oraison dominicale, etc.).

4.

Considérations générales.

Le sermon sur la montagne, c'est le « discours programme » de Jésus, ou si l'on veut la « charte du Royaume » qu'il promulgue au début de son ministère.

Ces paroles s'adressent à des disciples. Les « foules » ont pu se trouver là au moment où parlait Jésus (Mt 7:28), mais il est évident que ce message ne pouvait avoir de sens que pour des hommes déjà convertis. Pour l'homme naturel un pareil enseignement est de la folie. Avant de manifester par sa vie ce que c'est qu'un homme nouveau, Jésus en fait en quelques formules une peinture saisissante.

On a vu parfois dans le sermon sur la montagne un résumé sublime de l'Évangile, et l'on n'a pas craint, l'étudiant en lui-même, de le séparer du reste de l'Évangile et de le considérer en dehors de la personne de Jésus. C'est une erreur. Il ne couvre pas à lui seul tout l'Évangile. Isolé, il ne serait plus qu'une loi, une loi encore plus écrasante dans ses exigences que celle de l'A. T, et qui, malgré son ton d'allégresse, laisserait l'homme désespéré en face de la réalité tragique de son péché. Le sermon doit être complété par les autres parties de l'Évangile, qui apportent au croyant, en même temps que le message de la croix, celui du pardon, de la grâce et de l'Esprit de Dieu.

Mais la loi (voir ce mot) est un des aspects essentiels de la révélation. Nous avons besoin de savoir ce que Dieu attend de nous. Ici nous le trouvons exprimé d'une manière parfaite (les indications du Décalogue y sont approfondies et développées), et surtout d'une manière positive. Il ne s'agit plus à proprement parler d'une loi ; nous y trouvons moins l'énoncé de commandements nouveaux, que la peinture du caractère de l'homme nouveau. Jésus le premier proclame dans le sermon sur la montagne cette haute vérité, que saint Paul et plus tard les réformateurs devaient remettre en lumière : ce qui sauve l'homme, ce qui fait sa valeur, ce qui le juge, ce n'est pas ce qu'il fait, mais ce qu'il est.

J. M.

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      Matthieu 5

      1 Seeing the multitudes, he went up onto the mountain. When he had sat down, his disciples came to him.
      21 "You have heard that it was said to the ancient ones, 'You shall not murder;' and 'Whoever shall murder shall be in danger of the judgment.'
      22 But I tell you, that everyone who is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment; and whoever shall say to his brother, 'Raca !' shall be in danger of the council; and whoever shall say, 'You fool!' shall be in danger of the fire of Gehenna.
      23 "If therefore you are offering your gift at the altar, and there remember that your brother has anything against you,
      24 leave your gift there before the altar, and go your way. First be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift.
      33 "Again you have heard that it was said to them of old time, 'You shall not make false vows, but shall perform to the Lord your vows,'

      Matthieu 7

      28 It happened, when Jesus had finished saying these things, that the multitudes were astonished at his teaching,

      Luc 6

      1 Now it happened on the second Sabbath after the first, that he was going through the grain fields. His disciples plucked the heads of grain, and ate, rubbing them in their hands.
      2 But some of the Pharisees said to them, "Why do you do that which is not lawful to do on the Sabbath day?"
      3 Jesus, answering them, said, "Haven't you read what David did when he was hungry, he, and those who were with him;
      4 how he entered into God's house, and took and ate the show bread, and gave also to those who were with him, which is not lawful to eat except for the priests alone?"
      5 He said to them, "The Son of Man is lord of the Sabbath."
      6 It also happened on another Sabbath that he entered into the synagogue and taught. There was a man there, and his right hand was withered.
      7 The scribes and the Pharisees watched him, to see whether he would heal on the Sabbath, that they might find an accusation against him.
      8 But he knew their thoughts; and he said to the man who had the withered hand, "Rise up, and stand in the middle." He arose and stood.
      9 Then Jesus said to them, "I will ask you something: Is it lawful on the Sabbath to do good, or to do harm? To save a life, or to kill?"
      10 He looked around at them all, and said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." He did, and his hand was restored as sound as the other.
      11 But they were filled with rage, and talked with one another about what they might do to Jesus.
      12 It happened in these days, that he went out to the mountain to pray, and he continued all night in prayer to God.
      13 When it was day, he called his disciples, and from them he chose twelve, whom he also named apostles:
      14 Simon, whom he also named Peter; Andrew, his brother; James; John; Philip; Bartholomew;
      15 Matthew; Thomas; James, the son of Alphaeus; Simon, who was called the Zealot;
      16 Judas the son of James; and Judas Iscariot, who also became a traitor.
      17 He came down with them, and stood on a level place, with a crowd of his disciples, and a great number of the people from all Judea and Jerusalem, and the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, who came to hear him and to be healed of their diseases;
      18 as well as those who were troubled by unclean spirits, and they were being healed.
      19 All the multitude sought to touch him, for power came out from him and healed them all.
      20 He lifted up his eyes to his disciples, and said, "Blessed are you who are poor, for yours is the Kingdom of God.
      21 Blessed are you who hunger now, for you will be filled. Blessed are you who weep now, for you will laugh.
      22 Blessed are you when men shall hate you, and when they shall exclude and mock you, and throw out your name as evil, for the Son of Man's sake.
      23 Rejoice in that day, and leap for joy, for behold, your reward is great in heaven, for their fathers did the same thing to the prophets.
      24 "But woe to you who are rich! For you have received your consolation.
      25 Woe to you, you who are full now, for you will be hungry. Woe to you who laugh now, for you will mourn and weep.
      26 Woe, when men speak well of you, for their fathers did the same thing to the false prophets.
      27 "But I tell you who hear: love your enemies, do good to those who hate you,
      28 bless those who curse you, and pray for those who mistreat you.
      29 To him who strikes you on the cheek, offer also the other; and from him who takes away your cloak, don't withhold your coat also.
      30 Give to everyone who asks you, and don't ask him who takes away your goods to give them back again.
      31 "As you would like people to do to you, do exactly so to them.
      32 If you love those who love you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners love those who love them.
      33 If you do good to those who do good to you, what credit is that to you? For even sinners do the same.
      34 If you lend to those from whom you hope to receive, what credit is that to you? Even sinners lend to sinners, to receive back as much.
      35 But love your enemies, and do good, and lend, expecting nothing back; and your reward will be great, and you will be children of the Most High; for he is kind toward the unthankful and evil.
      36 Therefore be merciful, even as your Father is also merciful.
      37 Don't judge, and you won't be judged. Don't condemn, and you won't be condemned. Set free, and you will be set free.
      38 "Give, and it will be given to you: good measure, pressed down, shaken together, and running over, will be given to you. For with the same measure you measure it will be measured back to you."
      39 He spoke a parable to them. "Can the blind guide the blind? Won't they both fall into a pit?
      40 A disciple is not above his teacher, but everyone when he is fully trained will be like his teacher.
      41 Why do you see the speck of chaff that is in your brother's eye, but don't consider the beam that is in your own eye?
      42 Or how can you tell your brother, 'Brother, let me remove the speck of chaff that is in your eye,' when you yourself don't see the beam that is in your own eye? You hypocrite! First remove the beam from your own eye, and then you can see clearly to remove the speck of chaff that is in your brother's eye.
      43 For there is no good tree that brings forth rotten fruit; nor again a rotten tree that brings forth good fruit.
      44 For each tree is known by its own fruit. For people don't gather figs from thorns, nor do they gather grapes from a bramble bush.
      45 The good man out of the good treasure of his heart brings out that which is good, and the evil man out of the evil treasure of his heart brings out that which is evil, for out of the abundance of the heart, his mouth speaks.
      46 "Why do you call me, 'Lord, Lord,' and don't do the things which I say?
      47 Everyone who comes to me, and hears my words, and does them, I will show you who he is like.
      48 He is like a man building a house, who dug and went deep, and laid a foundation on the rock. When a flood arose, the stream broke against that house, and could not shake it, because it was founded on the rock.
      49 But he who hears, and doesn't do, is like a man who built a house on the earth without a foundation, against which the stream broke, and immediately it fell, and the ruin of that house was great."

      Luc 11

      1 It happened, that when he finished praying in a certain place, one of his disciples said to him, "Lord, teach us to pray, just as John also taught his disciples."
      2 He said to them, "When you pray, say, 'Our Father in heaven, may your name be kept holy. May your Kingdom come. May your will be done on earth, as it is in heaven.
      3 Give us day by day our daily bread.
      4 Forgive us our sins, for we ourselves also forgive everyone who is indebted to us. Bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one.'"
      5 He said to them, "Which of you, if you go to a friend at midnight, and tell him, 'Friend, lend me three loaves of bread,
      6 for a friend of mine has come to me from a journey, and I have nothing to set before him,'
      7 and he from within will answer and say, 'Don't bother me. The door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed. I can't get up and give it to you'?
      8 I tell you, although he will not rise and give it to him because he is his friend, yet because of his persistence, he will get up and give him as many as he needs.
      9 "I tell you, keep asking, and it will be given you. Keep seeking, and you will find. Keep knocking, and it will be opened to you.
      10 For everyone who asks receives. He who seeks finds. To him who knocks it will be opened.
      11 "Which of you fathers, if your son asks for bread, will give him a stone? Or if he asks for a fish, he won't give him a snake instead of a fish, will he?
      12 Or if he asks for an egg, he won't give him a scorpion, will he?
      13 If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will your heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him?"
      14 He was casting out a demon, and it was mute. It happened, when the demon had gone out, the mute man spoke; and the multitudes marveled.
      15 But some of them said, "He casts out demons by Beelzebul, the prince of the demons."
      16 Others, testing him, sought from him a sign from heaven.
      17 But he, knowing their thoughts, said to them, "Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation. A house divided against itself falls.
      18 If Satan also is divided against himself, how will his kingdom stand? For you say that I cast out demons by Beelzebul.
      19 But if I cast out demons by Beelzebul, by whom do your children cast them out? Therefore will they be your judges.
      20 But if I by the finger of God cast out demons, then the Kingdom of God has come to you.
      21 "When the strong man, fully armed, guards his own dwelling, his goods are safe.
      22 But when someone stronger attacks him and overcomes him, he takes from him his whole armor in which he trusted, and divides his spoils.
      23 "He that is not with me is against me. He who doesn't gather with me scatters.
      24 The unclean spirit, when he has gone out of the man, passes through dry places, seeking rest, and finding none, he says, 'I will turn back to my house from which I came out.'
      25 When he returns, he finds it swept and put in order.
      26 Then he goes, and takes seven other spirits more evil than himself, and they enter in and dwell there. The last state of that man becomes worse than the first."
      27 It came to pass, as he said these things, a certain woman out of the multitude lifted up her voice, and said to him, "Blessed is the womb that bore you, and the breasts which nursed you!"
      28 But he said, "On the contrary, blessed are those who hear the word of God, and keep it."
      29 When the multitudes were gathering together to him, he began to say, "This is an evil generation. It seeks after a sign. No sign will be given to it but the sign of Jonah, the prophet.
      30 For even as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so will also the Son of Man be to this generation.
      31 The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and will condemn them: for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, one greater than Solomon is here.
      32 The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and behold, one greater than Jonah is here.
      33 "No one, when he has lit a lamp, puts it in a cellar or under a basket, but on a stand, that those who come in may see the light.
      34 The lamp of the body is the eye. Therefore when your eye is good, your whole body is also full of light; but when it is evil, your body also is full of darkness.
      35 Therefore see whether the light that is in you isn't darkness.
      36 If therefore your whole body is full of light, having no part dark, it will be wholly full of light, as when the lamp with its bright shining gives you light."
      37 Now as he spoke, a certain Pharisee asked him to dine with him. He went in, and sat at the table.
      38 When the Pharisee saw it, he marveled that he had not first washed himself before dinner.
      39 The Lord said to him, "Now you Pharisees cleanse the outside of the cup and of the platter, but your inward part is full of extortion and wickedness.
      40 You foolish ones, didn't he who made the outside make the inside also?
      41 But give for gifts to the needy those things which are within, and behold, all things will be clean to you.
      42 But woe to you Pharisees! For you tithe mint and rue and every herb, but you bypass justice and the love of God. You ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone.
      43 Woe to you Pharisees! For you love the best seats in the synagogues, and the greetings in the marketplaces.
      44 Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like hidden graves, and the men who walk over them don't know it."
      45 One of the lawyers answered him, "Teacher, in saying this you insult us also."
      46 He said, "Woe to you lawyers also! For you load men with burdens that are difficult to carry, and you yourselves won't even lift one finger to help carry those burdens.
      47 Woe to you! For you build the tombs of the prophets, and your fathers killed them.
      48 So you testify and consent to the works of your fathers. For they killed them, and you build their tombs.
      49 Therefore also the wisdom of God said, 'I will send to them prophets and apostles; and some of them they will kill and persecute,
      50 that the blood of all the prophets, which was shed from the foundation of the world, may be required of this generation;
      51 from the blood of Abel to the blood of Zachariah, who perished between the altar and the sanctuary.' Yes, I tell you, it will be required of this generation.
      52 Woe to you lawyers! For you took away the key of knowledge. You didn't enter in yourselves, and those who were entering in, you hindered."
      53 As he said these things to them, the scribes and the Pharisees began to be terribly angry, and to draw many things out of him;
      54 lying in wait for him, and seeking to catch him in something he might say, that they might accuse him.
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