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SOULIER

Les chaussures (hébreu naal) des Hébreux étaient généralement les sandales, simples semelles de cuir, maintenues par de fines courroies (fig. 236). D'où l'usage d'offrir aux voyageurs qui recevaient l'hospitalité, le nécessaire pour se laver les pieds, souillés par la poussière ou par la boue du chemin (Ge 18:4 19:2 24:32 43:24, Ex 30:19, Jug 19:21,1Sa 25:41,2Sa 11:8, cf. Lu 7:44, Jn 13:5,10,1Ti 5:10).

Mais il est certain, d'autre part, que bien des textes nous montrent les Israélites usant de souliers, c'est-à-dire de chaussures qui, recouvrant entièrement les pieds, les conservaient purs des souillures extérieures (Ex 3:5, Jos 5:15, Esa 20:2, cf. Ac 7:33, Jos 9:5, Am 2:6 8:6, Esa 11:15, Eze 16:10, Mt 3:11 =Jn 1:27, Lu 3:16, Ac 13:25, Lu 22:35). Ailleurs, comme dans Esa 5:27 ou Lu 15:22, le cas est impossible à déterminer. L'obélisque de Nimroûd, qui représente des Israélites apportant à Salmanasar III le tribut du roi Jéhu, nous montre la forme des souliers que portaient les Hébreux (fig. 28) : sorte de babouches de cuir assez hautes, épousant la forme du pied (telles qu'on les voit sur la frise sumérienne du temple d'Al-Ubaïd), sauf à l'extrémité, qui est relevée et pointue, à la façon des chaussures hittites. On les retrouve aujourd'hui chez les Turcs (voir aussi un prisonnier du bas-relief de la ville Astartu, du temps de Tiglath-Piléser III ).

La chaussure jouait un rôle dans les moeurs d'Israël, notamment dans la loi du lévirat (De 25:9), et lorsqu'il s'agissait du droit de rachat ou de la ratification d'un contrat (Ru 4:7). Retirer sa chaussure était, dans les cérémonies religieuses, une marque de respect (Ex 3:5,2Sa 15:30). Les prêtres exerçaient pieds nus leur sacerdoce dans le sanctuaire (Théodoret, Comment. Ex :, 7) ; aucun Israélite ne devait entrer chaussé dans le Temple (Mischna, Berakoth, 9:5). E. Robinson raconte que les Samaritains montaient pieds nus sur la montagne sainte du Garizim. L'usage de se déchausser avant d'entrer dans la maison de Dieu s'est conservé chez les musulmans. Aussi bien avons-nous affaire ici à un usage assez répandu dans l'antiquité, chez les prêtres d'Isis ou de Cybèle. Tertullien rapporte dans son Apologie que les Romains avaient nommé certaines fêtes religieuses les nudipedalia

--On peut se demander, devant des épisodes comme Lu 7:38 et Jn 12:3, s'il n'était pas usuel chez les Juifs, comme chez d'autres peuples de l'antiquité orientale, de ne pas garder ses chaussures à l'intérieur des habitations.

Au soulier se rapporte un texte de l'A. T, assez difficile à comprendre. On le traduit généralement : « Je jette mon soulier sur Édom » (Ps 60:10, cf. Ps 108:10). Cette façon de se démunir de sa chaussure pour manifester contre un ennemi ne peut guère trouver d'explication satisfaisante ; les LXX et Vulg, l'ont bien senti, aussi rendent-ils le terme hébreu châlâk, qui signifie généralement jeter, projeter (voir pourtant Jer 36:30), par tendre, étendre (LXX : ekténô épi =je tendrai vers ; Vulgate : extendam in, même sens). Lorsqu'en 1913, nous rendant de Palestine à Damas, nous avions traversé le Djebel Druze alors en effervescence, les populations hostiles échelonnées le long du train marquaient leur mécontentement par des signes non équivoques. Le geste le plus fréquemment répété consistait à lever la jambe en cadence, dans notre direction, de façon à tendre vers nous la semelle de la chaussure. En voyant ce manège qu'accompagnaient toutes sortes de marques de malédiction, je me souvins tout à coup du Ps 60 avec son imprécation contre Édom, et la conviction s'empara de moi que l'image évoquée par le psalmiste était celle de gens étendant la jambe dans la direction de l'ennemi, en lui montrant la semelle de leur soulier, en signe de mépris et de malédiction, « Vers Édom, je tendrai mon soulier... »

--Voir Pied ; Vêtement, IV

Alex. W.

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      Exode 3

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