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TIBÉRIADE

Aujourd'hui Tabarîyé, sur la rive O. du lac de Tibériade, à 233 m. au-dessous du niveau de la mer.

La ville fut fondée (an 17 ap. J. -C.) par Hérode Antipas, qui lui donna le nom de l'empereur romain Tibère et y construisit un palais orné d'images d'animaux, ce qui était un scandale pour les Juifs. Ceux-ci s'en détournaient aussi parce que les fondations de la nouvelle cité avaient mis au jour les tombes d'un vieux cimetière, probablement celui de l'ancienne Rakkath (Jos 19:35).

Si Jésus n'y entra jamais, c'est moins sans doute de crainte de l'impureté légale, qu'à cause du peu d'intérêt éprouvé par lui pour le genre de vie menée par le tétrarque, ce « renard » (Lu 13:32), dont la forteresse dominant le lac ne l'intimidait nullement.

En transportant son administration de Sepphoris à Tibériade, Hérode signifiait clairement qu'il s'occuperait moins que jamais de l'opinion juive. Cette résidence, tout imprégnée d'esprit grec, ne pouvait guère sympathiser avec les villes des bords occidentaux du lac dont le rigorisme n'était pourtant pas la vertu dominante, et Tibériade entra plutôt en rapport avec la rive orientale de la mer de Galilée, en particulier avec Hippos.

Tout un trafic de batellerie existait, qui explique fort bien une scène du N. T (Jn 6:23). et rend compte aussi, en une certaine façon, de l'appellation du lac dans le 4 e évangile (Jn 6:1 21:1).

Quoique romanisée, Tibériade prit part au soulèvement de l'an 66, mais se rendit facilement à Vespasien. Après la ruine de Jérusalem (70 ap. J. -C), une colonie juive importante s'y réfugia, exemple que suivirent le sanhédrin puis l'école talmudique, antérieurement fixés le premier à Sepphoris, la deuxième à Jamnia. Tibériade devint le centre de la pensée et de l'élaboration talmudiques, puisqu'y furent rédigés la Mischna, oeuvre du célèbre rabbi Juda le Saint, et son commentaire, la Gemara.

Le christianisme n'apparut guère à Tibériade qu'au IV e siècle, et, après avoir subi l'invasion perse puis arabe, il se trouva affermi par l'arrivée des croisés. La bataille de Hattîn (6 km. à l'Ouest de Tibériade), qui vit la déroute des chrétiens, rendit à l'islam la ville, propriété de Raymond de Tripoli (1187).

Aujourd'hui, sur 7.000 hab., les trois quarts sont juifs et on ne compte guère que 200 chrétiens, qui se partagent d'ailleurs en trois communautés rivales : latine, melkite et orthodoxe. Jésus, semble-t-il, ne vint jamais à Tibériade : le christianisme, lui, y a pénétré, mais il y subsiste péniblement. A. P.

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      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Josué 19

      35 The fortified cities were Ziddim, Zer, Hammath, Rakkath, Chinnereth,

      Luc 13

      32 He said to them, "Go and tell that fox, 'Behold, I cast out demons and perform cures today and tomorrow, and the third day I complete my mission.

      Jean 6

      1 After these things, Jesus went away to the other side of the sea of Galilee, which is also called the Sea of Tiberias.
      23 However boats from Tiberias came near to the place where they ate the bread after the Lord had given thanks.

      Jean 21

      1 After these things, Jesus revealed himself again to the disciples at the sea of Tiberias. He revealed himself this way.
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