Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

TRIBUT

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1.

Un peuple vaincu paie toujours à son vainqueur une plus ou moins forte imposition, soit comme compensation des frais de guerre, soit comme signe de vassalité et de dépendance. La Bénédiction de Jacob raille avec ironie l'esprit de servitude dans lequel se complaît la tribu d'Issacar (Ge 49:15). Israël vaincu par l'Assyrie lui paie un tribut (2Ro 17:3 et suivant). Vainqueur, il reçoit un tribut des Moabites et des Syriens (1Ch 18:2,6). Ce tribut ne consiste pas seulement en monnaie mais aussi en matières premières, en bétail, en esclaves (2Sa 8:8,2Ro 3:4). Des garnisons installées en pays conquis assuraient les livraisons prescrites (2Sa 8:6). Une partie du butin pris au cours d'une expédition militaire était mise à part pour devenir un tribut réservé à Jéhovah (No 31:27,41). Les tributs payés à l'étranger impliquaient des contributions personnelles des habitants du pays (2Ro 16:19, Ne 5:4) ; voir le désintéressement de Néhémie et son intervention auprès des magistrats (Ne 5:14-18). Les prêtres en étaient exemptés (Esd 7:21).

2.

« Tribut » également, les redevances volontaires ou forcées payées au roi (1Ro 10:25,1Sa 16:20).

David fait un recensement (2Sa 24), probablement en vue de la levée des impôts, il avait un ministre chargé de les faire rentrer (2Sa 20:24). Mais Salomon établit une administration très complète doublée d'un régime douanier qui lui rapportait beaucoup (1Ro 10:15).

Autre forme de tribut, les corvées de travaux nécessités par les constructions de Salomon (1Ro 5:13-16 9:15,21 11:28). Il n'est pas étonnant que les Israélites aient dit à Roboam : « Ton père a rendu notre joug dur » (1Ro 12:4). Le ministre chargé de lever les impôts est lapidé (1Ro 12:18).

3.

Les Juifs essayèrent de compromettre Jésus en cherchant à lui faire prendre position pour ou contre le tribut payé à César (Mt 22:17,22), odieux à l'âme nationale juive. La réponse de Jésus, qui prescrit le paiement dû à l'autorité politique mais sans oublier les devoirs dus à Dieu, est d'autant plus frappante si la pièce qu'il se fait montrer à ce sujet était bien le denier portant l'inscription :. < Tibère, César Auguste, fils du divin Auguste, suprême pontife » (voir Monnaie, VII ; fig. 176). Ce tribut, qui donnait lieu à des recensements de population (Lu 2:2), était de deux sortes : l'impôt direct et l'impôt indirect. L'impôt direct, payé directement aux agents du fisc impérial, comprenait l'impôt foncier et l'impôt personnel. Les publicains ne touchaient que les impôts indirects, c'est-à-dire les redevances perçues sur les marchandises importées ou exportées (voir Péager). Il ne faut pas confondre ce tribut romain avec la redevance juive des didrachmes que tout Israélite mâle âgé de plus de douze ans payait pour le culte et le service du Temple (Mt 17:24 et suivant). L'apôtre Paul semble établir cette différence dans Ro 13:7.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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Versets relatifs

    • Genèse 49

      15 He saw a resting place, that it was good, the land, that it was pleasant. He bows his shoulder to the burden, and becomes a servant doing forced labor.

      Nombres 31

      27 and divide the prey into two parts: between the men skilled in war, who went out to battle, and all the congregation.
      41 Moses gave the tribute, which was Yahweh's wave offering, to Eleazar the priest, as Yahweh commanded Moses.

      1 Samuel 16

      20 Jesse took a donkey loaded with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a young goat, and sent them by David his son to Saul.

      2 Samuel 8

      6 Then David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus; and the Syrians became servants to David, and brought tribute. Yahweh gave victory to David wherever he went.
      8 From Betah and from Berothai, cities of Hadadezer, king David took exceeding much brass.

      2 Samuel 20

      24 and Adoram was over the men subject to forced labor; and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was the recorder;

      2 Samuel 24

      1 Again the anger of Yahweh was kindled against Israel, and he moved David against them, saying, "Go, number Israel and Judah."
      2 The king said to Joab the captain of the army, who was with him, "Now go back and forth through all the tribes of Israel, from Dan even to Beersheba, and number the people, that I may know the sum of the people."
      3 Joab said to the king, "Now may Yahweh your God add to the people, however many they may be, one hundred times; and may the eyes of my lord the king see it. But why does my lord the king delight in this thing?"
      4 Notwithstanding, the king's word prevailed against Joab, and against the captains of the army. Joab and the captains of the army went out from the presence of the king, to number the people of Israel.
      5 They passed over the Jordan, and encamped in Aroer, on the right side of the city that is in the middle of the valley of Gad, and to Jazer:
      6 then they came to Gilead, and to the land of Tahtim Hodshi; and they came to Dan Jaan, and around to Sidon,
      7 and came to the stronghold of Tyre, and to all the cities of the Hivites, and of the Canaanites; and they went out to the south of Judah, at Beersheba.
      8 So when they had gone back and forth through all the land, they came to Jerusalem at the end of nine months and twenty days.
      9 Joab gave up the sum of the numbering of the people to the king: and there were in Israel eight hundred thousand valiant men who drew the sword; and the men of Judah were five hundred thousand men.
      10 David's heart struck him after that he had numbered the people. David said to Yahweh, "I have sinned greatly in that which I have done. But now, Yahweh, put away, I beg you, the iniquity of your servant; for I have done very foolishly."
      11 When David rose up in the morning, the word of Yahweh came to the prophet Gad, David's seer, saying,
      12 "Go and speak to David, 'Thus says Yahweh, "I offer you three things. Choose one of them, that I may do it to you."'"
      13 So Gad came to David, and told him, and said to him, "Shall seven years of famine come to you in your land? Or will you flee three months before your foes while they pursue you? Or shall there be three days' pestilence in your land? Now answer, and consider what answer I shall return to him who sent me."
      14 David said to Gad, "I am in distress. Let us fall now into the hand of Yahweh; for his mercies are great. Let me not fall into the hand of man."
      15 So Yahweh sent a pestilence on Israel from the morning even to the appointed time; and there died of the people from Dan even to Beersheba seventy thousand men.
      16 When the angel stretched out his hand toward Jerusalem to destroy it, Yahweh relented of the disaster, and said to the angel who destroyed the people, "It is enough. Now stay your hand." The angel of Yahweh was by the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite.
      17 David spoke to Yahweh when he saw the angel who struck the people, and said, "Behold, I have sinned, and I have done perversely; but these sheep, what have they done? Please let your hand be against me, and against my father's house."
      18 Gad came that day to David, and said to him, "Go up, build an altar to Yahweh on the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite."
      19 David went up according to the saying of Gad, as Yahweh commanded.
      20 Araunah looked out, and saw the king and his servants coming on toward him. Then Araunah went out, and bowed himself before the king with his face to the ground.
      21 Araunah said, "Why has my lord the king come to his servant?" David said, "To buy your threshing floor, to build an altar to Yahweh, that the plague may be stopped from afflicting the people."
      22 Araunah said to David, "Let my lord the king take and offer up what seems good to him. Behold, the cattle for the burnt offering, and the threshing instruments and the yokes of the oxen for the wood:
      23 all this, king, does Araunah give to the king." Araunah said to the king, "May Yahweh your God accept you."
      24 The king said to Araunah, "No; but I will most certainly buy it from you for a price. I will not offer burnt offerings to Yahweh my God which cost me nothing." So David bought the threshing floor and the oxen for fifty shekels of silver.
      25 David built an altar to Yahweh there, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings. So Yahweh was entreated for the land, and the plague was stayed from Israel.

      1 Chroniques 18

      2 He struck Moab; and the Moabites became servants to David, and brought tribute.

      Esdras 7

      21 I, even I Artaxerxes the king, do make a decree to all the treasurers who are beyond the River, that whatever Ezra the priest, the scribe of the law of the God of heaven, shall require of you, it be done with all diligence,

      Néhémie 5

      4 There were also some who said, "We have borrowed money for the king's tribute using our fields and our vineyards as collateral.
      14 Moreover from the time that I was appointed to be their governor in the land of Judah, from the twentieth year even to the two and thirtieth year of Artaxerxes the king, that is, twelve years, I and my brothers have not eaten the bread of the governor.
      15 But the former governors who were before me were supported by the people, and took bread and wine from them, besides forty shekels of silver; yes, even their servants ruled over the people: but I didn't do so, because of the fear of God.
      16 Yes, also I continued in the work of this wall, neither bought we any land: and all my servants were gathered there to the work.
      17 Moreover there were at my table, of the Jews and the rulers, one hundred fifty men, besides those who came to us from among the nations that were around us.
      18 Now that which was prepared for one day was one ox and six choice sheep; also fowls were prepared for me, and once in ten days store of all sorts of wine: yet for all this I didn't demand the bread of the governor, because the bondage was heavy on this people.

      Matthieu 17

      24 When they had come to Capernaum, those who collected the didrachma coins came to Peter, and said, "Doesn't your teacher pay the didrachma?"

      Matthieu 22

      17 Tell us therefore, what do you think? Is it lawful to pay taxes to Caesar, or not?"
      22 When they heard it, they marveled, and left him, and went away.

      Luc 2

      2 This was the first enrollment made when Quirinius was governor of Syria.

      Romains 3

      4 May it never be! Yes, let God be found true, but every man a liar. As it is written, "That you might be justified in your words, and might prevail when you come into judgment."

      Romains 13

      7 Give therefore to everyone what you owe: taxes to whom taxes are due; customs to whom customs; respect to whom respect; honor to whom honor.
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