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SIMÉON

1. Second fils de Jacob et de Léa (Ge 35:23 46:10). Il précède immédiatement Lévi, et tous deux lieront leur destinée à l'occasion du rapt de leur soeur Dina (voir ce mot). Leur cruelle violence (Ge 34) inspirera la réprobation à leur sujet dans la « Bénédiction de Jacob » (Ge 48:5,7) ; pour en trouver l'éloge, il faut consulter l'un des livres les plus nationalistes du judaïsme, l'apocryphe Judith (9:2 et suivants).

Dans les interprétations populaires des noms des fils de Jacob, qui les expliquent tous au point de vue de leurs mères sous le régime de la polygamie, celui de Siméon est rattaché au verbe hébreu châma =entendre (Ge 29:33). Son origine réelle est discutée entre savants. Les uns le rapprochent du nom babylonien Samahoûnou (les lettres de Tell el-Amarna ont un vocable samhouna qui signifierait précisément : entendre). D'autres, comparant Siméon avec l'arabe sim, nom d'un animal hybride issu de l'hyène et de la louve, pensent à un totem de clan représentant le mélange de deux familles.

Le rôle de Siméon en tant que tribu est fort réduit. Serait-ce le signe d'une -décadence précoce, correspondant à la malédiction de Jacob ? Bien des indices tendent à le montrer. Le partage de Canaan relègue Siméon au Sud de la Palestine, dans une région aride sacrifiée. Les chiffres des recensements, fortement sujets à caution, dans les passages sacerdotaux, attribuent à Siméon une population représentant au désert environ les 10 pour cent d'Israël non compris Lévi, puis à l'arrivée en Canaan les 3,5 pour cent seulement (No 1:23 26:14). Ses opérations de conquête se font en compagnie de Juda (Jug 1:3,17), et cela dans la direction du S., chose confirmée par No 21:1,3 33:40, sans parler de la liste des localités qui lui sont attribuées et dont quelques-unes apparaissent ailleurs comme appartenant à Juda (Jos 15:26-32 1Sa 27:6 30:30,1Ro 19:3, Ne 11:26,29) ; toutes sans exception, bien que situées théoriquement sur le territoire de Siméon, dépendent en fait de Juda (comp, aussi Jos 19:1,9). Dans Ne 11:36 se trouve un cas d'origine judaïte et de rattachement à Benjamin. Faut-il voir dans cette indication la notion d'un protectorat de la puissante tribu ? Siméon affaibli par la nécessité de durs combats eut-il son territoire entamé par les irréductibles Cananéens, aux confins de la frontière méridionale ? Hypothèses plausibles. Le nom de cette tribu reparaît dans 1Ch 4:39-43, lorsque sous Ézéchias 500 de ses hommes taillent en pièces les restes d'Amalek. Malgré ce fait d'armes isolé, le clan devait être en voie de disparition, car la tribu de Siméon n'est pas citée dans le cantique de Débora (Jug 5), ni pendant la période où David chef de bande menait ses troupes à travers ces régions S. de la Palestine ; le Chroniste indique pourtant son contingent de soldats quand David fut devenu roi (1Ch 12:25). La tribu n'est plus mentionnée que dans les listes officielles (1Ch 4:24-42 27:16, Eze 48:24, Jug 6:15, Ap 7:7). Voir Tribus d'Israël. P. W.

2. Israélite mari d'une femme étrangère (Esd 10:31).

3. Arrière-grand-père de Judas Macchabée (1Ma 2:1).

4. Ancêtre de Jésus (Lu 3:30).

5. Juif pieux de Jérusalem, dont il n'est question que dans Lu 2:25,35. Ce récit ne dit rien de son âge ; mais la mention relative à sa mort (verset 26) et sa propre déclaration : « Seigneur, tu laisses aller (litt., tu mets à la retraite) ton serviteur » (verset 29) donnent toute vraisemblance à la tradition et aux oeuvres d'art qui le représentent à ce moment comme un vieillard. On l'a même supposé aveugle, sans doute par suite de l'insistance mise sur sa vue (et qui n'est pas sans grandeur) : « il ne verrait point la mort avant d'avoir vu l'Oint... » (verset 26), « mes yeux ont vu ton salut » (verset 30) ; mais cette supposition est gratuite : un évangéliste aussi sensible que Luc au pittoresque de ses tableaux aurait-il négligé ce détail, si le voyant qui prophétisa en tenant le petit enfant dans ses bras avait été réellement un aveugle ? Toutes les autres traditions sur la personne de Siméon sont encore plus fantaisistes : qu'il ait été le même qu'un certain rabbi Siméon fils de Hillel et père de Gamaliel, que ses deux fils soient ressuscités des morts pour apporter au Sanhédrin leurs descriptions d'outre-tombe (évangile de Nicodème, apocr, du IV e ou V e siècle ; voir Évang, apocryphes), sont autant d'invraisemblances. Seul le tableau de Lu nous renseigne à son sujet, et à son sujet seulement, sans aucune allusion à sa descendance. Il était « juste et pieux », double expression de l'A. T, désignant la pratique consciencieuse de la dévotion juive ; il « attendait la consolation d'Israël », un des principaux aspects de l'espérance messianique ; (cf. Esa 40:1, etc.) il avait reçu du Saint-Esprit l'assurance de voir avant sa mort (d'Oint du Seigneur ». C'est encore l'Esprit qui le pousse au Temple de façon à le faire assister à la présentation de l'enfant Jésus, et qui lui inspire son action de grâces, « le cantique de Siméon », prophétie du salut de Dieu pour tous les peuples (voir Nunc dimittis). Devant la surprise des parents il les bénit et annonce à Marie le douloureux contraste que marqueront les résultats divers de la future mission de Jésus : chute ou relèvement, d'une part contradiction assez tragique pour être symbolisée par l'épée (litt., la lance, d'origine thrace, des soldats barbares), transperçant l'âme de sa mère, d'autre part révélation par les effets de ce drame, comme par une pierre de touche, des dispositions profondes des coeurs. L'évangéliste n'en dit pas davantage ; et Siméon rentre dans l'ombre, laissant aux croyants deux brèves mais immortelles proclamations : le salut du monde et le sacrifice du Sauveur.

6. Forme du nom de Simon Pierre (voir art.) dans le grec de Ac 15:14 et 2Pi 2:1.

7. Un des docteurs de l'Église d'Antioche (Ac 13:1), surnommé Niger (voir ce mot).

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      Genèse 29

      33 She conceived again, and bore a son, and said, "Because Yahweh has heard that I am hated, he has therefore given me this son also." She named him Simeon.

      Genèse 34

      1 Dinah, the daughter of Leah, whom she bore to Jacob, went out to see the daughters of the land.
      2 Shechem the son of Hamor the Hivite, the prince of the land, saw her. He took her, lay with her, and humbled her.
      3 His soul joined to Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the young lady, and spoke kindly to the young lady.
      4 Shechem spoke to his father, Hamor, saying, "Get me this young lady as a wife."
      5 Now Jacob heard that he had defiled Dinah, his daughter; and his sons were with his livestock in the field. Jacob held his peace until they came.
      6 Hamor the father of Shechem went out to Jacob to talk with him.
      7 The sons of Jacob came in from the field when they heard it. The men were grieved, and they were very angry, because he had done folly in Israel in lying with Jacob's daughter; a which thing ought not to be done.
      8 Hamor talked with them, saying, "The soul of my son, Shechem, longs for your daughter. Please give her to him as a wife.
      9 Make marriages with us. Give your daughters to us, and take our daughters for yourselves.
      10 You shall dwell with us, and the land will be before you. Live and trade in it, and get possessions in it."
      11 Shechem said to her father and to her brothers, "Let me find favor in your eyes, and whatever you will tell me I will give.
      12 Ask me a great amount for a dowry, and I will give whatever you ask of me, but give me the young lady as a wife."
      13 The sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father with deceit, and spoke, because he had defiled Dinah their sister,
      14 and said to them, "We can't do this thing, to give our sister to one who is uncircumcised; for that is a reproach to us.
      15 Only on this condition will we consent to you. If you will be as we are, that every male of you be circumcised;
      16 then will we give our daughters to you, and we will take your daughters to us, and we will dwell with you, and we will become one people.
      17 But if you will not listen to us, to be circumcised, then we will take our sister, and we will be gone."
      18 Their words pleased Hamor and Shechem, Hamor's son.
      19 The young man didn't wait to do this thing, because he had delight in Jacob's daughter, and he was honored above all the house of his father.
      20 Hamor and Shechem, his son, came to the gate of their city, and talked with the men of their city, saying,
      21 "These men are peaceful with us. Therefore let them live in the land and trade in it. For behold, the land is large enough for them. Let us take their daughters to us for wives, and let us give them our daughters.
      22 Only on this condition will the men consent to us to live with us, to become one people, if every male among us is circumcised, as they are circumcised.
      23 Won't their livestock and their possessions and all their animals be ours? Only let us give our consent to them, and they will dwell with us."
      24 All who went out of the gate of his city listened to Hamor, and to Shechem his son; and every male was circumcised, all who went out of the gate of his city.
      25 It happened on the third day, when they were sore, that two of Jacob's sons, Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brothers, each took his sword, came upon the unsuspecting city, and killed all the males.
      26 They killed Hamor and Shechem, his son, with the edge of the sword, and took Dinah out of Shechem's house, and went away.
      27 Jacob's sons came on the dead, and plundered the city, because they had defiled their sister.
      28 They took their flocks, their herds, their donkeys, that which was in the city, that which was in the field,
      29 and all their wealth. They took captive all their little ones and their wives, and took as plunder everything that was in the house.
      30 Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, "You have troubled me, to make me odious to the inhabitants of the land, among the Canaanites and the Perizzites. I am few in number. They will gather themselves together against me and strike me, and I will be destroyed, I and my house."
      31 They said, "Should he deal with our sister as with a prostitute?"

      Genèse 35

      23 The sons of Leah: Reuben (Jacob's firstborn), Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun.

      Genèse 46

      10 The sons of Simeon: Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad, Jachin, Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanite woman.

      Genèse 48

      5 Now your two sons, who were born to you in the land of Egypt before I came to you into Egypt, are mine; Ephraim and Manasseh, even as Reuben and Simeon, will be mine.
      7 As for me, when I came from Paddan, Rachel died by me in the land of Canaan in the way, when there was still some distance to come to Ephrath, and I buried her there in the way to Ephrath (the same is Bethlehem)."

      Nombres 1

      23 those who were numbered of them, of the tribe of Simeon, were fifty-nine thousand three hundred.

      Nombres 21

      1 The Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South, heard tell that Israel came by the way of Atharim; and he fought against Israel, and took some of them captive.
      3 Yahweh listened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities: and the name of the place was called Hormah.

      Nombres 26

      14 These are the families of the Simeonites, twenty-two thousand two hundred.

      Nombres 33

      40 The Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South in the land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel.

      Josué 15

      26 Amam, Shema, Moladah,
      27 Hazar Gaddah, Heshmon, Beth Pelet,
      28 Hazar Shual, Beersheba, Biziothiah,
      29 Baalah, Iim, Ezem,
      30 Eltolad, Chesil, Hormah,
      31 Ziklag, Madmannah, Sansannah,
      32 Lebaoth, Shilhim, Ain, and Rimmon. All the cities are twenty-nine, with their villages.

      Josué 19

      1 The second lot came out for Simeon, even for the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families. Their inheritance was in the midst of the inheritance of the children of Judah.
      9 Out of the part of the children of Judah was the inheritance of the children of Simeon; for the portion of the children of Judah was too much for them. Therefore the children of Simeon had inheritance in the midst of their inheritance.

      Juges 1

      3 Judah said to Simeon his brother, "Come up with me into my lot, that we may fight against the Canaanites; and I likewise will go with you into your lot." So Simeon went with him.
      17 Judah went with Simeon his brother, and they struck the Canaanites who inhabited Zephath, and utterly destroyed it. The name of the city was called Hormah.

      Juges 5

      1 Then Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam sang on that day, saying,
      2 "Because the leaders took the lead in Israel, because the people offered themselves willingly, be blessed, Yahweh!
      3 "Hear, you kings! Give ear, you princes! I, even I, will sing to Yahweh. I will sing praise to Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      4 "Yahweh, when you went forth out of Seir, when you marched out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, the sky also dropped. Yes, the clouds dropped water.
      5 The mountains quaked at the presence of Yahweh, even Sinai, at the presence of Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      6 "In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were unoccupied. The travelers walked through byways.
      7 The rulers ceased in Israel. They ceased until I, Deborah, arose; Until I arose a mother in Israel.
      8 They chose new gods. Then war was in the gates. Was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel?
      9 My heart is toward the governors of Israel, who offered themselves willingly among the people. Bless Yahweh!
      10 "Speak, you who ride on white donkeys, you who sit on rich carpets, and you who walk by the way.
      11 Far from the noise of archers, in the places of drawing water, there they will rehearse the righteous acts of Yahweh, the righteous acts of his rule in Israel. "Then the people of Yahweh went down to the gates.
      12 'Awake, awake, Deborah! Awake, awake, utter a song! Arise, Barak, and lead away your captives, you son of Abinoam.'
      13 "Then a remnant of the nobles and the people came down. Yahweh came down for me against the mighty.
      14 Those whose root is in Amalek came out of Ephraim, after you, Benjamin, among your peoples. Governors come down out of Machir. Those who handle the marshal's staff came out of Zebulun.
      15 The princes of Issachar were with Deborah. As was Issachar, so was Barak. They rushed into the valley at his feet. By the watercourses of Reuben, there were great resolves of heart.
      16 Why did you sit among the sheepfolds, To hear the whistling for the flocks? At the watercourses of Reuben There were great searchings of heart.
      17 Gilead lived beyond the Jordan. Why did Dan remain in ships? Asher sat still at the haven of the sea, and lived by his creeks.
      18 Zebulun was a people that jeopardized their lives to the deaths; Naphtali also, on the high places of the field.
      19 "The kings came and fought, then the kings of Canaan fought at Taanach by the waters of Megiddo. They took no plunder of silver.
      20 From the sky the stars fought. From their courses, they fought against Sisera.
      21 The river Kishon swept them away, that ancient river, the river Kishon. My soul, march on with strength.
      22 Then the horse hoofs stamped because of the prancings, the prancings of their strong ones.
      23 'Curse Meroz,' said the angel of Yahweh. 'Curse bitterly its inhabitants, because they didn't come to help Yahweh, to help Yahweh against the mighty.'
      24 "Jael shall be blessed above women, the wife of Heber the Kenite; blessed shall she be above women in the tent.
      25 He asked for water. She gave him milk. She brought him butter in a lordly dish.
      26 She put her hand to the tent peg, and her right hand to the workmen's hammer. With the hammer she struck Sisera. She struck through his head. Yes, she pierced and struck through his temples.
      27 At her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay. At her feet he bowed, he fell. Where he bowed, there he fell down dead.
      28 "Through the window she looked out, and cried: Sisera's mother looked through the lattice. 'Why is his chariot so long in coming? Why do the wheels of his chariots wait?'
      29 Her wise ladies answered her, Yes, she returned answer to herself,
      30 'Have they not found, have they not divided the spoil? A lady, two ladies to every man; to Sisera a spoil of dyed garments, a spoil of dyed garments embroidered, of dyed garments embroidered on both sides, on the necks of the spoil?'
      31 "So let all your enemies perish, Yahweh, but let those who love him be as the sun when it rises forth in its strength." Then the land had rest forty years.

      Juges 6

      15 He said to him, "O Lord , how shall I save Israel? Behold, my family is the poorest in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house."

      1 Samuel 27

      6 Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day: why Ziklag pertains to the kings of Judah to this day.

      1 Chroniques 4

      24 The sons of Simeon: Nemuel, and Jamin, Jarib, Zerah, Shaul;
      25 Shallum his son, Mibsam his son, Mishma his son.
      26 The sons of Mishma: Hammuel his son, Zaccur his son, Shimei his son.
      27 Shimei had sixteen sons and six daughters; but his brothers didn't have many children, neither did all their family multiply like the children of Judah.
      28 They lived at Beersheba, and Moladah, and Hazarshual,
      29 and at Bilhah, and at Ezem, and at Tolad,
      30 and at Bethuel, and at Hormah, and at Ziklag,
      31 and at Beth Marcaboth, and Hazar Susim, and at Beth Biri, and at Shaaraim. These were their cities to the reign of David.
      32 Their villages were Etam, and Ain, Rimmon, and Tochen, and Ashan, five cities;
      33 and all their villages that were around the same cities, to Baal. These were their habitations, and they have their genealogy.
      34 Meshobab, and Jamlech, and Joshah the son of Amaziah,
      35 and Joel, and Jehu the son of Joshibiah, the son of Seraiah, the son of Asiel,
      36 and Elioenai, and Jaakobah, and Jeshohaiah, and Asaiah, and Adiel, and Jesimiel, and Benaiah,
      37 and Ziza the son of Shiphi, the son of Allon, the son of Jedaiah, the son of Shimri, the son of Shemaiah--
      38 these mentioned by name were princes in their families: and their fathers' houses increased greatly.
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