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SICHEM

Aujourd'hui Naplouse, ville au pied des monts Ébal et Garizim, ou Balata, petit village à 1 km. à l'Est (voir plus loin le problème de l'identification).

Un officier du pharaon Sésostris III (1887-1849), en expédition contre les « bédouins asiatiques », mentionne une région appelée Sakmen ; c'est la première mention de Sichem, dont le nom reviendra à plusieurs reprises, cinq cents ans plus tard, dans les tablettes d'el-Amarna, sous la forme Sha-ak-mi. Dans l'histoire biblique, Sichem apparaît dès l'époque patriarcale (Ge 12:6). On y vénérait un chêne célèbre, au pied duquel Jacob, installé à proximité (Ge 33:18), enfouit les idoles domestiques de son clan (Ge 35:4).

Là Josué dressa sa stèle (Jos 24:26), après le conseil tenu dans la ville (Jos 24:1). Le chêne du sanctuaire cananéen, désaffecté et consacré à l'Éternel, vit encore la proclamation d'Abimélec, roi de Sichem (Jug 9:6), ville du dieu païen Baal-Bérith (Jug 9:4).

A Sichem se consomma le schisme, et Jéroboam, roi d'Israël, y établit sa résidence (1Ro 12:1,25) ; ses successeurs Baésa et Omri déplacèrent leur capitale à Thirtsa puis à Samarie. Sichem se maintint, mais sans doute assez effacée.

La ruine du royaume d'Israël (721 av. J. -C.) fut suivie de la colonisation du pays (2Ro 17:24). Les étrangers s'établirent aux alentours de Sichem, mais les deux populations ne se mélangèrent jamais et devinrent rivales lorsque, après l'exil, les Samaritains, écartés de Jérusalem, construisirent un temple sur le Garizim. Du temps de Jérémie, des fidèles montaient encore de Sichem à Jérusalem (Jer 41:5) ; mais à l'époque de Jésus, la femme « samaritaine », originaire de Sichar, village tout proche de Sichem, et venue puiser de l'eau au « puits de Jacob », pouvait opposer au culte de Jérusalem celui du Garizim (Jn 4:20).

Après la guerre juive, Vespasien fit rebâtir Sichem, qui prit le nom de Flavia Neapolis, nom qui a survécu dans l'appellation moderne de Naplouse. Si Néapolis fut un centre florissant pour le christianisme des premiers siècles (Justin martyr était de cette ville), Naplouse ne compte actuellement qu'une minorité de chrétiens (moins d'un millier sur 25.000 hab., en grande majorité musulmans). A côté d'une colonie juive, une centaine de « Samaritains » se terrent dans un quartier fermé, avec son grand-prêtre, sa synagogue et son Pentateuque (fig. 233), manuscrit qui est loin d'avoir l'antiquité que lui attribuent ses possesseurs ! De toutes les villes de Palestine, Naplouse fut celle qu'éprouva le plus le tremblement de terre du 11 juillet 1927.

Le problème de l'identification de Sichem que les fouilles avaient, semblait-il, résolu, vient d'être remis en question. Depuis 1903, le P. Lagrange situait Sichem au petit village de Balata, à l'entrée du défilé que dominent les monts Ébal et Garizim. Un sondage entrepris en 1913 par le professeur Sellin, puis des fouilles menées en 1926 avaient dégagé les éléments de diverses constructions (remparts, palais, sanctuaires) que l'archéologue datait et interprétait selon des données qui parurent quelque peu suspectes.

Le Dr Welter, qui succéda à M. Sellin dans la direction du chantier, semble s'orienter vers des conclusions toutes différentes. Il est sans doute prématuré de conclure, mais il serait dès à présent possible d'admettre que l'installation découverte à proximité de Balata et au pied même du mont Ébal est la « maison de Millo » (Vers. Syn. trad. : « citadelle », Jug 9:6) ou la fameuse Migdal-Sichem =tour de Sichem (Jug 9:46). La ville de Sichem, un peu plus à l'Ouest et à l'emplacement de la moderne Naplouse, aurait été ainsi protégée par un ouvrage fortifié, occupant une position stratégique (entrée du défilé) et surveillant le puits, tout proche, « de Jacob ». Près de Balata, on montre un prétendu « tombeau de Joseph », ouéli moderne, mais qui perpétue pourtant la tradition biblique qui cherchait à Sichem la tombe de Joseph (Jos 24:32).

A. P.

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      Genèse 12

      6 Abram passed through the land to the place of Shechem, to the oak of Moreh. The Canaanite was then in the land.

      Genèse 33

      18 Jacob came in peace to the city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Paddan Aram; and encamped before the city.

      Genèse 35

      4 They gave to Jacob all the foreign gods which were in their hands, and the rings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by Shechem.

      Genèse 37

      12 His brothers went to feed their father's flock in Shechem.
      13 Israel said to Joseph, "Aren't your brothers feeding the flock in Shechem? Come, and I will send you to them." He said to him, "Here I am."
      14 He said to him, "Go now, see whether it is well with your brothers, and well with the flock; and bring me word again." So he sent him out of the valley of Hebron, and he came to Shechem.

      Josué 17

      7 The border of Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethath, which is before Shechem. The border went along to the right hand, to the inhabitants of En Tappuah.

      Josué 20

      7 They set apart Kedesh in Galilee in the hill country of Naphtali, Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim, and Kiriath Arba (the same is Hebron) in the hill country of Judah.

      Josué 21

      21 They gave them Shechem with its suburbs in the hill country of Ephraim, the city of refuge for the manslayer, and Gezer with its suburbs,

      Josué 24

      1 Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, and called for the elders of Israel, for their heads, for their judges, and for their officers; and they presented themselves before God.
      25 So Joshua made a covenant with the people that day, and made for them a statute and an ordinance in Shechem.
      26 Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God; and he took a great stone, and set it up there under the oak that was by the sanctuary of Yahweh.
      32 They buried the bones of Joseph, which the children of Israel brought up out of Egypt, in Shechem, in the parcel of ground which Jacob bought of the sons of Hamor the father of Shechem for a hundred pieces of money. They became the inheritance of the children of Joseph.

      Juges 8

      31 His concubine who was in Shechem, she also bore him a son, and he named him Abimelech.

      Juges 9

      1 Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal went to Shechem to his mother's brothers, and spoke with them, and with all the family of the house of his mother's father, saying,
      2 "Please speak in the ears of all the men of Shechem, 'Is it better for you that all the sons of Jerubbaal, who are seventy persons, rule over you, or that one rule over you?' Remember also that I am your bone and your flesh."
      3 His mother's brothers spoke of him in the ears of all the men of Shechem all these words: and their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech; for they said, "He is our brother."
      4 They gave him seventy pieces of silver out of the house of Baal Berith, with which Abimelech hired vain and light fellows, who followed him.
      6 All the men of Shechem assembled themselves together, and all the house of Millo, and went and made Abimelech king, by the oak of the pillar that was in Shechem.
      7 When they told it to Jotham, he went and stood on the top of Mount Gerizim, and lifted up his voice, and cried, and said to them, "Listen to me, you men of Shechem, that God may listen to you.
      18 and you have risen up against my father's house this day, and have slain his sons, seventy persons, on one stone, and have made Abimelech, the son of his female servant, king over the men of Shechem, because he is your brother);
      20 but if not, let fire come out from Abimelech, and devour the men of Shechem, and the house of Millo; and let fire come out from the men of Shechem, and from the house of Millo, and devour Abimelech."
      23 God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem; and the men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech:
      24 that the violence done to the seventy sons of Jerubbaal might come, and that their blood might be laid on Abimelech their brother, who killed them, and on the men of Shechem, who strengthened his hands to kill his brothers.
      25 The men of Shechem set an ambush for him on the tops of the mountains, and they robbed all who came along that way by them: and it was told Abimelech.
      26 Gaal the son of Ebed came with his brothers, and went over to Shechem; and the men of Shechem put their trust in him.
      28 Gaal the son of Ebed said, "Who is Abimelech, and who is Shechem, that we should serve him? Isn't he the son of Jerubbaal? and Zebul his officer? Serve the men of Hamor the father of Shechem: but why should we serve him?
      31 He sent messengers to Abimelech craftily, saying, "Behold, Gaal the son of Ebed and his brothers have come to Shechem; and behold, they incite the city against you.
      34 Abimelech rose up, and all the people who were with him, by night, and they laid wait against Shechem in four companies.
      39 Gaal went out before the men of Shechem, and fought with Abimelech.
      41 Abimelech lived at Arumah: and Zebul drove out Gaal and his brothers, that they should not dwell in Shechem.
      46 When all the men of the tower of Shechem heard of it, they entered into the stronghold of the house of Elberith.
      47 It was told Abimelech that all the men of the tower of Shechem were gathered together.
      49 All the people likewise each cut down his bough, and followed Abimelech, and put them at the base of the stronghold, and set the stronghold on fire on them; so that all the people of the tower of Shechem died also, about a thousand men and women.
      57 and all the wickedness of the men of Shechem did God requite on their heads: and on them came the curse of Jotham the son of Jerubbaal.

      Juges 21

      19 They said, "Behold, there is a feast of Yahweh from year to year in Shiloh, which is on the north of Bethel, on the east side of the highway that goes up from Bethel to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah."

      1 Chroniques 6

      67 They gave to them the cities of refuge, Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim with its suburbs; Gezer also with its suburbs,

      1 Chroniques 7

      28 Their possessions and habitations were Bethel and its towns, and eastward Naaran, and westward Gezer, with its towns; Shechem also and its towns, to Azzah and its towns;

      2 Chroniques 10

      1 Rehoboam went to Shechem; for all Israel had come to Shechem to make him king.

      Psaumes 60

      6 God has spoken from his sanctuary: "I will triumph. I will divide Shechem, and measure out the valley of Succoth.

      Psaumes 108

      7 God has spoken from his sanctuary: "In triumph, I will divide Shechem, and measure out the valley of Succoth.

      Jérémie 41

      5 that there came men from Shechem, from Shiloh, and from Samaria, even eighty men, having their beards shaved and their clothes torn, and having cut themselves, with meal offerings and frankincense in their hand, to bring them to the house of Yahweh.

      Osée 6

      9 As gangs of robbers wait to ambush a man, so the company of priests murder in the way toward Shechem, committing shameful crimes.

      Jean 4

      20 Our fathers worshiped in this mountain, and you Jews say that in Jerusalem is the place where people ought to worship."

      Actes 7

      16 and they were brought back to Shechem, and laid in the tomb that Abraham bought for a price in silver from the children of Hamor of Shechem.
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