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VAILLANCE

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Pour l'idée générale exprimée par ce mot, voir Courage.

La vertu militaire, qu'il désigne le plus souvent, est indiquée dans l'A. T, par divers termes de deux racines ayant pour sens primitif celui de force, et qui se trouvent plus d'une fois réunis l'un à l'autre, ou rapprochés dans le parallélisme par synonymes.

Le gibbor est le héros, le vaillant guerrier, (Jug 5:23 6:12, Eccl, 9:11 etc.) et la garde royale de David n'était composée que de tels gibborim (2Sa 23 parallèle 1Ch 11). On peut les appeler aussi bien « hommes de khaïl », c'est-à-dire de vaillance (Jug 3:29 20:44,46,2Sa 11:16, Ps 76:6, etc.), une « élite » (Jer 48:15, cf. 1Ma 4:1 10:19).

Esaie emploie les deux expressions avec une ironie mordante : « Malheur à ceux qui sont héros... pour boire le vin, et vaillants guerriers... pour mélanger les boissons ! » (Esa 5:22, cf. Sir 31:25). Le khaïl est aussi la valeur, la capacité, la richesse, la puissance, et dans ce dernier sens est appliqué à Dieu lui-même.

La « femme de khaïl » (Pr 31:10) est la femme vertueuse, ou la femme vaillante (voir Vertu, I).

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Juges 3

      29 They struck of Moab at that time about ten thousand men, every lusty man, and every man of valor; and there escaped not a man.

      Juges 5

      23 'Curse Meroz,' said the angel of Yahweh. 'Curse bitterly its inhabitants, because they didn't come to help Yahweh, to help Yahweh against the mighty.'

      Juges 6

      12 The angel of Yahweh appeared to him, and said to him, "Yahweh is with you, you mighty man of valor!"

      Juges 20

      44 There fell of Benjamin eighteen thousand men; all these were men of valor.
      46 So that all who fell that day of Benjamin were twenty-five thousand men who drew the sword; all these were men of valor.

      2 Samuel 11

      16 It happened, when Joab kept watch on the city, that he assigned Uriah to the place where he knew that valiant men were.

      2 Samuel 23

      1 Now these are the last words of David. David the son of Jesse says, the man who was raised on high says, the anointed of the God of Jacob, the sweet psalmist of Israel:
      2 "The Spirit of Yahweh spoke by me. His word was on my tongue.
      3 The God of Israel said, the Rock of Israel spoke to me, 'One who rules over men righteously, who rules in the fear of God,
      4 shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun rises, a morning without clouds, when the tender grass springs out of the earth, through clear shining after rain.'
      5 Most certainly my house is not so with God, yet he has made with me an everlasting covenant, ordered in all things, and sure, for it is all my salvation, and all my desire, although he doesn't make it grow.
      6 But all of the ungodly shall be as thorns to be thrust away, because they can't be taken with the hand,
      7 But the man who touches them must be armed with iron and the staff of a spear. They shall be utterly burned with fire in their place."
      8 These are the names of the mighty men whom David had: Josheb Basshebeth a Tahchemonite, chief of the captains; the same was Adino the Eznite, against eight hundred slain at one time.
      9 After him was Eleazar the son of Dodai the son of an Ahohite, one of the three mighty men with David, when they defied the Philistines who were there gathered together to battle, and the men of Israel were gone away.
      10 He arose, and struck the Philistines until his hand was weary, and his hand froze to the sword; and Yahweh worked a great victory that day; and the people returned after him only to take spoil.
      11 After him was Shammah the son of Agee a Hararite. The Philistines were gathered together into a troop, where there was a plot of ground full of lentils; and the people fled from the Philistines.
      12 But he stood in the midst of the plot, and defended it, and killed the Philistines; and Yahweh worked a great victory.
      13 Three of the thirty chief men went down, and came to David in the harvest time to the cave of Adullam; and the troop of the Philistines was encamped in the valley of Rephaim.
      14 David was then in the stronghold; and the garrison of the Philistines was then in Bethlehem.
      15 David longed, and said, "Oh that one would give me water to drink of the well of Bethlehem, which is by the gate!"
      16 The three mighty men broke through the army of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: but he would not drink of it, but poured it out to Yahweh.
      17 He said, "Be it far from me, Yahweh, that I should do this! Isn't it the blood of the men who went in jeopardy of their lives?" Therefore he would not drink it. The three mighty men did these things.
      18 Abishai, the brother of Joab, the son of Zeruiah, was chief of the three. He lifted up his spear against three hundred and killed them, and had a name among the three.
      19 Wasn't he most honorable of the three? therefore he was made their captain: however he didn't attain to the three.
      20 Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man of Kabzeel, who had done mighty deeds, he killed the two sons of Ariel of Moab: he went down also and killed a lion in the midst of a pit in time of snow.
      21 He killed an Egyptian, a goodly man: and the Egyptian had a spear in his hand; but he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and killed him with his own spear.
      22 Benaiah the son of Jehoiada did these things, and had a name among the three mighty men.
      23 He was more honorable than the thirty, but he didn't attain to the three. David set him over his guard.
      24 Asahel the brother of Joab was one of the thirty; Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem,
      25 Shammah the Harodite, Elika the Harodite,
      26 Helez the Paltite, Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite,
      27 Abiezer the Anathothite, Mebunnai the Hushathite,
      28 Zalmon the Ahohite, Maharai the Netophathite,
      29 Heleb the son of Baanah the Netophathite, Ittai the son of Ribai of Gibeah of the children of Benjamin,
      30 Benaiah a Pirathonite, Hiddai of the brooks of Gaash.
      31 Abialbon the Arbathite, Azmaveth the Barhumite,
      32 Eliahba the Shaalbonite, the sons of Jashen, Jonathan,
      33 Shammah the Hararite, Ahiam the son of Sharar the Ararite,
      34 Eliphelet the son of Ahasbai, the son of the Maacathite, Eliam the son of Ahithophel the Gilonite,
      35 Hezro the Carmelite, Paarai the Arbite,
      36 Igal the son of Nathan of Zobah, Bani the Gadite,
      37 Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Beerothite, armor bearers to Joab the son of Zeruiah,
      38 Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite,
      39 Uriah the Hittite: thirty-seven in all.

      1 Chroniques 11

      1 Then all Israel gathered themselves to David to Hebron, saying, "Behold, we are your bone and your flesh.
      2 In times past, even when Saul was king, it was you who led out and brought in Israel. Yahweh your God said to you, 'You shall be shepherd of my people Israel, and you shall be prince over my people Israel.'"
      3 So all the elders of Israel came to the king to Hebron; and David made a covenant with them in Hebron before Yahweh; and they anointed David king over Israel, according to the word of Yahweh by Samuel.
      4 David and all Israel went to Jerusalem (the same is Jebus); and the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land, were there.
      5 The inhabitants of Jebus said to David, "You shall not come in here." Nevertheless David took the stronghold of Zion. The same is the city of David.
      6 David said, "Whoever strikes the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain." Joab the son of Zeruiah went up first, and was made chief.
      7 David lived in the stronghold; therefore they called it the city of David.
      8 He built the city all around, from Millo even around; and Joab repaired the rest of the city.
      9 David grew greater and greater; for Yahweh of Armies was with him.
      10 Now these are the chief of the mighty men whom David had, who showed themselves strong with him in his kingdom, together with all Israel, to make him king, according to the word of Yahweh concerning Israel.
      11 This is the number of the mighty men whom David had: Jashobeam, the son of a Hachmonite, the chief of the thirty; he lifted up his spear against three hundred and killed them at one time.
      12 After him was Eleazar the son of Dodo, the Ahohite, who was one of the three mighty men.
      13 He was with David at Pasdammim, and there the Philistines were gathered together to battle, where there was a plot of ground full of barley; and the people fled from before the Philistines.
      14 They stood in the midst of the plot, and defended it, and killed the Philistines; and Yahweh saved them by a great victory.
      15 Three of the thirty chief men went down to the rock to David, into the cave of Adullam; and the army of the Philistines were encamped in the valley of Rephaim.
      16 David was then in the stronghold, and the garrison of the Philistines was then in Bethlehem.
      17 David longed, and said, "Oh that one would give me water to drink of the well of Bethlehem, which is by the gate!"
      18 The three broke through the army of the Philistines, and drew water out of the well of Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it, and brought it to David: but David would not drink of it, but poured it out to Yahweh,
      19 and said, "My God forbid it me, that I should do this! Shall I drink the blood of these men who have put their lives in jeopardy?" For they risked their lives to bring it. Therefore he would not drink it. The three mighty men did these things.
      20 Abishai, the brother of Joab, he was chief of the three; for he lifted up his spear against three hundred and killed them, and had a name among the three.
      21 Of the three, he was more honorable than the two, and was made their captain: however he didn't attain to the three.
      22 Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man of Kabzeel, who had done mighty deeds, he killed the two sons of Ariel of Moab: he went down also and killed a lion in the midst of a pit in time of snow.
      23 He killed an Egyptian, a man of great stature, five cubits high; and in the Egyptian's hand was a spear like a weaver's beam; and he went down to him with a staff, and plucked the spear out of the Egyptian's hand, and killed him with his own spear.
      24 Benaiah the son of Jehoiada did these things, and had a name among the three mighty men.
      25 Behold, he was more honorable than the thirty, but he didn't attain to the three: and David set him over his guard.
      26 Also the mighty men of the armies: Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan the son of Dodo of Bethlehem,
      27 Shammoth the Harorite, Helez the Pelonite,
      28 Ira the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite, Abiezer the Anathothite,
      29 Sibbecai the Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite,
      30 Maharai the Netophathite, Heled the son of Baanah the Netophathite,
      31 Ithai the son of Ribai of Gibeah of the children of Benjamin, Benaiah the Pirathonite,
      32 Hurai of the brooks of Gaash, Abiel the Arbathite,
      33 Azmaveth the Baharumite, Eliahba the Shaalbonite,
      34 the sons of Hashem the Gizonite, Jonathan the son of Shagee the Hararite,
      35 Ahiam the son of Sacar the Hararite, Eliphal the son of Ur,
      36 Hepher the Mecherathite, Ahijah the Pelonite,
      37 Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai the son of Ezbai,
      38 Joel the brother of Nathan, Mibhar the son of Hagri,
      39 Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Berothite, the armor bearer of Joab the son of Zeruiah,
      40 Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite,
      41 Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai,
      42 Adina the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a chief of the Reubenites, and thirty with him,
      43 Hanan the son of Maacah, and Joshaphat the Mithnite,
      44 Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and Jeiel the sons of Hotham the Aroerite,
      45 Jediael the son of Shimri, and Joha his brother, the Tizite,
      46 Eliel the Mahavite, and Jeribai, and Joshaviah, the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite,
      47 Eliel, and Obed, and Jaasiel the Mezobaite.

      Psaumes 76

      6 At your rebuke, God of Jacob, both chariot and horse are cast into a deep sleep.

      Proverbes 31

      10 Who can find a worthy woman? For her price is far above rubies.

      Ecclésiaste 9

      11 I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favor to men of skill; but time and chance happen to them all.

      Esaïe 5

      22 Woe to those who are mighty to drink wine, and champions at mixing strong drink;

      Jérémie 48

      15 Moab is laid waste, and they are gone up into his cities, and his chosen young men are gone down to the slaughter, says the King, whose name is Yahweh of Armies.
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