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THOMAS

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L'un des douze apôtres ; son nom se trouve dans les quatre listes que nous donnent les Synoptiques et les Actes (Mr 3:16,19, Mt 10:2,4, Lu 6:14,16, Ac 1:13), et tout ce qu'on sait à son sujet se trouve dans le 4 e évangile. Il donne la traduction grecque de son nom : didumos (=didyme), qui a le même sens que l'aram, thomâh (=jumeau), « était sans doute le nom par lequel on désignait le plus ordinairement cet apôtre chez les chrétiens grecs au milieu desquels écrivait Jean ; c'est ainsi que s'explique la répétition de cette traduction : Jn 11:16 20:24 21:2 » (Godet, Comment.)

Jean rapporte aussi quelques paroles de Thomas : autant de traits qui révèlent un caractère entier, peut-être enclin au pessimisme, résolu pourtant et courageux (Jn 11:16), positif, ne comprenant pas toujours le langage symbolique et mystique de Jésus (Jn 14:5) ; dans le désespoir, n'acceptant pas une consolation facile et sentimentale, mais ayant besoin de faits et d'évidence (Jn 20:24 ss). quand il les a allant aussi, loin, ou plus loin que les autres dans la foi et l'adoration : (Jn 20:28) « Après avoir été le dernier à croire à la résurrection de son Maître, il est le premier à l'appeler d'un nom qu'aucun autre peut-être n'avait prononcé » (Bonnet, Comment. ).

Au lieu de didumos, quelques versions portent dipsukhos (=âme double) ; ce n'est qu'une interprétation, comme celle des théologiens qui ont vu dans le nom de Jumeau une allusion à ce que Thomas portait deux hommes en lui : un croyant et un incrédule (cf. Godet, Comment.). Une considération d'ordre plus historique est le grand nombre de porteurs du nom ou du surnom de Didyme dans l'Egypte hellénisée à partir du III e siècle av. J. -C, que les personnages ainsi nommés fussent ou non des jumeaux, et qu'ils fussent ou non des officiants des cultes de dieux jumeaux comme les Dioscures (voir ce mot). Il se peut que le nom même de Thomas, comme son équivalent grec, soit aussi un surnom. Une version syriaque lit, dans Jn 14:22,

Thomas au lieu de Judas ; et les deux noms sont réunis dans la source syriaque de l'histoire d'Abgar traduite par Eusèbe : « Judas qui est aussi [appelé] Thomas », ainsi que dans les Actes de Thomas (éd. Lipsius-Bonnet, II, 2, p. 100 : « Judas-Thomas »). D'après certaines traditions, toutes incontrôlables, Thomas alla évangéliser les Parthes et mourut à Édesse ; d'après d'autres, il gagna les Indes et y mourut martyr. Cette dernière tradition serait en honneur parmi les communautés chrétiennes de saint Thomas, sur la côte de Malabar.

--Pour l'Évangile de Thomas et les Actes de Thomas, voir ÉVANG. APOCRYPHES. A. E.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Matthieu 10

      2 Now the names of the twelve apostles are these. The first, Simon, who is called Peter; Andrew, his brother; James the son of Zebedee; John, his brother;
      4 Simon the Canaanite; and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him.

      Marc 3

      16 Simon, to whom he gave the name Peter;
      19 and Judas Iscariot, who also betrayed him. He came into a house.

      Luc 6

      14 Simon, whom he also named Peter; Andrew, his brother; James; John; Philip; Bartholomew;
      16 Judas the son of James; and Judas Iscariot, who also became a traitor.

      Jean 11

      16 Thomas therefore, who is called Didymus, said to his fellow disciples, "Let's go also, that we may die with him."

      Jean 14

      5 Thomas said to him, "Lord, we don't know where you are going. How can we know the way?"
      22 Judas (not Iscariot) said to him, "Lord, what has happened that you are about to reveal yourself to us, and not to the world?"

      Jean 20

      24 But Thomas, one of the twelve, called Didymus, wasn't with them when Jesus came.
      28 Thomas answered him, "My Lord and my God!"

      Jean 21

      2 Simon Peter, Thomas called Didymus, Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two others of his disciples were together.

      Actes 1

      13 When they had come in, they went up into the upper room, where they were staying; that is Peter, John, James, Andrew, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas the son of James.
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