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UNIVERSALISME

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Les historiens des religions ont parfois classé les religions en religions naturelles, nationales et universelles. Ces dernières seraient le bouddhisme, le christianisme et l'islam. Mais, par ses côtés particularistes et nomistiques, l'islam est-il vraiment une religion universelle ? Et le bouddhisme, en dehors de l'idolâtrie qui s'est développée sous son couvert, est-il vraiment une religion ? En réalité, il n'y a de religion universelle que là où le Dieu répond, par son unité et sa sainteté, aux besoins de toutes les époques et de toutes les consciences. D'où il appert que la seule religion qui ait les caractères de l'universalité est celle qui s'est exprimée dans l'universalisme des prophètes hébreux, prédicateurs du Dieu unique et saint, et qui s'est incarnée dans la personne et l'oeuvre de Jésus-Christ.

En principe, l'universalisme religieux date de Moïse, puisque la révélation à Moïse introduisit dans l'humanité la notion de Jéhovah. Mais la religion du Dieu unique et saint, avant de porter ses fruits, doit d'abord plonger ses racines dans un peuple. Voilà la raison de la vocation d'Israël et du caractère essentiellement national de son culte. Ce caractère, tout pédagogique, était destiné à s'effacer, à disparaître. Hélas ! l'orgueil de l'homme et son ambition l'attachent si fort au nationalisme religieux que lorsqu'il pense avoir un Dieu plus puissant que les autres, il ne songe qu'à le confisquer pour lui et à en tirer parti au détriment de ses voisins. C'est ainsi que les Israélites, tout fiers d'avoir le Dieu unique pour Dieu national, servaient Jéhovah comme les autres nations servaient leurs Elohim (voir Yahvé) et s'imaginaient que Jéhovah ne s'occupait qu'à assurer leur prospérité, multiplier leurs victoires, assouvir leurs vengeances.

Les grands prophètes, universalistes fervents, s'opposèrent constamment à ce particularisme stérile. Déjà Elie donnait à entendre que Jéhovah sacrifierait son peuple plutôt qu'un seul principe de sa justice (1Ro 19,21,2Ro 1). Israël a été élu pour donner l'exemple aux autres nations, pour être leur lumière et pour tracer la route qui amènera tous les peuples à l'adoration du seul Dieu, Jéhovah, créateur de tous (Esa 19:18 et suivant, Mic 4:1 et suivants, Esa 42:6 49:6 51:4, etc.). C'est qu'en réalité les autres dieux ne sont pas seulement des dieux inférieurs, ce sont des fantômes, ils n'existent pas (De 4:28, Jer 10:1,16, Esa 41:21 44:9 46:5 et suivants). Malachie va même jusqu'à dire que les offrandes faites par les païens à leurs Elohim vont en réalité à Jéhovah ! (Mal 1:10 cf. A. Westphal, Vérités vitales, 1919, p. 49 ; Ad. Lods, Les prophètes d'Israël, 1935, pp. 313, 314 et 364). La largeur universaliste ne pouvait aller au delà. Voir Prophète, V et VI

Mais quand les prophètes se sont tus, l'universalisme qu'ils avaient prêché a disparu avec eux (voir pourtant Jonas). Le judaïsme sacerdotal ne voit plus dans son monothéisme strict qu'une occasion de se glorifier et de mépriser les autres peuples, qu'il traite d'inférieurs, de vassaux, de créatures sans âme qui ne pourront échapper à la condamnation éternelle qu'en s'agrégeant au judaïsme (cf. Midrasch Chemoth rabba, 18 ; Midrasch Vayîqra, et Pseudo-Esdras 4:56, etc.). Le préjugé particulariste de l'ancienne alliance était fort, au point qu'il franchit la barrière de la nouvelle alliance, si bien que les premiers judéo-chrétiens, et même les apôtres, crurent au début que les païens, pour avoir part au salut, devaient se faire circoncire, c'est-à-dire se faire Juifs, pour pouvoir devenir disciples de Jésus-Christ (cf. Ac 10, Ac 11 et Ac 15).

Pour avoir brisé définitivement le moule particulariste, saint Paul est devenu, par excellence, l'interprète de la pensée de son Maître, le missionnaire et le théologien du christianisme (voir Paul, l'apôtre).

L'universalisme a :

-pour fondement l'oeuvre de Jésus-Christ :

Quand j'aurai été élevé de la terre, j'attirerai tous les hommes à moi (Jn 12:32) ;

-pour règle, l'ordre du Christ :

Allez et instruisez toutes les nations.. (Mt 28:19) ;

-pour expression ecclésiastique, les déclarations de saint Paul :

La circoncision n'est rien, l'incirconcision n'est rien ; ce qui importe..., c'est d'être une nouvelle créature... Il n'y a plus ici ni Juif ni Grec, ni esclave ni libre.., vous êtes tous un en Jésus-Christ (1Cor 7:19, Ga 6:15 3:28). ALEX W.

Pour la valeur eschatologique du terme universalisme (théorie d'après laquelle tous les hommes seront finalement sauvés), voir Eschatologie, III, 6.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Esaïe 19

      18 In that day, there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak the language of Canaan, and swear to Yahweh of Armies. One will be called "The city of destruction."

      Esaïe 41

      21 Produce your cause," says Yahweh. "Bring forth your strong reasons," says the King of Jacob.

      Esaïe 42

      6 "I, Yahweh, have called you in righteousness, and will hold your hand, and will keep you, and make you a covenant for the people, as a light for the nations;

      Esaïe 44

      9 Everyone who makes an engraved image is vain. The things that they delight in will not profit. Their own witnesses don't see, nor know, that they may be disappointed.

      Esaïe 46

      5 "To whom will you liken me, and make me equal, and compare me, that we may be like?

      Esaïe 49

      6 yes, he says, "It is too light a thing that you should be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel: I will also give you for a light to the nations, that you may be my salvation to the end of the earth."

      Esaïe 51

      4 "Attend to me, my people; and give ear to me, my nation: for a law shall go forth from me, and I will establish my justice for a light of the peoples.

      Jérémie 10

      1 Hear the word which Yahweh speaks to you, house of Israel!
      16 The portion of Jacob is not like these; for he is the former of all things; and Israel is the tribe of his inheritance: Yahweh of Armies is his name.

      Michée 4

      1 But in the latter days, it will happen that the mountain of Yahweh's temple will be established on the top of the mountains, and it will be exalted above the hills; and peoples will stream to it.

      Malachie 1

      10 "Oh that there were one among you who would shut the doors, that you might not kindle fire on my altar in vain! I have no pleasure in you," says Yahweh of Armies, "neither will I accept an offering at your hand.

      Matthieu 28

      19 Go, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit,

      Jean 12

      32 And I, if I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself."

      Actes 10

      1 Now there was a certain man in Caesarea, Cornelius by name, a centurion of what was called the Italian Regiment,
      2 a devout man, and one who feared God with all his house, who gave gifts for the needy generously to the people, and always prayed to God.
      3 At about the ninth hour of the day , he clearly saw in a vision an angel of God coming to him, and saying to him, "Cornelius!"
      4 He, fastening his eyes on him, and being frightened, said, "What is it, Lord?" He said to him, "Your prayers and your gifts to the needy have gone up for a memorial before God.
      5 Now send men to Joppa, and get Simon, who is surnamed Peter.
      6 He lodges with one Simon, a tanner, whose house is by the seaside. "
      7 When the angel who spoke to him had departed, Cornelius called two of his household servants and a devout soldier of those who waited on him continually.
      8 Having explained everything to them, he sent them to Joppa.
      9 Now on the next day as they were on their journey, and got close to the city, Peter went up on the housetop to pray at about noon.
      10 He became hungry and desired to eat, but while they were preparing, he fell into a trance.
      11 He saw heaven opened and a certain container descending to him, like a great sheet let down by four corners on the earth,
      12 in which were all kinds of four-footed animals of the earth, wild animals, reptiles, and birds of the sky.
      13 A voice came to him, "Rise, Peter, kill and eat!"
      14 But Peter said, "Not so, Lord; for I have never eaten anything that is common or unclean."
      15 A voice came to him again the second time, "What God has cleansed, you must not call unclean."
      16 This was done three times, and immediately the vessel was received up into heaven.
      17 Now while Peter was very perplexed in himself what the vision which he had seen might mean, behold, the men who were sent by Cornelius, having made inquiry for Simon's house, stood before the gate,
      18 and called and asked whether Simon, who was surnamed Peter, was lodging there.
      19 While Peter was pondering the vision, the Spirit said to him, "Behold, three men seek you.
      20 But arise, get down, and go with them, doubting nothing; for I have sent them."
      21 Peter went down to the men, and said, "Behold, I am he whom you seek. Why have you come?"
      22 They said, "Cornelius, a centurion, a righteous man and one who fears God, and well spoken of by all the nation of the Jews, was directed by a holy angel to invite you to his house, and to listen to what you say."
      23 So he called them in and lodged them. On the next day Peter arose and went out with them, and some of the brothers from Joppa accompanied him.
      24 On the next day they entered into Caesarea. Cornelius was waiting for them, having called together his relatives and his near friends.
      25 When it happened that Peter entered, Cornelius met him, fell down at his feet, and worshiped him.
      26 But Peter raised him up, saying, "Stand up! I myself am also a man."
      27 As he talked with him, he went in and found many gathered together.
      28 He said to them, "You yourselves know how it is an unlawful thing for a man who is a Jew to join himself or come to one of another nation, but God has shown me that I shouldn't call any man unholy or unclean.
      29 Therefore also I came without complaint when I was sent for. I ask therefore, why did you send for me?"
      30 Cornelius said, "Four days ago, I was fasting until this hour, and at the ninth hour, I prayed in my house, and behold, a man stood before me in bright clothing,
      31 and said, 'Cornelius, your prayer is heard, and your gifts to the needy are remembered in the sight of God.
      32 Send therefore to Joppa, and summon Simon, who is surnamed Peter. He lodges in the house of Simon a tanner, by the seaside. When he comes, he will speak to you.'
      33 Therefore I sent to you at once, and it was good of you to come. Now therefore we are all here present in the sight of God to hear all things that have been commanded you by God."
      34 Peter opened his mouth and said, "Truly I perceive that God doesn't show favoritism;
      35 but in every nation he who fears him and works righteousness is acceptable to him.
      36 The word which he sent to the children of Israel, preaching good news of peace by Jesus Christ--he is Lord of all--
      37 you yourselves know what happened, which was proclaimed throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached;
      38 even Jesus of Nazareth, how God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power, who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with him.
      39 We are witnesses of everything he did both in the country of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they also killed, hanging him on a tree.
      40 God raised him up the third day, and gave him to be revealed,
      41 not to all the people, but to witnesses who were chosen before by God, to us, who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead.
      42 He commanded us to preach to the people and to testify that this is he who is appointed by God as the Judge of the living and the dead.
      43 All the prophets testify about him, that through his name everyone who believes in him will receive remission of sins."
      44 While Peter was still speaking these words, the Holy Spirit fell on all those who heard the word.
      45 They of the circumcision who believed were amazed, as many as came with Peter, because the gift of the Holy Spirit was also poured out on the Gentiles.
      46 For they heard them speaking in other languages and magnifying God. Then Peter answered,
      47 "Can any man forbid the water, that these who have received the Holy Spirit as well as we should not be baptized?"
      48 He commanded them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they asked him to stay some days.

      Actes 11

      1 Now the apostles and the brothers who were in Judea heard that the Gentiles had also received the word of God.
      2 When Peter had come up to Jerusalem, those who were of the circumcision contended with him,
      3 saying, "You went in to uncircumcised men, and ate with them!"
      4 But Peter began, and explained to them in order, saying,
      5 "I was in the city of Joppa praying, and in a trance I saw a vision: a certain container descending, like it was a great sheet let down from heaven by four corners. It came as far as me.
      6 When I had looked intently at it, I considered, and saw the four-footed animals of the earth, wild animals, creeping things, and birds of the sky.
      7 I also heard a voice saying to me, 'Rise, Peter, kill and eat!'
      8 But I said, 'Not so, Lord, for nothing unholy or unclean has ever entered into my mouth.'
      9 But a voice answered me the second time out of heaven, 'What God has cleansed, don't you call unclean.'
      10 This was done three times, and all were drawn up again into heaven.
      11 Behold, immediately three men stood before the house where I was, having been sent from Caesarea to me.
      12 The Spirit told me to go with them, without discriminating. These six brothers also accompanied me, and we entered into the man's house.
      13 He told us how he had seen the angel standing in his house, and saying to him, 'Send to Joppa, and get Simon, whose surname is Peter,
      14 who will speak to you words by which you will be saved, you and all your house.'
      15 As I began to speak, the Holy Spirit fell on them, even as on us at the beginning.
      16 I remembered the word of the Lord, how he said, 'John indeed baptized in water, but you will be baptized in the Holy Spirit.'
      17 If then God gave to them the same gift as us, when we believed in the Lord Jesus Christ, who was I, that I could withstand God?"
      18 When they heard these things, they held their peace, and glorified God, saying, "Then God has also granted to the Gentiles repentance to life!"
      19 They therefore who were scattered abroad by the oppression that arose about Stephen traveled as far as Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Antioch, speaking the word to no one except to Jews only.
      20 But there were some of them, men of Cyprus and Cyrene, who, when they had come to Antioch, spoke to the Hellenists, preaching the Lord Jesus.
      21 The hand of the Lord was with them, and a great number believed and turned to the Lord.
      22 The report concerning them came to the ears of the assembly which was in Jerusalem. They sent out Barnabas to go as far as Antioch,
      23 who, when he had come, and had seen the grace of God, was glad. He exhorted them all, that with purpose of heart they should remain near to the Lord.
      24 For he was a good man, and full of the Holy Spirit and of faith, and many people were added to the Lord.
      25 Barnabas went out to Tarsus to look for Saul.
      26 When he had found him, he brought him to Antioch. It happened, that for a whole year they were gathered together with the assembly, and taught many people. The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch.
      27 Now in these days, prophets came down from Jerusalem to Antioch.
      28 One of them named Agabus stood up, and indicated by the Spirit that there should be a great famine all over the world, which also happened in the days of Claudius.
      29 As any of the disciples had plenty, each determined to send relief to the brothers who lived in Judea;
      30 which they also did, sending it to the elders by the hands of Barnabas and Saul.

      Actes 15

      1 Some men came down from Judea and taught the brothers, "Unless you are circumcised after the custom of Moses, you can't be saved."
      2 Therefore when Paul and Barnabas had no small discord and discussion with them, they appointed Paul and Barnabas, and some others of them, to go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and elders about this question.
      3 They, being sent on their way by the assembly, passed through both Phoenicia and Samaria, declaring the conversion of the Gentiles. They caused great joy to all the brothers.
      4 When they had come to Jerusalem, they were received by the assembly and the apostles and the elders, and they reported all things that God had done with them.
      5 But some of the sect of the Pharisees who believed rose up, saying, "It is necessary to circumcise them, and to command them to keep the law of Moses."
      6 The apostles and the elders were gathered together to see about this matter.
      7 When there had been much discussion, Peter rose up and said to them, "Brothers, you know that a good while ago God made a choice among you, that by my mouth the nations should hear the word of the Good News, and believe.
      8 God, who knows the heart, testified about them, giving them the Holy Spirit, just like he did to us.
      9 He made no distinction between us and them, cleansing their hearts by faith.
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