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SOUFFLE

(=air mis en mouvement par la respiration). Hébr. hébel, néphech, nichmâh, rouakh ; grec atinis, psukhê, pnoê, pneuma. (Comp. latin spiro =souffler, d'où adspiro =aspirer, exspiro =expirer, inspiro =inspirer, spiritus =souffle, âme, esprit. La parenté du souffle, de l'esprit et de la vie se trouve partout dans la Bible. La doctrine issue de cette parenté nous éloigne radicalement de la notion grecque de l'immortalité de l'âme.)

--Pour l'anthropomorphisme hébreu, le souffle de vie qui sort de la poitrine de Jéhovah anime toute la création. C'est lui (rouakh) qui planait sur le chaos (Ge 1:2), qui a fait les cieux et leur armée (Ps 33:6), qui, dans son mystère et dans sa liberté (Esa 40:13 : « Qui a mesuré le souffle de l'Éternel ? »), anime la créature et l'inspire (Ps 104:29, La 4:20, Za 12:1, Hab 2:19, cf. Job 27:3).

Au point de vue physique, le souffle de l'homme et celui de l'animal ne sont pas distincts (Ec 3:19). Quand Dieu retire son souffle, l'être vivant meurt (Ps 104:29). « Commencer à respirer », c'est renaître à la sécurité, à la santé, au bonheur (2Ma 13:11, trad. Cramp.). Rendre le souffle = l'esprit ou l'âme, c'est expirer (1Ro 17:17, cf. Mt 27:50).

Le mot souffle rendu par rouakh présente l'homme dans sa dépendance à l'égard de Dieu ; rendu par néphech, il marque plutôt le caractère personnel de l'être vivant, ce qui tient à son âme. « Le rouakh insuffle, la néphech aspire » (Furst). De toute façon, c'est au souffle qu'on reconnaît la vie (Ge 1:20-30 7:22, Esa 42:5, Job 27:3). Ce qui prouve que les idoles ne sont que néant, c'est qu'elles n'ont pas de souffle. (Jer 10:14, Hab 2:19)

--Jéhovah seul tient en son pouvoir le souffle des humains, même celui des rois (Da 5:23). C'est donc lui qui est maître de toute vie, de toute destinée.

--Le souffle humain (hébel) étant une chose légère et fragile, on s'est servi de lui pour qualifier tout ce qui est faible, éphémère (voir Abel), tout ce qui « n'est que vanité ». (Esa 57:13, Ps 39:6 144:4, Job 7:16, Pr 21:6, Jer 10:3 ; cf. Eccl., passim)

D'autre part le souffle de Dieu, par le fait qu'il est la puissance animatrice dans le monde, est pris dans quelques textes comme le symbole de sa toute-puissance (Job 34:14, Esa 1 1:4 40:7 59:19 etc.). Voir Esprit.

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      Genèse 1

      2 Now the earth was formless and empty. Darkness was on the surface of the deep. God's Spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters.
      20 God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of sky."
      21 God created the large sea creatures, and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind. God saw that it was good.
      22 God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth."
      23 There was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.
      24 God said, "Let the earth produce living creatures after their kind, livestock, creeping things, and animals of the earth after their kind"; and it was so.
      25 God made the animals of the earth after their kind, and the livestock after their kind, and everything that creeps on the ground after its kind. God saw that it was good.
      26 God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth."
      27 God created man in his own image. In God's image he created him; male and female he created them.
      28 God blessed them. God said to them, "Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth."
      29 God said, "Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is on the surface of all the earth, and every tree, which bears fruit yielding seed. It will be your food.
      30 To every animal of the earth, and to every bird of the sky, and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is life, I have given every green herb for food"; and it was so.

      Genèse 7

      22 All in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, of all that was on the dry land, died.

      Job 7

      16 I loathe my life. I don't want to live forever. Leave me alone, for my days are but a breath.

      Job 27

      3 (For the length of my life is still in me, and the spirit of God is in my nostrils);

      Job 34

      14 If he set his heart on himself, If he gathered to himself his spirit and his breath,

      Psaumes 33

      6 By Yahweh's word, the heavens were made; all their army by the breath of his mouth.

      Psaumes 39

      6 "Surely every man walks like a shadow. Surely they busy themselves in vain. He heaps up, and doesn't know who shall gather.

      Psaumes 104

      29 You hide your face: they are troubled; you take away their breath: they die, and return to the dust.

      Psaumes 144

      4 Man is like a breath. His days are like a shadow that passes away.

      Proverbes 21

      6 Getting treasures by a lying tongue is a fleeting vapor for those who seek death.

      Ecclésiaste 3

      19 For that which happens to the sons of men happens to animals. Even one thing happens to them. As the one dies, so the other dies. Yes, they have all one breath; and man has no advantage over the animals: for all is vanity.

      Esaïe 1

      1 The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah.
      2 Hear, heavens, and listen, earth; for Yahweh has spoken: "I have nourished and brought up children, and they have rebelled against me.
      3 The ox knows his owner, and the donkey his master's crib; but Israel doesn't know, my people don't consider."
      4 Ah sinful nation, a people loaded with iniquity, a seed of evildoers, children who deal corruptly! They have forsaken Yahweh. They have despised the Holy One of Israel. They are estranged and backward.
      5 Why should you be beaten more, that you revolt more and more? The whole head is sick, and the whole heart faint.
      6 From the sole of the foot even to the head there is no soundness in it: wounds, welts, and open sores. They haven't been closed, neither bandaged, neither soothed with oil.
      7 Your country is desolate. Your cities are burned with fire. Strangers devour your land in your presence, and it is desolate, as overthrown by strangers.
      8 The daughter of Zion is left like a shelter in a vineyard, like a hut in a field of melons, like a besieged city.
      9 Unless Yahweh of Armies had left to us a very small remnant, we would have been as Sodom; we would have been like Gomorrah.
      10 Hear the word of Yahweh, you rulers of Sodom! Listen to the law of our God , you people of Gomorrah!
      11 "What are the multitude of your sacrifices to me?," says Yahweh. "I have had enough of the burnt offerings of rams, and the fat of fed animals. I don't delight in the blood of bulls, or of lambs, or of male goats.
      12 When you come to appear before me, who has required this at your hand, to trample my courts?
      13 Bring no more vain offerings. Incense is an abomination to me; new moons, Sabbaths, and convocations: I can't bear with evil assemblies.
      14 My soul hates your New Moons and your appointed feasts. They are a burden to me. I am weary of bearing them.
      15 When you spread forth your hands, I will hide my eyes from you. Yes, when you make many prayers, I will not hear. Your hands are full of blood.
      16 Wash yourselves, make yourself clean. Put away the evil of your doings from before my eyes. Cease to do evil.
      17 Learn to do well. Seek justice. Relieve the oppressed. Judge the fatherless. Plead for the widow."
      18 "Come now, and let us reason together," says Yahweh: "Though your sins be as scarlet, they shall be as white as snow. Though they be red like crimson, they shall be as wool.
      19 If you are willing and obedient, you shall eat the good of the land;
      20 but if you refuse and rebel, you shall be devoured with the sword; for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it."
      21 How the faithful city has become a prostitute! She was full of justice; righteousness lodged in her, but now murderers.
      22 Your silver has become dross, your wine mixed with water.
      23 Your princes are rebellious, and companions of thieves. Everyone loves bribes, and follows after rewards. They don't judge the fatherless, neither does the cause of the widow come to them.
      24 Therefore the Lord, Yahweh of Armies, the Mighty One of Israel, says: "Ah, I will get relief from my adversaries, and avenge myself of my enemies;
      25 and I will turn my hand on you, thoroughly purge away your dross, and will take away all your tin.
      26 I will restore your judges as at the first, and your counselors as at the beginning. Afterward you shall be called 'The city of righteousness, a faithful town.'
      27 Zion shall be redeemed with justice, and her converts with righteousness.
      28 But the destruction of transgressors and sinners shall be together, and those who forsake Yahweh shall be consumed.
      29 For they shall be ashamed of the oaks which you have desired, and you shall be confounded for the gardens that you have chosen.
      30 For you shall be as an oak whose leaf fades, and as a garden that has no water.
      31 The strong will be like tinder, and his work like a spark. They will both burn together, and no one will quench them."

      Esaïe 40

      7 The grass withers, the flower fades, because Yahweh's breath blows on it. Surely the people are like grass.
      13 Who has directed the Spirit of Yahweh, or has taught him as his counselor?

      Esaïe 42

      5 Thus says God Yahweh, he who created the heavens and stretched them out, he who spread out the earth and that which comes out of it, he who gives breath to its people and spirit to those who walk in it.

      Esaïe 57

      13 When you cry, let those who you have gathered deliver you; but the wind shall take them, a breath shall carry them all away: but he who takes refuge in me shall possess the land, and shall inherit my holy mountain."

      Esaïe 59

      19 So shall they fear the name of Yahweh from the west, and his glory from the rising of the sun; for he will come as a rushing stream, which the breath of Yahweh drives.

      Jérémie 10

      3 For the customs of the peoples are vanity; for one cuts a tree out of the forest, the work of the hands of the workman with the axe.
      14 Every man has become brutish and without knowledge; every goldsmith is disappointed by his engraved image; for his molten image is falsehood, and there is no breath in them.

      Lamentations 4

      20 The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of Yahweh, was taken in their pits; Of whom we said, Under his shadow we shall live among the nations.

      Daniel 5

      23 but have lifted up yourself against the Lord of heaven; and they have brought the vessels of his house before you, and you and your lords, your wives and your concubines, have drunk wine from them; and you have praised the gods of silver and gold, of brass, iron, wood, and stone, which don't see, nor hear, nor know; and the God in whose hand your breath is, and whose are all your ways, you have not glorified.

      Habacuc 2

      19 Woe to him who says to the wood, 'Awake!' or to the mute stone, 'Arise!' Shall this teach? Behold, it is overlaid with gold and silver, and there is no breath at all in its midst.

      Zacharie 12

      1 An oracle. The word of Yahweh concerning Israel. Yahweh, who stretches out the heavens, and lays the foundation of the earth, and forms the spirit of man within him says:

      Matthieu 27

      50 Jesus cried again with a loud voice, and yielded up his spirit.
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