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SONGE

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Le sommeil apparaissait aux primitifs comme un mystère ; et les songes, phénomènes inexplicables, avaient pour eux une signification spéciale. Avec un commencement de culture, les hommes virent dans les songes des manifestations réelles : le dieu ou esprit visitait positivement le dormeur et les événements rêvés devaient s'accomplir. Aussi, ceux qui rêvaient fréquemment étaient-ils regardés comme des intermédiaires de l'énergie divine, et l'on cherchait à produire ce phénomène par des moyens artificiels (jeûne ou emploi de drogues). Dans la suite, les songes furent envisagés plutôt comme des avertissements divins que comme des faits réels. On pensait aussi pouvoir obtenir des révélations en se livrant au sommeil dans un lieu sacré, par exemple dans les sanctuaires d'Asclépios (Esculape) ou de Sérapis, ou dans la grotte de Trophonius. On admettait encore que les dieux intervenaient parfois spontanément, selon qu'ils voulaient éclairer ou tromper les hommes (cf. Cicéron, De divin., 1:43). Égyptiens, Assyriens, Babyloniens, Arabes accordaient aux songes une très grande importance. II y avait des interprètes professionnels (Ge 41:8, Da 2:2) ; ainsi, les mages de la Caldée et les Esséniens dans le judaïsme postérieur (Jos., Ant., XVII, 13:3) s'étaient acquis une grande réputation dans ce genre d'exercice ; il existait même des manuels, composés pour diriger ces spécialistes dans leur tâche (cf. onirocritique d'Artémidore d'Éphèse).

La Bible attache une certaine valeur aux songes. (Ge 37:6-9 41:25, Jug 7:13,1Sa 28:6, Da 2:28 7:1, Mt 1:20 2:13,19 27:19, Ac 23:11 27:23)

Mais, à l'époque de l'A.T., la superstition devait entrer pour une grande part dans l'interprétation de ces phénomènes. Les types de « songeurs » sont Joseph et Daniel, dans la vie desquels les rêves jouent un rôle important.

Les songes étaient parfois accompagnés de visions (voir ce mot) et revêtaient un caractère prophétique (1Ro 3:5 et suivants, Mt 27:19, Ac 16:9).

Enfin, le songe est parfois l'image des choses périssables, de la vanité (Job 20:8, Ps 73:20 90:5, Esa 29:7).

En résumé, la pensée qui se dégage de l'A. T, est la suivante :

-Certains songes peuvent être de réels messages de Dieu (Job 33:15, Jer 23:28 ; cf. Sir 34:6), comme tels ils sont vénérés (Ge 20:3 31:10 et suivants), quoique présentés dans No 12:6,8 comme un moyen de révélation inférieur.

-Mais il y a des rêves sans valeur (Ec 5:3),

-Il y a des imposteurs aux songes faux (De 13:1,5, Jer 23:25,27,32),

-et la croyance que le rêve est toujours d'inspiration divine est vivement combattue (De 13:1,5, Jer 27:6 29:8, Zach, 10:2, Ec 5:7).

L'étude du rêve ressortit à la fois aux sciences psychiques et au sens commun. Ce phénomène est en relation étroite avec certains états physiques, et son origine psychologique est à rechercher dans le subconscient.

Si certains rêves doivent être regardés comme surnaturels, ce n'est pas à cause de leur processus, mais à cause du message qu'ils apportent. Beaucoup d'autres ne contiennent aucun message ; seule la superstition peut leur conférer de la valeur.

Mais de toute manière, l'interprétation du rêve « appartient à Dieu » ; (cf. Ge 40:8) la question de savoir s'il s'agit d'un message divin ou non doit être tranchée par la conscience religieuse.

En conclusion, les rêves peuvent être source d'inspiration, mais il est bien rare qu'on puisse y chercher des directions revêtues d'autorité. Il est donc sage, du point de vue religieux, de ne leur accorder qu'une faible et prudente attention.

--Voir Sommeil. Alc. R.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 20

      3 But God came to Abimelech in a dream of the night, and said to him, "Behold, you are a dead man, because of the woman whom you have taken. For she is a man's wife."

      Genèse 31

      10 It happened during mating season that I lifted up my eyes, and saw in a dream, and behold, the male goats which leaped on the flock were streaked, speckled, and grizzled.

      Genèse 37

      6 He said to them, "Please hear this dream which I have dreamed:
      7 for behold, we were binding sheaves in the field, and behold, my sheaf arose and also stood upright; and behold, your sheaves came around, and bowed down to my sheaf."
      8 His brothers said to him, "Will you indeed reign over us? Or will you indeed have dominion over us?" They hated him all the more for his dreams and for his words.
      9 He dreamed yet another dream, and told it to his brothers, and said, "Behold, I have dreamed yet another dream: and behold, the sun and the moon and eleven stars bowed down to me."

      Genèse 40

      8 They said to him, "We have dreamed a dream, and there is no one who can interpret it." Joseph said to them, "Don't interpretations belong to God? Please tell it to me."

      Genèse 41

      8 It happened in the morning that his spirit was troubled, and he sent and called for all of Egypt's magicians and wise men. Pharaoh told them his dreams, but there was no one who could interpret them to Pharaoh.
      25 Joseph said to Pharaoh, "The dream of Pharaoh is one. What God is about to do he has declared to Pharaoh.

      Nombres 12

      6 He said, "Hear now my words. If there is a prophet among you, I Yahweh will make myself known to him in a vision. I will speak with him in a dream.
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      Juges 7

      13 When Gideon had come, behold, there was a man telling a dream to his fellow; and he said, "Behold, I dreamed a dream; and behold, a cake of barley bread tumbled into the camp of Midian, and came to the tent, and struck it so that it fell, and turned it upside down, so that the tent lay flat."

      1 Samuel 28

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      Job 20

      8 He shall fly away as a dream, and shall not be found. Yes, he shall be chased away like a vision of the night.

      Job 33

      15 In a dream, in a vision of the night, when deep sleep falls on men, in slumbering on the bed;

      Psaumes 73

      20 As a dream when one wakes up, so, Lord, when you awake, you will despise their fantasies.

      Psaumes 90

      5 You sweep them away as they sleep. In the morning they sprout like new grass.

      Ecclésiaste 5

      3 For as a dream comes with a multitude of cares, so a fool's speech with a multitude of words.
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      Esaïe 29

      7 The multitude of all the nations that fight against Ariel, even all who fight against her and her stronghold, and who distress her, will be like a dream, a vision of the night.

      Jérémie 23

      25 I have heard what the prophets have said, who prophesy lies in my name, saying, I have dreamed, I have dreamed.
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      Jérémie 27

      6 Now have I given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant; and the animals of the field also have I given him to serve him.

      Jérémie 29

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      Daniel 2

      2 Then the king commanded to call the magicians, and the enchanters, and the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans, to tell the king his dreams. So they came in and stood before the king.
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      Zacharie 10

      2 For the teraphim have spoken vanity, and the diviners have seen a lie; and they have told false dreams. They comfort in vain. Therefore they go their way like sheep. They are oppressed, because there is no shepherd.

      Matthieu 1

      20 But when he thought about these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, don't be afraid to take to yourself Mary, your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit.

      Matthieu 2

      13 Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream, saying, "Arise and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and stay there until I tell you, for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him."
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      Matthieu 27

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      Actes 16

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      Actes 23

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      Actes 27

      23 For there stood by me this night an angel, belonging to the God whose I am and whom I serve,
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