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Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

SOURIS

(hébreu akbâr). Dans Le 11:29, où sont désignés les animaux les plus impurs de ceux « qui grouillent sur la terre » (Vers. Syn.), ou « qui se meuvent au ras du sol » (Bbl. Cent.), --traductions meilleures que celle de Sg. : « qui rampent », --il paraît probable que la souris est un nom générique représentant diverses espèces de ces mammifères rongeurs si nombreux en Orient.

--Dans Esa 66:17, le fait de s'en nourrir ainsi que de viande de porc est mis en corrélation avec des cultes païens ( « ceux qui se sanctifient et qui se purifient dans les jardins, se suivant les uns les autres en procession... »), et aussi avec le terme d'abomination (hébreu chèqèts) qui apparaît dans Eze 8:10 à propos de tels animaux (immondes, Vers. Syn.), objets de cultes impurs importés à Jérusalem. C'est le même terme de condamnation qui dans Le 11:41 et suivants est appliqué à toutes les bêtes plus ou moins rampantes, comme plus haut à certains poissons, oiseaux et insectes (Le 11:10, 20-33).

D'après le philosophe juif Moïse Maïmonide (XII° siècle), les indigènes du Hauran offraient des sacrifices de souris des champs (W. Rob. Smith, Relig. Sem., p. 293).

Dans 1Sa 5 et 1Sa 6, une terrible épidémie se manifeste chez les Philistins par des tumeurs que nos versions appellent des hémorroïdes (1Sa 5:6,9,12 6:4 et suivant, etc.), et où l'on voit ordinairement aujourd'hui la peste bubonique (cf. l'ulcère d'Egypte, De 28:27) ; cette plaie contagieuse est mise en corrélation avec une invasion de souris : cf. 1Sa 6:4,11,18 dans le texte hébreu et dans nos versions, et aussi 1Sa 5 6,10 6:1 dans les LXX où la claire mention de leur invasion mortelle est ajoutée au texte hébreu. Pour en débarrasser le pays, prêtres et devins prescrivent, avec le renvoi de l'arche du Dieu d'Israël, l'offrande d'ex-voto en or (voir Modèle) sous forme de tumeurs et de souris. Certains critiques, se fondant sur la remarque : « Une même plaie vous a tous frappés » (1Sa 6:4), considèrent les mentions des souris comme des additions postérieures au texte primitif, qui n'aurait connu que le fléau de la maladie (P. H. Smith, ICC, Samuel). Pourtant, de l'avis même de Lucien Gautier (Introd. A.T., I, parag. 123), « cette narration (1Sa 5:1-7:1) a quelque chose de très suivi ; c'est un échantillon remarquable d'excellente prose hébraïque qui n'a subi aucun remaniement ». Pour croire exclusifs l'un de l'autre le fléau de la peste et celui des souris, il faut oublier que la science moderne dénonce précisément les rats comme étant les agents de propagation les plus dangereux de la peste bubonique : l'antiquité avait fort bien pu constater la relation sans pouvoir l'expliquer.

--La même relation se retrouve d'ailleurs entre le curieux récit-d'Hérodote (2:141), d'après lequel la campagne de Sanchérib en marche contre l'Egypte fut subitement arrêtée par une invasion de souris des champs qui pendant une nuit auraient rongé et mis hors d'usage les cordes des arcs et les courroies des boucliers de son armée, --et le récit biblique attribuant cet arrêt soudain de ses troupes à un ange de l'Éternel qui fit périr la nuit 185.000 hommes (2Ro 19:35 parallèle Esa 37:36), description qui rappelle celle de la peste infligée par l'ange de l'Éternel au temps de David (2Sa 24:15 et suivants parallèle 1Ch 21:14 et suivants).

« C'était un usage antique que de représenter sous la forme d'une souris les ravages causés par les maladies infectieuses. La souris désigne dans l'écriture hiéroglyphique la puissance dévastatrice. Apollon, auquel on attribuait le pouvoir de lancer des traits pestilentiels, reçoit en cette qualité le qualificatif de smintheus ou sminthios : celui qui envoie les souris (de sminthos =souris, rat) et non, comme on l'a souvent prétendu : celui qui protège contre les souris. » (A. Westphal, Jéhovah, p. 348.)

Parmi les nombreuses espèces de la Palestine auxquelles peut donc s'appliquer dans ces divers passages le terme de souris, citons : le mus Bactrianus, très abondant autour de la mer Morte ; le mus Alexandrinus, souris domestique qui se trouve surtout dans les villes de la côte S. ; l 'arvicola arvalis, souris des champs ou mulot, très commune partout dans les terres cultivées, et où il faut voir sans doute le fléau indiqué plus haut ; le hamster, cricetus auritus, commun aussi dans les cultures, et la gerboise, dont le mâle est appelé akbâr par les Arabes (nom hébreu de la souris) et dont trois variétés sont connues en Palestine : les Arabes s'en nourrissent, ainsi que du hamster. Dans la vallée de l'Araba et les étendues du désert vers le Sinaï pullulent par légions invraisemblables souris et rats des sables, reptiles, insectes, etc. Voir Rat.

Jn L.

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      10 All that don't have fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of all the living creatures that are in the waters, they are an abomination to you,
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      29 "'These are they which are unclean to you among the creeping things that creep on the earth: the weasel, the rat, any kind of great lizard,
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      1 Now the Philistines had taken the ark of God, and they brought it from Ebenezer to Ashdod.
      2 The Philistines took the ark of God, and brought it into the house of Dagon, and set it by Dagon.
      3 When they of Ashdod arose early on the next day, behold, Dagon was fallen on his face to the ground before the ark of Yahweh. They took Dagon, and set him in his place again.
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      6 But the hand of Yahweh was heavy on them of Ashdod, and he destroyed them, and struck them with tumors, even Ashdod and its borders.
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      12 The men who didn't die were struck with the tumors; and the cry of the city went up to heaven.

      1 Samuel 6

      1 The ark of Yahweh was in the country of the Philistines seven months.
      2 The Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, "What shall we do with the ark of Yahweh? Show us with which we shall send it to its place."
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      4 Then they said, "What shall be the trespass offering which we shall return to him?" They said, "Five golden tumors, and five golden mice, for the number of the lords of the Philistines; for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.
      5 Therefore you shall make images of your tumors, and images of your mice that mar the land; and you shall give glory to the God of Israel: perhaps he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, and from off your land.
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      1 Samuel 7

      1 The men of Kiriath Jearim came, and fetched up the ark of Yahweh, and brought it into the house of Abinadab in the hill, and sanctified Eleazar his son to keep the ark of Yahweh.

      2 Samuel 24

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      1 Chroniques 21

      14 So Yahweh sent a pestilence on Israel; and seventy thousand men of Israel fell.

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      17 "Those who sanctify themselves and purify themselves to go to the gardens, behind one in the midst, eating pig's flesh, and the abomination, and the mouse, they shall come to an end together," says Yahweh.

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      10 So I went in and saw; and see, every form of creeping things, and abominable animals, and all the idols of the house of Israel, portrayed around on the wall.
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