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Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

UR ou OUR

Our Kasdim (=Our des Caldéens) est célèbre dans l'histoire des patriarches, comme ayant été le point de départ de la migration de Térach (voir ce mot) ou Tharé (Ge 11:28-31 15:7). Tradition solide, puisqu'elle reparaît chez Néhémie (Ne 9:7) et qu'elle dure encore à l'époque du N. T (Ac 7:2,4).

Où chercher Our des Caldéens ? Certains savants ont voulu la localiser en Haute-Mésopotamie sous prétexte qu'une tradition très nette aussi en Israël plaçait la patrie des pères aux environs de « la ville de Nacor », vraisemblablement Caran, (voir ce mot). Et l'on s'appuie de même avec insistance sur le texte du De : (De 26:5) « Mon père était un Araméen nomade », pour étayer la même localisation dans cette Syrie du Nord, pays de Aram-Naharaïm.

C'est aller pourtant à l'encontre des données bibliques et des documents extrêmement abondants fournis par les fouilles de Mésopotamie. Si les textes bibliques mentionnés plus haut donnent, comme lieu d'origine du clan de Térach, « Our des Caldéens », c'est qu'ils conservent une tradition onomastique (c-à-d, sur un nom propre) dont il faut tenir compte. A l'époque où ils furent rédigés (que ce soit J ou P), on savait parfaitement comment désigner géographiquement une ville ou une contrée de Mésopotamie. Dès le IX°s., les textes cunéiformes distinguent nettement, en effet, le pays d' Aramou (Araméens de Haute-Mésopotamie) du pays de Kaldou ou de Kaldi (les Caldéens qui habitent dans la région « de la mer du lever du soleil » =golfe Persique).

Dès lors qu'on avait gardé le souvenir d'un Our Kasdim, il le fallait chercher en Basse-Mésopotamie et, sans aucune hésitation, on doit l'identifier avec la ville sumérienne d'Ur (aujourd'hui el-Moughair), en cours d'exploration. Voir Sumer.

On comprend alors plus facilement pourquoi un clan, ayant quitté Ur, viendra se fixer à Caran (Ge 11:31), puisqu'on sait maintenant par les résultats des fouilles que Caran était, littéralement parlant, une véritable « filiale » d'Ur, avec le même dieu (Nannar-Sin =dieu lune), la même déesse (Nin-gal), un temple identique pour cette dernière et dénommé à Ur et à Caran bît-gipân (=maison de campagne). Il est bien difficile de ne pas admettre que ce culte strictement similaire n'ait pas été établi à Caran par un groupe sorti d'Ur.

En tout cas, Caran, centre religieux, était un relais d'étape sur la grande voie qui réunissait « la mer Inférieure » (golfe Persique) à « la mer Supérieure » (Méditerranée) et, quand Térach quitta Ur avec Abraham et Lot, il arriva tout naturellement à Caran. Caldéens et Araméens étaient d'ailleurs très proches les uns des autres tant par la race que par le mode de vie. Semi-nomades, ils associèrent leurs efforts pour résister aux Assyriens, et parfois les textes assyriens de haute époque les englobent dans le terme d'Ahlamou (=les compagnons).

On ne s'étonnera nullement que de cette parenté ethnique et géographique il soit resté quelque souvenir aussi dans un texte biblique (Ge 22:20) où Nacor frère d'Abraham a pour fils, entre autres, Kémuel père d'Aram (Araméens) et Késed (évidemment l'épo-nyme des Caldéens : Kasdim). Originaire d'Ur des Caldéens (=el-Moughair) le clan de Térach quitta la grande ville sumérienne, remonta l'Euphrate et le Balih jusques à Caran, où il habita. Si Abraham et Lot arrivèrent finalement au pays de Canaan, le reste du clan (Nacor) resta en Haute-Mésopotamie et y fit souche. Le pays d'Aram devenait ainsi, par la force des choses, le berceau familial du clan patriarcal. Ur était trop loin, et Laban s'appellera désormais l'Araméen (Ge 28:5).

El-Moughaïr fut visité en 1850 par l'Anglais Loftus, mais la première fouille ne commença qu'en 1854, sous la direction de Taylor, consul à Bassora, qui eut la chance de découvrir des cylindres du roi babylonien Nabonide (VI e siècle av. J. -C.) permettant l'identification du site avec la ville sumérienne d'Ur.

Les recherches vraiment systématiques ne commencèrent qu'après les sondages de Hall (1919), en 1922, et depuis elles se sont poursuivies sans interruption et avec le plus grand succès. M. CL. Woolley, qui en a la responsabilité, explore la ville avec une méthode que les trouvailles sensationnelles des tombeaux royaux (3500-3200 av. J. -C.) ont consacrée définitivement.

Mais outre les merveilles sorties de ces tombes, la cité est d'année en année un peu plus dégagée, avec ses palais, ses temples, sa tour à étages (ziggourat), ses remparts, avec toute une civilisation dont on suit le développement dès avant le Déluge jusqu'aux jours d'Alexandre le Grand. L'apogée semble bien avoir été au temps de la m° dynastie (2300-2180 av. J. -C.) qui succomba sous les coups des Élamites et après laquelle la ville connut les jours troublés des guerres contre Isin, Larsa et enfin Babylone.

Ce serait à cette époque que l'on placerait l'exode de Térach, qui s'enfuit pour échapper aux terribles représailles de Sinmouballit, roi de Babylone et prédécesseur de Hammourabi. En restituant quasi intacts des quartiers complets de la ville « du temps d'Abraham », les fouilles d'Ur fournissent une documentation parfaite pour comprendre le cadre de la vie patriarcale. En 1928 et 1930, M. Woolley a signalé, en outre, des couches de sédiments (diluvium) qu'il rapproche sans hésiter du grand cataclysme dont la Genèse nous a conservé l'écho dans les récits du Déluge (Ge 6-8). Des dépôts semblables ont été retrouvés sur un autre chantier, près de Babylone, à Kish (el-Oheïmir). A. P.

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    • Genèse 6

      1 It happened, when men began to multiply on the surface of the ground, and daughters were born to them,
      2 that God's sons saw that men's daughters were beautiful, and they took for themselves wives of all that they chose.
      3 Yahweh said, "My Spirit will not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; yet will his days be one hundred twenty years."
      4 The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when God's sons came in to men's daughters. They bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown.
      5 Yahweh saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
      6 Yahweh was sorry that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him in his heart.
      7 Yahweh said, "I will destroy man whom I have created from the surface of the ground; man, along with animals, creeping things, and birds of the sky; for I am sorry that I have made them."
      8 But Noah found favor in Yahweh's eyes.
      9 This is the history of the generations of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless among the people of his time. Noah walked with God.
      10 Noah became the father of three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
      11 The earth was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence.
      12 God saw the earth, and saw that it was corrupt, for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth.
      13 God said to Noah, "The end of all flesh has come before me, for the earth is filled with violence through them. Behold, I will destroy them with the earth.
      14 Make a ship of gopher wood. You shall make rooms in the ship, and shall seal it inside and outside with pitch.
      15 This is how you shall make it. The length of the ship will be three hundred cubits, its breadth fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits.
      16 You shall make a roof in the ship, and you shall finish it to a cubit upward. You shall set the door of the ship in its side. You shall make it with lower, second, and third levels.
      17 I, even I, do bring the flood of waters on this earth, to destroy all flesh having the breath of life from under the sky. Everything that is in the earth will die.
      18 But I will establish my covenant with you. You shall come into the ship, you, your sons, your wife, and your sons' wives with you.
      19 Of every living thing of all flesh, you shall bring two of every sort into the ship, to keep them alive with you. They shall be male and female.
      20 Of the birds after their kind, of the livestock after their kind, of every creeping thing of the ground after its kind, two of every sort shall come to you, to keep them alive.
      21 Take with you of all food that is eaten, and gather it to yourself; and it will be for food for you, and for them."
      22 Thus Noah did. According to all that God commanded him, so he did.

      Genèse 7

      1 Yahweh said to Noah, "Come with all of your household into the ship, for I have seen your righteousness before me in this generation.
      2 You shall take seven pairs of every clean animal with you, the male and his female. Of the animals that are not clean, take two, the male and his female.
      3 Also of the birds of the sky, seven and seven, male and female, to keep seed alive on the surface of all the earth.
      4 In seven days, I will cause it to rain on the earth for forty days and forty nights. Every living thing that I have made, I will destroy from the surface of the ground."
      5 Noah did everything that Yahweh commanded him.
      6 Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters came on the earth.
      7 Noah went into the ship with his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives, because of the waters of the flood.
      8 Clean animals, animals that are not clean, birds, and everything that creeps on the ground
      9 went by pairs to Noah into the ship, male and female, as God commanded Noah.
      10 It happened after the seven days, that the waters of the flood came on the earth.
      11 In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on the same day all the fountains of the great deep were burst open, and the sky's windows were opened.
      12 The rain was on the earth forty days and forty nights.
      13 In the same day Noah, and Shem, Ham, and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, entered into the ship;
      14 they, and every animal after its kind, all the livestock after their kind, every creeping thing that creeps on the earth after its kind, and every bird after its kind, every bird of every sort.
      15 They went to Noah into the ship, by pairs of all flesh with the breath of life in them.
      16 Those who went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God commanded him; and Yahweh shut him in.
      17 The flood was forty days on the earth. The waters increased, and lifted up the ship, and it was lifted up above the earth.
      18 The waters prevailed, and increased greatly on the earth; and the ship floated on the surface of the waters.
      19 The waters prevailed exceedingly on the earth. All the high mountains that were under the whole sky were covered.
      20 The waters prevailed fifteen cubits upward, and the mountains were covered.
      21 All flesh died that moved on the earth, including birds, livestock, animals, every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, and every man.
      22 All in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, of all that was on the dry land, died.
      23 Every living thing was destroyed that was on the surface of the ground, including man, livestock, creeping things, and birds of the sky. They were destroyed from the earth. Only Noah was left, and those who were with him in the ship.
      24 The waters prevailed on the earth one hundred fifty days.

      Genèse 8

      1 God remembered Noah, all the animals, and all the livestock that were with him in the ship; and God made a wind to pass over the earth. The waters subsided.
      2 The deep's fountains and the sky's windows were also stopped, and the rain from the sky was restrained.
      3 The waters receded from the earth continually. After the end of one hundred fifty days the waters decreased.
      4 The ship rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on Ararat's mountains.
      5 The waters receded continually until the tenth month. In the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the tops of the mountains were seen.
      6 It happened at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ship which he had made,
      7 and he sent out a raven. It went back and forth, until the waters were dried up from the earth.
      8 He sent out a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from the surface of the ground,
      9 but the dove found no place to rest her foot, and she returned to him into the ship; for the waters were on the surface of the whole earth. He put out his hand, and took her, and brought her to him into the ship.
      10 He stayed yet another seven days; and again he sent the dove out of the ship.
      11 The dove came back to him at evening, and, behold, in her mouth was an olive leaf plucked off. So Noah knew that the waters were abated from the earth.
      12 He stayed yet another seven days, and sent out the dove; and she didn't return to him any more.
      13 It happened in the six hundred first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from the earth. Noah removed the covering of the ship, and looked. He saw that the surface of the ground was dried.
      14 In the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth was dry.
      15 God spoke to Noah, saying,
      16 "Go out of the ship, you, and your wife, and your sons, and your sons' wives with you.
      17 Bring out with you every living thing that is with you of all flesh, including birds, livestock, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply on the earth."
      18 Noah went out, with his sons, his wife, and his sons' wives with him.
      19 Every animal, every creeping thing, and every bird, whatever moves on the earth, after their families, went out of the ship.
      20 Noah built an altar to Yahweh, and took of every clean animal, and of every clean bird, and offered burnt offerings on the altar.
      21 Yahweh smelled the pleasant aroma. Yahweh said in his heart, "I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake, because the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I ever again strike everything living, as I have done.
      22 While the earth remains, seed time and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease."

      Genèse 11

      28 Haran died before his father Terah in the land of his birth, in Ur of the Chaldees.
      29 Abram and Nahor took wives. The name of Abram's wife was Sarai, and the name of Nahor's wife, Milcah, the daughter of Haran who was also the father of Iscah.
      30 Sarai was barren. She had no child.
      31 Terah took Abram his son, Lot the son of Haran, his son's son, and Sarai his daughter-in-law, his son Abram's wife. They went from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into the land of Canaan. They came to Haran and lived there.

      Genèse 15

      7 He said to him, "I am Yahweh who brought you out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give you this land to inherit it."

      Genèse 22

      20 It happened after these things, that it was told Abraham, saying, "Behold, Milcah, she also has borne children to your brother Nahor:

      Genèse 28

      5 Isaac sent Jacob away. He went to Paddan Aram to Laban, son of Bethuel the Syrian, Rebekah's brother, Jacob's and Esau's mother.

      Néhémie 9

      7 You are Yahweh, the God who chose Abram, and brought him out of Ur of the Chaldees, and gave him the name of Abraham,

      Actes 7

      2 He said, "Brothers and fathers, listen. The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham, when he was in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Haran,
      4 Then he came out of the land of the Chaldaeans, and lived in Haran. From there, when his father was dead, God moved him into this land, where you are now living.
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