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TYR

Aujourd'hui Soûr (=rocher), petite ville de Phénicie, entre le Carmel et Sidon.

L'antique cité bâtie dans une île qu'Alexandre le Grand rattacha à la côte par une grande chaussée, lors du siège mémorable de 333, fut, d'après la mythologie, fondée par un certain Ousoos. Hérodote (II, 44) rapporte que les Tyriens faisaient remonter l'origine de leur ville et du temple de leur dieu Melkart à une date qui pour nous serait voisine de 2750 av. J. -C. ; ce qui n'est pas impossible, si l'on se rappelle que B\blos, autre cité phénicienne, est déjà en relation avec l'Egypte vers 3200 avant notre ère.

Les renseignements de Josèphe et de Justin, indiquant l'un et l'autre le XII e siècle, ne sauraient être retenus, puisque Tyr est déjà mentionnée dans la correspondance d'el-Amarna (XIV e -XV e siècle av. J. -C), sous la forme Sur-ri. A juste titre Ésaïe pouvait donc dire de l'origine de Tyr qu'elle remontait aux temps les plus reculés (23:7). Comme Sidon, dont Ésaïe dit aussi qu'elle était la ce fille » (23:12) --sur les monnaies, Sidon est dite « mère de Tyr » --, Tyr était une double ville : maritime, dans l'île, ou mieux dans les deux îles, et continentale, sur la terre ferme, en face.

On distingue ainsi souvent Tyr et Palas-Tyr. A l'abri des îles, deux ports étaient aménagés, l'un dit port sidonien, l'autre dit port égyptien, permettant aux bateaux de s'abriter alternativement des vents du nord ou du sud. La Phénicie était, au temps de la XVIII e dynastie égyptienne, menacée par le « pays d'Amurru ». Les tablettes d'el-Amarna nous conservent l'écho des craintes d'Abimilki, roi de Tyr, qui réclame au pharaon vingt hommes de renfort ! Les pharaons de la XIX e dynastie envoyèrent de fréquentes expéditions en Phénicie (stèles de Ramsès II au Nahr el-Kelb), mais le pays n'échappa pas aux ravages des Peuples de la Mer et très probablement, comme sa voisine Sidon, Tyr fut détruite par eux (XII e siècle av. J. -C).

Quand les Israélites arrivèrent en Palestine, le territoire de Tyr fut attribué à la tribu d'Asser (Jos 10:29), qui ne l'occupa certainement pas (Jug 1:31). Tyr était une ville forte (Jos 19:29,2Sa 24:7), que l'invasion philistine avait dévastée mais qui s'était relevée, et sans doute rapidement.

Au temps de David, Hiram, fils d'Abibaal, roi de Tyr, est un monarque puissant. Il a agrandi sa capitale, qui supplante désormais Sidon, restauré ses murs et ses temples, réuni les deux îles en une seule, aménagé les deux ports. Il envoya à David des ouvriers et des cèdres (2Sa 5:11,1Ch 14:1) et rendit le même service à Salomon, lors de la construction du Temple de Jérusalem (1Ro 5,2Ch 2). Le district de Galilée qu'il reçut en échange fut apprécié comme on sait (1Ro 9:11,13), mais Hiram maintint cette alliance avec Israël, puisqu'il encadra les marins débutants de la flotte salomonienne (1Ro 9:26 10:22). Ses vaisseaux sillonnaient depuis longtemps la Méditerranée, et le X e siècle marque le plein développement du commerce de Tyr qui trafique avec Chypre, la Sicile, la Sardaigne, Malte, Gozzo, franchit les « colonnes d'Hercule » (détroit de Gibraltar) et remonte jusqu'en Cornouailles.

Après Hiram régnent successivement Baalutsur, puis Abdashtart qu'une révolution détrône. La dynastie n'est restaurée, vers 875, qu'après une période d'anarchie. Ithobaal, prêtre d'Astarté et roi de Tyr, donne sa fille Jézabel au roi d'Israël, Achab (1Ro 16:31), et ce mariage marque une recrudescence des cultes païens en Israël et en Juda (1Ro 16:32 18:19,2Ro 8:18). A Tyr, la mort d'Ithobaal est suivie d'une nouvelle série de troubles auxquels on rattache la fondation de Carthage (vers 814 av. J. -C), par Elissa, arrière-petite-fille d'Ithobaal.

On connaît le fameux récit de Virgile (En., 1, 341SS), qui donna au personnage de Didon le relief que l'on sait ; si de cette histoire bien des traits sont légendaires, on peut noter que Carthage (Qart Hadasht =la nouvelle ville), fondée par des Tyriens, se réclama longtemps de sa métropole. Chaque année les Carthaginois envoyaient une ambassade pour offrir des sacrifices à Tyr, dans le temple de Melkart. Ce lien ne se relâcha qu'au VI e siècle, au moment où Tyr fut abattue par le roi de Babylone. Depuis le IX e siècle, la menace assyrienne pesait sur la cité phénicienne. Comme Sidon, Tyr apporta son tribut à Ashour-nazirpal (876 av. J. -C), à Salmanasar II (860-825), à Tiglath-Piléser III qui, en 741, nomme Hirom de Tyr (donc Hiram II, dont le nom se retrouve encore sur une coupe trouvée à Chypre).

Par contre, son roi Elulaeus (en assyr., Luli), qui était en même temps celui de Sidon, tint tête à Salmanasar V (727-722). Malgré l'appui que lui prêtaient les villes de la côte, le roi assyrien vit sa flotte détruite (12 navires de Tyr avaient eu raison de 60 bateaux de Salmanasar) et il ne put que bloquer l'île. Sargon II (722-705) n'eut pas plus de succès, quoi qu'il en dise. Ésaïe annonçait pourtant la ruine de Tyr (Esa 23). Elle fut l'oeuvre de Sanchérib, qui remplaça le roi Luli par Ithobaal II (701 av. J. -C). Assarhaddon, qui fit périr Abdmilkut, roi de Sidon, rebelle, traita avec Baal, roi de Tyr, mais les Assyriens, ayant à tenir tête aux Babyloniens, n'étaient plus aussi redoutés. Les Phéniciens regardèrent vers l'Egypte, dont ils recherchèrent l'alliance. Tyr se révolta contre Assourbanipal (vers 668), mais dut traiter après un siège. La ruine de Ninive et l'avènement de la dynastie néobabylonienne lui rendirent son indépendance et sa prospérité. Ézéchiel nous a donné un tableau qui reste unique en son genre (Eze 27 et Eze 28) ; c'est en même temps une complainte, car Tyr et Sidon, toujours alliées avec l'Egypte, connaîtront à nouveau les guerres. Nébucadnetsar, vainqueur à Carkémis (605 av. J. -C.) du pharaon Néco (2Ro 23:29), réoccupa la Phénicie et, après avoir tenu tête à une révolte générale, s'empara de Jérusalem (586 av. J. -C.) et mit le siège devant Tyr. La ville tint treize ans ; sans doute les Babyloniens ne purent la prendre--du moins la ville insulaire--car Palas-Tyr fut certainement ravagée (Eze 26:7,12).

L'armée de Nébucadnetsar avait été durement éprouvée par ce siège prolongé (Eze 29:18), mais Tyr avait souffert tout autant. « Ce rocher... qui avait vu décamper de la plaine voisine Salmanasar et Nabuchodonosor » (Renan), n'était pourtant pas mis à nu comme l'avaient espéré les prophètes (Eze 26:4,14,21). Ceux-ci n'avaient jamais eu de sympathie pour la ville orgueilleuse (Eze 28:2), qui vendait aussi bien de l'ivoire (Eze 27:6) que des esclaves (Am 1:9). Tyr, devenue une république, administrée par des suffètes, passa sous la tutelle perse. Cyrus autorisa les Tyriens à fournir des cèdres du Liban aux Juifs pour reconstruire leur Temple (Esd 3:7). Les Phéniciens, d'abord vassaux soumis--leur flotte fut aussi bien à la disposition de Cambyse contre l'Egypte (526) qu'à celle de Xerxès contre la Grèce--, se montrèrent de plus en plus récalcitrants.

En 302, Tyr s'était rendue au Grec Évagoras. En 362, elle dut suivre avec sympathie la révolte des satrapes. La répression d'Artaxerxès III, brûlant Sidon, l'épargna. La Phénicie, lasse de la domination perse, accueillit avec joie Alexandre le Grand. Tyr lui envoya des présents mais, seule, refusa de lui ouvrir ses portes. Alexandre mit alors le siège devant la ville rebelle et, pour l'atteindre, rattacha l'île au continent, en lançant contre elle une énorme chaussée. Les Tyriens résistèrent furieusement ; mais après sept mois d'une lutte acharnée--en plus de son armée, Alexandre avait réuni 224 bateaux--la ville fut prise d'assaut et sa population durement traitée (2.000 personnes furent crucifiées, 8.000 massacrées et 30.000 emmenées en esclavage). Ces chiffres sont certainement forcés. Ils attestent l'acharnement de la lutte et la rigueur des représailles.

La digue d'Alexandre a subsisté et aujourd'hui nul ne soupçonnerait que Tyr fut d'abord et pendant longtemps une île. Comme Sidon, Tyr appartint tantôt aux Ptolémées, tantôt aux Séleucides. Indépendante en 126 av. J. -C, puis soumise à Tigrane (83 à 69 av. J. -C), elle fut sous la puissance romaine qui lui laissa toutes ses franchises. Elle est quelquefois mentionnée dans le N. T (Mr 3:8, Mt 11:21). en compagnie de Sidon. Jésus parcourut son territoire (Mr 7:24, Mt 15:21). Lorsque saint Paul rentra de son 3 e voyage missionnaire, il aborda à Tyr où il demeura sept jours avec les chrétiens de l'endroit (Ac 21:3,6)

Une église fut construite sur le site du temple païen. Tyr était un centre florissant aussi bien pour le christianisme d'alors (Origène, le maître de l'école d'Alexandrie, y vint finir sa vie) que pour la philosophie païenne (Maxime, Porphyre). Les musulmans y entrèrent en 638, mais les croisés s'en emparèrent (1124) et repoussèrent l'assaut de Saladin (1187). Frédéric Barberousse y mourut, et la tradition place son tombeau dans l'église des croisés (aujourd'hui ruinée) qui avait succédé sans doute à la basilique du IV° siècle. En 1291, après avoir perdu Saint-Jean-d'Acre, les Francs quittèrent Tyr, que détruisirent les musulmans.

Aujourd'hui c'est une petite ville de 7.000 hab., sans importance, où les vestiges encore apparents des monuments antiques sont presque inexistants (fig. 287). La digue d'Alexandre ensablée, des débris de colonnes dans le port, un prétendu « tombeau de Hiram » dans la campagne environnante, le Tell Maachouq, qui fut peut-être au centre de Palae-Tyr, approvisionné en eau par les réservoirs de Ras el-Ain, c'est tout ce qui reste de Tyr. Les fouilles de Renan (1861) et celles qu'on y reprit en 1921/22 n'ont dégagé que des objets insignifiants en regard de la prospérité de cette ville assise « sur un trône digne des dieux » (Eze 28:2). Pour la Tyr ancienne, la prophétie se vérifie littéralement : « Quand on te cherchera, on ne te trouvera plus jamais » (Eze 26:21). A. P.

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      Josué 10

      29 Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, to Libnah, and fought against Libnah.

      Josué 19

      29 The border turned to Ramah, to the fortified city of Tyre; and the border turned to Hosah. It ended at the sea by the region of Achzib;

      Juges 1

      31 Asher didn't drive out the inhabitants of Acco, nor the inhabitants of Sidon, nor of Ahlab, nor of Achzib, nor of Helbah, nor of Aphik, nor of Rehob;

      2 Samuel 5

      11 Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, and carpenters, and masons; and they built David a house.

      2 Samuel 24

      7 and came to the stronghold of Tyre, and to all the cities of the Hivites, and of the Canaanites; and they went out to the south of Judah, at Beersheba.

      1 Chroniques 14

      1 Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, and masons, and carpenters, to build him a house.

      2 Chroniques 2

      1 Now Solomon purposed to build a house for the name of Yahweh, and a house for his kingdom.
      2 Solomon counted out seventy thousand men to bear burdens, and eighty thousand men who were stone cutters in the mountains, and three thousand and six hundred to oversee them.
      3 Solomon sent to Huram the king of Tyre, saying, "As you dealt with David my father, and sent him cedars to build him a house in which to dwell, so deal with me.
      4 Behold, I am about to build a house for the name of Yahweh my God, to dedicate it to him, and to burn before him incense of sweet spices, and for the continual show bread, and for the burnt offerings morning and evening, on the Sabbaths, and on the new moons, and on the set feasts of Yahweh our God. This is an ordinance forever to Israel.
      5 "The house which I build is great; for our God is great above all gods.
      6 But who is able to build him a house, since heaven and the heaven of heavens can't contain him? who am I then, that I should build him a house, except just to burn incense before him?
      7 "Now therefore send me a man skillful to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, and in iron, and in purple, and crimson, and blue, and who knows how to engrave engravings, to be with the skillful men who are with me in Judah and in Jerusalem, whom David my father provided.
      8 "Send me also cedar trees, fir trees, and algum trees, out of Lebanon; for I know that your servants know how to cut timber in Lebanon: and behold, my servants shall be with your servants,
      9 even to prepare me timber in abundance; for the house which I am about to build shall be great and wonderful.
      10 Behold, I will give to your servants, the cutters who cut timber, twenty thousand measures of beaten wheat, and twenty thousand measures of barley, and twenty thousand baths of wine, and twenty thousand baths of oil."
      11 Then Huram the king of Tyre answered in writing, which he sent to Solomon, "Because Yahweh loves his people, he has made you king over them."
      12 Huram continued, "Blessed be Yahweh, the God of Israel, that made heaven and earth, who has given to David the king a wise son, endowed with discretion and understanding, that should build a house for Yahweh, and a house for his kingdom.
      13 Now I have sent a skillful man, endowed with understanding, of Huram my father's,
      14 the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan; and his father was a man of Tyre, skillful to work in gold, and in silver, in brass, in iron, in stone, and in timber, in purple, in blue, and in fine linen, and in crimson, also to engrave any kind of engraving, and to devise any device; that there may be a place appointed to him with your skillful men, and with the skillful men of my lord David your father.
      15 "Now therefore the wheat and the barley, the oil and the wine, which my lord has spoken of, let him send to his servants:
      16 and we will cut wood out of Lebanon, as much as you shall need; and we will bring it to you in floats by sea to Joppa; and you shall carry it up to Jerusalem."
      17 Solomon numbered all the foreigners who were in the land of Israel, after the numbering with which David his father had numbered them; and they were found one hundred fifty-three thousand six hundred.
      18 He set seventy thousand of them to bear burdens, and eighty thousand who were stone cutters in the mountains, and three thousand six hundred overseers to set the people at work.

      Esdras 3

      7 They also gave money to the masons, and to the carpenters. They also gave food, drink, and oil to the people of Sidon and Tyre, to bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea, to Joppa, according to the grant that they had from Cyrus King of Persia.

      Psaumes 45

      12 The daughter of Tyre comes with a gift. The rich among the people entreat your favor.

      Psaumes 83

      7 Gebal, Ammon, and Amalek; Philistia with the inhabitants of Tyre;

      Psaumes 87

      4 I will record Rahab and Babylon among those who acknowledge me. Behold, Philistia, Tyre, and also Ethiopia: "This one was born there."

      Esaïe 23

      1 The burden of Tyre. Howl, you ships of Tarshish! For it is laid waste, so that there is no house, no entering in. From the land of Kittim it is revealed to them.
      2 Be still, you inhabitants of the coast, you whom the merchants of Sidon, that pass over the sea, have replenished.
      3 On great waters, the seed of the Shihor, the harvest of the Nile, was her revenue. She was the market of nations.
      4 Be ashamed, Sidon; for the sea has spoken, the stronghold of the sea, saying, "I have not travailed, nor brought forth, neither have I nourished young men, nor brought up virgins."
      5 When the report comes to Egypt, they will be in anguish at the report of Tyre.
      6 Pass over to Tarshish! Wail, you inhabitants of the coast!
      7 Is this your joyous city, whose antiquity is of ancient days, whose feet carried her far away to travel?
      8 Who has planned this against Tyre, the giver of crowns, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honorable of the earth?
      9 Yahweh of Armies has planned it, to stain the pride of all glory, to bring into contempt all the honorable of the earth.
      10 Pass through your land like the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no restraint any more.
      11 He has stretched out his hand over the sea. He has shaken the kingdoms. Yahweh has ordered the destruction of Canaan's strongholds.
      12 He said, "You shall rejoice no more, you oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon. Arise, pass over to Kittim. Even there you will have no rest."
      13 Behold, the land of the Chaldeans. This people was not. The Assyrians founded it for those who dwell in the wilderness. They set up their towers. They overthrew its palaces. They made it a ruin.
      14 Howl, you ships of Tarshish, for your stronghold is laid waste!
      15 It will come to pass in that day that Tyre will be forgotten seventy years, according to the days of one king. After the end of seventy years it will be to Tyre like in the song of the prostitute.
      16 Take a harp; go about the city, you prostitute that has been forgotten. Make sweet melody. Sing many songs, that you may be remembered.
      17 It will happen after the end of seventy years that Yahweh will visit Tyre, and she shall return to her wages, and will play the prostitute with all the kingdoms of the world on the surface of the earth.
      18 Her merchandise and her wages will be holiness to Yahweh. It will not be treasured nor laid up; for her merchandise will be for those who dwell before Yahweh, to eat sufficiently, and for durable clothing.

      Jérémie 25

      22 and all the kings of Tyre, and all the kings of Sidon, and the kings of the isle which is beyond the sea;

      Jérémie 27

      3 and send them to the king of Edom, and to the king of Moab, and to the king of the children of Ammon, and to the king of Tyre, and to the king of Sidon, by the hand of the messengers who come to Jerusalem to Zedekiah king of Judah;

      Jérémie 47

      4 because of the day that comes to destroy all the Philistines, to cut off from Tyre and Sidon every helper who remains: for Yahweh will destroy the Philistines, the remnant of the isle of Caphtor.

      Ezéchiel 26

      2 Son of man, because Tyre has said against Jerusalem, Aha, she is broken: the gate of the peoples; she is turned to me; I shall be replenished, now that she is laid waste:
      3 therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh, Behold, I am against you, Tyre, and will cause many nations to come up against you, as the sea causes its waves to come up.
      4 They shall destroy the walls of Tyre, and break down her towers: I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her a bare rock.
      7 For thus says the Lord Yahweh: Behold, I will bring on Tyre Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, king of kings, from the north, with horses, and with chariots, and with horsemen, and a company, and many people.
      12 They shall make a spoil of your riches, and make a prey of your merchandise; and they shall break down your walls, and destroy your pleasant houses; and they shall lay your stones and your timber and your dust in the midst of the waters.
      14 I will make you a bare rock; you shall be a place for the spreading of nets; you shall be built no more: for I Yahweh have spoken it, says the Lord Yahweh.
      15 Thus says the Lord Yahweh to Tyre: shall not the islands shake at the sound of your fall, when the wounded groan, when the slaughter is made in the midst of you?
      21 I will make you a terror, and you shall no more have any being; though you are sought for, yet you will never be found again, says the Lord Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 27

      1 The word of Yahweh came again to me, saying,
      2 You, son of man, take up a lamentation over Tyre;
      3 and tell Tyre, you who dwell at the entry of the sea, who are the merchant of the peoples to many islands, thus says the Lord Yahweh: You, Tyre, have said, I am perfect in beauty.
      4 Your borders are in the heart of the seas; your builders have perfected your beauty.
      5 They have made all your planks of fir trees from Senir; they have taken a cedar from Lebanon to make a mast for you.
      6 Of the oaks of Bashan have they made your oars; they have made your benches of ivory inlaid in boxwood, from the islands of Kittim.
      7 Of fine linen with embroidered work from Egypt was your sail, that it might be to you for a banner; blue and purple from the islands of Elishah was your awning.
      8 The inhabitants of Sidon and Arvad were your rowers: your wise men, Tyre, were in you, they were your pilots.
      9 The old men of Gebal and the wise men of it were in you your repairers of ship seams: all the ships of the sea with their mariners were in you to deal in your merchandise.
      10 Persia and Lud and Put were in your army, your men of war: they hanged the shield and helmet in you; they set forth your comeliness.
      11 The men of Arvad with your army were on your walls all around, and valorous men were in your towers; they hanged their shields on your walls all around; they have perfected your beauty.
      12 Tarshish was your merchant by reason of the multitude of all kinds of riches; with silver, iron, tin, and lead, they traded for your wares.
      13 Javan, Tubal, and Meshech, they were your traffickers; they traded the persons of men and vessels of brass for your merchandise.
      14 They of the house of Togarmah traded for your wares with horses and war horses and mules.
      15 The men of Dedan were your traffickers; many islands were the market of your hand: they brought you in exchange horns of ivory and ebony.
      16 Syria was your merchant by reason of the multitude of your handiworks: they traded for your wares with emeralds, purple, and embroidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and rubies.
      17 Judah, and the land of Israel, they were your traffickers: they traded for your merchandise wheat of Minnith, and confections, and honey, and oil, and balm.
      18 Damascus was your merchant for the multitude of your handiworks, by reason of the multitude of all kinds of riches, with the wine of Helbon, and white wool.
      19 Vedan and Javan traded with yarn for your wares: bright iron, cassia, and calamus, were among your merchandise.
      20 Dedan was your trafficker in precious cloths for riding.
      21 Arabia, and all the princes of Kedar, they were the merchants of your hand; in lambs, and rams, and goats, in these were they your merchants.
      22 The traffickers of Sheba and Raamah, they were your traffickers; they traded for your wares with the chief of all spices, and with all precious stones, and gold.
      23 Haran and Canneh and Eden, the traffickers of Sheba, Asshur [and] Chilmad, were your traffickers.
      24 These were your traffickers in choice wares, in wrappings of blue and embroidered work, and in chests of rich clothing, bound with cords and made of cedar, among your merchandise.
      25 The ships of Tarshish were your caravans for your merchandise: and you were replenished, and made very glorious in the heart of the seas.
      26 Your rowers have brought you into great waters: the east wind has broken you in the heart of the seas.
      27 Your riches, and your wares, your merchandise, your mariners, and your pilots, your repairers of ship seams, and the dealers in your merchandise, and all your men of war, who are in you, with all your company which is in the midst of you, shall fall into the heart of the seas in the day of your ruin.
      28 At the sound of the cry of your pilots the suburbs shall shake.
      29 All who handled the oar, the mariners, [and] all the pilots of the sea, shall come down from their ships; they shall stand on the land,
      30 and shall cause their voice to be heard over you, and shall cry bitterly, and shall cast up dust on their heads, they shall wallow themselves in the ashes:
      31 and they shall make themselves bald for you, and clothe them with sackcloth, and they shall weep for you in bitterness of soul with bitter mourning.
      32 In their wailing they shall take up a lamentation for you, and lament over you, [saying], Who is there like Tyre, like her who is brought to silence in the midst of the sea?
      33 When your wares went forth out of the seas, you filled many peoples; you enriched the kings of the earth with the multitude of your riches and of your merchandise.
      34 In the time that you were broken by the seas in the depths of the waters, your merchandise and all your company fell in your midst.
      35 All the inhabitants of the islands are astonished at you, and their kings are horribly afraid; they are troubled in their face.
      36 The merchants among the peoples hiss at you; you are become a terror, and you shall nevermore have any being.

      Ezéchiel 28

      1 The word of Yahweh came again to me, saying,
      2 Son of man, tell the prince of Tyre, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Because your heart is lifted up, and you have said, I am a god, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet you are man, and not God, though you set your heart as the heart of God--
      3 behold, you are wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that is hidden from you;
      4 by your wisdom and by your understanding you have gotten yourself riches, and have gotten gold and silver into your treasures;
      5 by your great wisdom [and] by your traffic you have increased your riches, and your heart is lifted up because of your riches--
      6 therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Because you have set your heart as the heart of God,
      7 therefore, behold, I will bring strangers on you, the terrible of the nations; and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom, and they shall defile your brightness.
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