TEMPÊTE

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En Palestine, le régime des vents, (voir ce mot) produit occasionnellement de \iolentes tempêtes, par les échanges continuels de courants d'air chauds ou froids, en sens différents suivant la saison et le moment du jour ou de la nuit soit entre le désert à l'Est et la mer Méditerranée à l'Ouest, soit entre la vallée tropicale du Jourdain et les montagnes neigeuses de la Haute Galilée. Ainsi s'expliquent les brusques et violents ouragans oui tombent parfois des hauteurs dans la cuvette du lac de Génézareth, et bien connus grâce aux deux épisodes de tempête apaisée par Jésus (Mt 8:24 14:24, Jn 6:18).

La Bible cite aussi les tempêtes en Méditerranée : celles de Jonas (Jon 1) et de saint Paul (Ac 27:14 et suivants) ; elle fait une description poétique dans Ps 107:25,30. Les principaux termes de l'A. T, sont : ronakh, nom hébreu du vent (Esa 4:4, etc.) ; diverses formes de la racine sâar, exprimant principalement le vent qui fait rage (Ps 50:3 148:8, Jon 1 4,11, Zach, 9:14) ; soufihâh, l'ouragan ; (Pr 1:27, Esa 5:28 21:1) zèrèm, la tempête de grêle ou la pluie torrentielle telles qu'on en voit dans les montagnes, qui provoquent des inondations, et peuvent renverser des murailles (Esa 4:6 25:4 30:30, Hab 3:10, Job 24:8).

Les traductions de ces différents termes sont variables, d'autant plus que les prophètes ou poètes bibliques les emploient souvent côte à côte, comme à peu près équivalents, pour le parallélisme de leurs tableaux.

Le mot de tourbillon, qui paraît ici et là dans nos versions (2Ro 2:1,11, Pr 10:25), devrait être réservé pour traduire galgal, litt, roue (Ps 77:19 83:14) ; pour le sens spécial de ce mot, appliqué aux roues tourbillonnantes du chariot d'Ézéchiel, voir (Eze 10:14) Roue, II, 2.

Pour les orages (Ex 19:16 et suivants, 1Ro 19 : et suivant, etc.), voir Eclair, Tonnerre. Celui du Sinaï est désigné par le grec thuella dans Heb 12:18 ; le kheimôn est la trombe de pluie (Mt 16:3, Ac 27:20), et le verbe correspondant marque le bouleversement qu'elle provoque (Ac 27:18) ; pour le vent furieux, dit tuphonikos, voir (Ac 27:14) Euraquilon.

La tempête sur le lac est désignée par Marc (Mr 4:37) et Luc (Lu 8:23) du nom de lailaps (qui se trouve aussi dans 2Pi 2:17) et qui évoque un tourbillon cyclonique capable de retourner des poids énormes ; le parallèle de Matthieu (Mt 8:24) a seïsmos en tê thalassê, litt, tremblement de mer. Le vent de la tempête c'est l' anémos (Mt 7:25 27, Eph 4:14, Jude 1:12), plutôt que pneuma (Jn 3:8) ou pnoè (Ac 2:2), vents modérés en général (cf. Trench, Syn. N.T., parag. 73).

La tempête prête à nombreuses et vigoureuses images : celles du malheur (Pr 1:27, Esa 32:2), de la ruine (Mt 7:25 et suivants, Jude 1:12), du doute (Eph 4:14, Jas 1:6), des violences des hommes passionnés (Ps 55:9), des invasions étrangères et des horreurs de la guerre (Am 1:14, Esa 5:28 66:15, Hab 3:14 etc.), la plupart du temps représentées par les prophètes comme les jugements de l'Eternel (Os 8:7, Esa 4:6 17:13 25:4 29:6 40:24, Jer 4:13, Na 1:3 Eze 13:11,13, cf. Job 9:17, Ps 83:16 etc.), comme la manifestation de sa colère (Jer 23:19 30:23 etc.), de sa majesté toute-puissante (Ex 19:16 et suivant 1Ro 19 : et suivant, Eze 1:4, Ps 50:3 77:19 Job 38:1, Heb 12:18 etc.).

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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  Exode 19
  
  16 It happened on the third day, when it was morning, that there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud on the mountain, and the sound of an exceedingly loud trumpet; and all the people who were in the camp trembled.
  
  Job 9
  
  17 For he breaks me with a storm, and multiplies my wounds without cause.
  
  Job 24
  
  8 They are wet with the showers of the mountains, and embrace the rock for lack of a shelter.
  
  Job 38
  
  1 Then Yahweh answered Job out of the whirlwind,
  
  Psaumes 50
  
  3 Our God comes, and does not keep silent. A fire devours before him. It is very stormy around him.
  
  Psaumes 55
  
  9 Confuse them, Lord, and confound their language, for I have seen violence and strife in the city.
  
  Psaumes 77
  
  19 Your way was through the sea; your paths through the great waters. Your footsteps were not known.
  
  Psaumes 83
  
  14 As the fire that burns the forest, as the flame that sets the mountains on fire,
  
  16 Fill their faces with confusion, that they may seek your name, Yahweh.
  
  Psaumes 107
  
  25 For he commands, and raises the stormy wind, which lifts up its waves.
  
  30 Then they are glad because it is calm, so he brings them to their desired haven.
  
  Psaumes 148
  
  8 Lightning and hail, snow and clouds; stormy wind, fulfilling his word;
  
  Proverbes 1
  
  27 when calamity overtakes you like a storm, when your disaster comes on like a whirlwind; when distress and anguish come on you.
  
  Proverbes 10
  
  25 When the whirlwind passes, the wicked is no more; but the righteous stand firm forever.
  
  Esaïe 4
  
  4 when the Lord shall have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion, and shall have purged the blood of Jerusalem from its midst, by the spirit of justice, and by the spirit of burning.
  
  6 There will be a pavilion for a shade in the daytime from the heat, and for a refuge and for a shelter from storm and from rain.
  
  Esaïe 5
  
  28 whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent. Their horses' hoofs will be like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind.
  
  Esaïe 17
  
  13 The nations will rush like the rushing of many waters: but he will rebuke them, and they will flee far off, and will be chased like the chaff of the mountains before the wind, and like the whirling dust before the storm.
  
  Esaïe 21
  
  1 The burden of the wilderness of the sea. As whirlwinds in the South sweep through, it comes from the wilderness, from an awesome land.
  
  Esaïe 25
  
  4 For you have been a stronghold to the poor, a stronghold to the needy in his distress, a refuge from the storm, a shade from the heat, when the blast of the dreaded ones is like a storm against the wall.
  
  Esaïe 29
  
  6 She will be visited by Yahweh of Armies with thunder, with earthquake, with great noise, with whirlwind and storm, and with the flame of a devouring fire.
  
  Esaïe 30
  
  30 Yahweh will cause his glorious voice to be heard, and will show the descent of his arm, with the indignation of his anger, and the flame of a devouring fire, with a blast, storm, and hailstones.
  
  Esaïe 32
  
  2 A man shall be as a hiding place from the wind, and a covert from the storm, as streams of water in a dry place, as the shade of a large rock in a weary land.
  
  Esaïe 40
  
  24 They are planted scarcely. They are sown scarcely. Their stock has scarcely taken root in the ground. He merely blows on them, and they wither, and the whirlwind takes them away as stubble.
  
  Esaïe 66
  
  15 For, behold, Yahweh will come with fire, and his chariots shall be like the whirlwind; to render his anger with fierceness, and his rebuke with flames of fire.
  
  Jérémie 4
  
  13 Behold, he shall come up as clouds, and his chariots shall be as the whirlwind: his horses are swifter than eagles. Woe to us! For we are ruined.
  
  Jérémie 23
  
  19 Behold, the storm of Yahweh, his wrath, has gone forth. Yes, a whirling storm. It shall burst on the head of the wicked.
  
  Jérémie 30
  
  23 Behold, the storm of Yahweh, his wrath, has gone forth, a sweeping storm: it shall burst on the head of the wicked.
  
  Ezéchiel 1
  
  4 I looked, and behold, a stormy wind came out of the north, a great cloud, with flashing lightning, and a brightness around it, and out of its midst as it were glowing metal, out of the midst of the fire.
  
  Ezéchiel 10
  
  14 Every one had four faces: the first face was the face of the cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third face the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.
  
  Ezéchiel 13
  
  11 tell those who plaster it with whitewash, that it shall fall: there shall be an overflowing shower; and you, great hailstones, shall fall; and a stormy wind shall tear it.
  
  13 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: I will even tear it with a stormy wind in my wrath; and there shall be an overflowing shower in my anger, and great hailstones in wrath to consume it.
  
  Osée 8
  
  7 For they sow the wind, and they will reap the whirlwind. He has no standing grain. The stalk will yield no head. If it does yield, strangers will swallow it up.
  
  Amos 1
  
  14 But I will kindle a fire in the wall of Rabbah, and it will devour its palaces, with shouting in the day of battle, with a storm in the day of the whirlwind;
  
  Jonas 1
  
  1 Now the word of Yahweh came to Jonah the son of Amittai, saying,
  
  2 "Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and preach against it, for their wickedness has come up before me."
  
  3 But Jonah rose up to flee to Tarshish from the presence of Yahweh. He went down to Joppa, and found a ship going to Tarshish; so he paid its fare, and went down into it, to go with them to Tarshish from the presence of Yahweh.
  
  4 But Yahweh sent out a great wind on the sea, and there was a mighty storm on the sea, so that the ship was likely to break up.
  
  5 Then the mariners were afraid, and every man cried to his god. They threw the cargo that was in the ship into the sea to lighten the ship. But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship, and he was laying down, and was fast asleep.
  
  6 So the shipmaster came to him, and said to him, "What do you mean, sleeper? Arise, call on your God ! Maybe your God will notice us, so that we won't perish."
  
  7 They all said to each other, "Come, let us cast lots, that we may know who is responsible for this evil that is on us." So they cast lots, and the lot fell on Jonah.
  
  8 Then they asked him, "Tell us, please, for whose cause this evil is on us. What is your occupation? Where do you come from? What is your country? Of what people are you?"
  
  9 He said to them, "I am a Hebrew, and I fear Yahweh, the God of heaven, who has made the sea and the dry land."
  
  10 Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said to him, "What is this that you have done?" For the men knew that he was fleeing from the presence of Yahweh, because he had told them.
  
  11 Then they said to him, "What shall we do to you, that the sea may be calm to us?" For the sea grew more and more stormy.
  
  12 He said to them, "Take me up, and throw me into the sea. Then the sea will be calm for you; for I know that because of me this great storm is on you."
  
  13 Nevertheless the men rowed hard to get them back to the land; but they could not, for the sea grew more and more stormy against them.
  
  14 Therefore they cried to Yahweh, and said, "We beg you, Yahweh, we beg you, don't let us die for this man's life, and don't lay on us innocent blood; for you, Yahweh, have done as it pleased you."
  
  15 So they took up Jonah, and threw him into the sea; and the sea ceased its raging.
  
  16 Then the men feared Yahweh exceedingly; and they offered a sacrifice to Yahweh, and made vows.
  
  17 Yahweh prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah, and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.
  
  Nahum 1
  
  3 Yahweh is slow to anger, and great in power, and will by no means leave the guilty unpunished. Yahweh has his way in the whirlwind and in the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet.
  
  Habacuc 3
  
  10 The mountains saw you, and were afraid. The storm of waters passed by. The deep roared and lifted up its hands on high.
  
  14 You pierced the heads of his warriors with their own spears. They came as a whirlwind to scatter me, gloating as if to devour the wretched in secret.
  
  Zacharie 9
  
  14 Yahweh will be seen over them; and his arrow will go flash like lightning; and the Lord Yahweh will blow the trumpet, and will go with whirlwinds of the south.
  
  Matthieu 7
  
  25 The rain came down, the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat on that house; and it didn't fall, for it was founded on the rock.
  
  27 The rain came down, the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat on that house; and it fell--and great was its fall."
  
  Matthieu 8
  
  24 Behold, a violent storm came up on the sea, so much that the boat was covered with the waves, but he was asleep.
  
  Matthieu 14
  
  24 But the boat was now in the middle of the sea, distressed by the waves, for the wind was contrary.
  
  Matthieu 16
  
  3 In the morning, 'It will be foul weather today, for the sky is red and threatening.' Hypocrites! You know how to discern the appearance of the sky, but you can't discern the signs of the times!
  
  Marc 4
  
  37 A big wind storm arose, and the waves beat into the boat, so much that the boat was already filled.
  
  Luc 8
  
  23 But as they sailed, he fell asleep. A wind storm came down on the lake, and they were taking on dangerous amounts of water.
  
  Jean 3
  
  8 The wind blows where it wants to, and you hear its sound, but don't know where it comes from and where it is going. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit."
  
  Jean 6
  
  18 The sea was tossed by a great wind blowing.
  
  Actes 2
  
  2 Suddenly there came from the sky a sound like the rushing of a mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting.
  
  Actes 27
  
  14 But before long, a stormy wind beat down from shore, which is called Euroclydon.
  
  18 As we labored exceedingly with the storm, the next day they began to throw things overboard.
  
  20 When neither sun nor stars shone on us for many days, and no small storm pressed on us, all hope that we would be saved was now taken away.
  
  Ephésiens 4
  
  14 that we may no longer be children, tossed back and forth and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the trickery of men, in craftiness, after the wiles of error;
  
  Hébreux 12
  
  18 For you have not come to a mountain that might be touched, and that burned with fire, and to blackness, darkness, storm,
  
  Jacques 1
  
  6 But let him ask in faith, without any doubting, for he who doubts is like a wave of the sea, driven by the wind and tossed.
  
  2 Pierre 2
  
  17 These are wells without water, clouds driven by a storm; for whom the blackness of darkness has been reserved forever.
  
  Jude 1
  
  12 These are hidden rocky reefs in your love feasts when they feast with you, shepherds who without fear feed themselves; clouds without water, carried along by winds; autumn leaves without fruit, twice dead, plucked up by the roots;

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