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VICTOIRE

Des mentions de victoires, au sens propre, ne peuvent manquer dans les livres de l'A. T, où les armées et la guerre (voir ces mots) jouent un rôle important (Ex 17:13, No 13:30,1Sa 17:50, 2Ma 10:28-38, etc. ; cf. Heb 11:34).

Le cantique de Débora, l'un des plus vieux documents de la Bible, chante « les victoires de JHVH » et de « ses chefs en Israël » (Jug 5:11) ; Judas Macchabée, avant de livrer bataille à Antiochus Eupator, donne pour mot d'ordre à ses troupes : « Victoire de Dieu ! » (2Ma 13:15).

Le point de vue religieux et le point de vue national se trouvent encore entremêlés à travers le livre des Psaumes : les fidèles croyants, souvent engagés dans d'inévitables conflits avec les ennemis d'Israël qui sont en même temps ennemis du vrai Dieu, cherchent leur force auprès de Lui (Ps 13:5 18:3,40 27:3), et le Ps 68 n'était point leur unique « psaume des batailles » ; (cf. Ps 35:1 144:1 et suivants, etc.) en rendant grâces à leur Dieu qui leur donne de vaincre (Ps 118:10,16 129:2 etc.), ils proclament Sa suprématie, celle de l'Esprit, sur les conquêtes des forces militaires (Ps 33:16 44:3,9 etc.). Presque toute la prédication prophétique avait assuré le peuple israélite de la défaite et de la ruine s'il persistait dans son infidélité, et toutes ces menaces se sont réalisées (voir Prophète).

Au point de vue figuré, qui se transporte dans le domaine individuel, le combat intérieur et la victoire sur soi-même ne paraissent guère dans l'A.T. On y trouve, dans la mystérieuse lutte de Jacob, une trace de l'antique conception qui voyait dans la prière une lutte de l'homme contre Dieu pour lui arracher son secours ; l'homme en sort « tout meurtri, mais vainqueur », et le récit explique par là le nouveau nom d'Israël : lutteur avec Dieu (Ge 32:24-30 ; cf. Os 12:4 et suivant). Le plus sensitif des prophètes, Jérémie, reçoit de Dieu la promesse qu'il ne sera pas vaincu par les puissants (Jer 1:19 15:20) ; mais c'est Dieu lui-même qui, en l'enrôlant au prix de tant de souffrances, l'a vaincu (Jer 20:7).

L'existence même d'un Ennemi de Dieu, (cf. Mt 13:28) chef de résistance contre son oeuvre parmi les hommes (voir Satan), implique un état de guerre au terme duquel Dieu doit remporter la victoire. Dans le mazdéisme, c'est la lutte supra-terrestre entre Ormuzd et Ahriman.

Dans la religion biblique et spécialement dans l'Évangile, les coups de l'Adversaire portent sur le Fils de Dieu et sur ses fidèles, par l'épreuve et la tentation (voir ce mot) ; le Père céleste leur garantit la victoire de son Esprit saint. On connaît les assauts du Diable contre Jésus, et ses victoires successives, jusqu'à la croix (Mt 4 parallèle Lu 4, Mt 16:23, Lu 22:53, Mr 14:35 15:34, Jn 19:30), couronnées par le triomphe de Pâques (Lu 24:26). C'est dans l'obéissance et le sacrifice devant la volonté (voir ce mot) de Dieu son Père que Jésus s'est montré vainqueur ; et d'avance, à la veille de quitter ses apôtres, il les associe à sa victoire : « Prenez courage, j'ai vaincu le monde ! » (Jn 16:33).

Les écrits de ces apôtres, témoins des premières réalisations spirituelles de l'Évangile, nous montrent les chrétiens lancés en pleine bataille par leur Maître et Sauveur dans un monde hostile.

Ils ont à lutter contre :

leurs propres passions et le péché de la nature humaine (Ro 7, Jas 4:1,1Pi 2:11, Heb 12:4), contre Satan et les puissances mauvaises (2Co 2:11, Ap 12:17, Eph 6 : et suivant), contre les incrédules ennemis de Dieu (Ro 15:30 et suivant), contre les souillures du monde (Jas 1:27,2Pi 2:20).
Mais ce combat est le « bon combat » (1Ti 1:18 6:12,2Ti 4:7 ; cf. 2Ti 2:3,2Co 10:4).

Aux membres fidèles de l'Église militante, dont la force est leur foi en Dieu (Col 1:29, Phi 1:27, Jude 1:3), le Seigneur assure sa « panoplie », c'est-à-dire toutes ses armes (Eph 6:10-20 ; voir Armes, II).

Et les épîtres abondent en joyeuses proclamations anticipées des victoires garanties : certitude de :

triompher de la tentation (1Co 10:13), d'être rendus par Celui qui les aime non seulement vainqueurs, mais plus que vainqueurs (Ro 8:37), ce qui permet de vaincre le mal par le bien (Ro 12:21), et d'être joints au propre triomphe du Christ en tous lieux (interprétation de 2Co 2:14 aussi légitime que la traduction habituelle « ... qui nous fait toujours triompher en Christ »),
constatation que les chrétiens ont reçu le pouvoir de vaincre les faux prophètes, et les jeunes gens le Malin (1Jn 4:4 2:13 et suivant), et le sublime cantique de délivrance, en l'honneur de Dieu qui, sur la mort même comme sur le péché, nous donne la victoire par notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ (1Co 15:54-57).

Le témoin le plus proche des grands combats de l'Église, c'est l'Apocalypse ; c'est aussi le livre de la Bible qui célèbre le plus constamment et le plus fortement, devant les assauts du Diable et de la Bête (Ap 11:7), les vainqueurs et la victoire de l'Agneau (Ap 12:11 15:2 17:14) ; le cavalier symbolique « part en vainqueur, pour remporter la victoire » (Ap 6:2), et les sept lettres du Seigneur à son Église se ferment toutes sur une ineffable promesse du ciel « à celui qui vaincra » (Ap 2 7,11,17-26 3:5,12,21 21:7).

Le vocabulaire des métaphores de combat et de victoire continua de tenir une place importante dans le langage des Pères de l'Église ; il a persisté à travers les siècles, à des degrés divers suivant les milieux et les époques, et se retrouve dans certains types de chevalerie chrétienne, de prêtres soldats et de soldats chrétiens, chez certains mystiques comme le Bunyan de la sainte Guerre et dans l'organisation militaire de l'Armée du Salut, dans nos psaumes inspirés de l'A. T, comme dans nos cantiques populaires de réveil.

Les psychologues montrent dans ce fait, à côté des explications historiques ci-dessus indiquées, l'expression d'une des deux aspirations fondamentales de l'âme humaine : l'aspiration morale, élément à base de lutte, qui vise à triompher du Mal, l'autre étant l'aspiration mystique, qui tend à s'unir au principe du Bien, et constitue un élément à base d'amour. Le premier élément, isolé, évaporerait la religion en agitation superficielle, indécise quant à sa fin ; le second, isolé, l'écraserait en un quiétisme fatal à l'effort. Dans ce monde pécheur, la révélation du Dieu Sauveur nous tient à égale distance d'un optimisme satisfait et d'un pessimisme désespéré ; ce sont les conditions psychologiques nécessaires du « bon combat », sublimation de l'instinct combatif, et de la victoire, incarnation dans les faits de l'Amour éternel. (Voir à ce sujet Harnack, Militia Christi, 1905 ; Flournoy, Le génie religieux ; P. Bovet, L'instinct combatif, nouv. édit. 1928, ch. 1x.)

Jn L.

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      Genèse 32

      24 Jacob was left alone, and wrestled with a man there until the breaking of the day.
      25 When he saw that he didn't prevail against him, he touched the hollow of his thigh, and the hollow of Jacob's thigh was strained, as he wrestled.
      26 The man said, "Let me go, for the day breaks." Jacob said, "I won't let you go, unless you bless me."
      27 He said to him, "What is your name?" He said, "Jacob."
      28 He said, "Your name will no longer be called Jacob, but Israel; for you have fought with God and with men, and have prevailed."
      29 Jacob asked him, "Please tell me your name." He said, "Why is it that you ask what my name is?" He blessed him there.
      30 Jacob called the name of the place Peniel : for, he said, "I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved."

      Exode 17

      13 Joshua defeated Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword.

      Nombres 13

      30 Caleb stilled the people before Moses, and said, "Let us go up at once, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it."

      Juges 5

      11 Far from the noise of archers, in the places of drawing water, there they will rehearse the righteous acts of Yahweh, the righteous acts of his rule in Israel. "Then the people of Yahweh went down to the gates.

      1 Samuel 17

      50 So David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone, and struck the Philistine, and killed him; but there was no sword in the hand of David.

      Psaumes 13

      5 But I trust in your loving kindness. My heart rejoices in your salvation.

      Psaumes 18

      3 I call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised; and I am saved from my enemies.
      40 You have also made my enemies turn their backs to me, that I might cut off those who hate me.

      Psaumes 27

      3 Though an army should encamp against me, my heart shall not fear. Though war should rise against me, even then I will be confident.

      Psaumes 33

      16 There is no king saved by the multitude of an army. A mighty man is not delivered by great strength.

      Psaumes 35

      1 <> Contend, Yahweh, with those who contend with me. Fight against those who fight against me.

      Psaumes 44

      3 For they didn't get the land in possession by their own sword, neither did their own arm save them; but your right hand, and your arm, and the light of your face, because you were favorable to them.
      9 But now you rejected us, and brought us to dishonor, and don't go out with our armies.

      Psaumes 68

      1 <> Let God arise! Let his enemies be scattered! Let them who hate him also flee before him.
      2 As smoke is driven away, so drive them away. As wax melts before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God.
      3 But let the righteous be glad. Let them rejoice before God. Yes, let them rejoice with gladness.
      4 Sing to God! Sing praises to his name! Extol him who rides on the clouds: to Yah, his name! Rejoice before him!
      5 A father of the fatherless, and a defender of the widows, is God in his holy habitation.
      6 God sets the lonely in families. He brings out the prisoners with singing, but the rebellious dwell in a sun-scorched land.
      7 God, when you went forth before your people, when you marched through the wilderness... Selah.
      8 The earth trembled. The sky also poured down rain at the presence of the God of Sinai-- at the presence of God, the God of Israel.
      9 You, God, sent a plentiful rain. You confirmed your inheritance, when it was weary.
      10 Your congregation lived therein. You, God, prepared your goodness for the poor.
      11 The Lord announced the word. The ones who proclaim it are a great company.
      12 "Kings of armies flee! They flee!" She who waits at home divides the spoil,
      13 while you sleep among the campfires, the wings of a dove sheathed with silver, her feathers with shining gold.
      14 When the Almighty scattered kings in her, it snowed on Zalmon.
      15 The mountains of Bashan are majestic mountains. The mountains of Bashan are rugged.
      16 Why do you look in envy, you rugged mountains, at the mountain where God chooses to reign? Yes, Yahweh will dwell there forever.
      17 The chariots of God are tens of thousands and thousands of thousands. The Lord is among them, from Sinai, into the sanctuary.
      18 You have ascended on high. You have led away captives. You have received gifts among men, yes, among the rebellious also, that Yah God might dwell there.
      19 Blessed be the Lord, who daily bears our burdens, even the God who is our salvation. Selah.
      20 God is to us a God of deliverance. To Yahweh, the Lord, belongs escape from death.
      21 But God will strike through the head of his enemies, the hairy scalp of such a one as still continues in his guiltiness.
      22 The Lord said, "I will bring you again from Bashan, I will bring you again from the depths of the sea;
      23 That you may crush them, dipping your foot in blood, that the tongues of your dogs may have their portion from your enemies."
      24 They have seen your processions, God, even the processions of my God, my King, into the sanctuary.
      25 The singers went before, the minstrels followed after, in the midst of the ladies playing with tambourines,
      26 "Bless God in the congregations, even the Lord in the assembly of Israel!"
      27 There is little Benjamin, their ruler, the princes of Judah, their council, the princes of Zebulun, and the princes of Naphtali.
      28 Your God has commanded your strength. Strengthen, God, that which you have done for us.
      29 Because of your temple at Jerusalem, kings shall bring presents to you.
      30 Rebuke the wild animal of the reeds, the multitude of the bulls, with the calves of the peoples. Being humbled, may it bring bars of silver. Scatter the nations that delight in war.
      31 Princes shall come out of Egypt. Ethiopia shall hurry to stretch out her hands to God.
      32 Sing to God, you kingdoms of the earth! Sing praises to the Lord! Selah.
      33 To him who rides on the heaven of heavens, which are of old; behold, he utters his voice, a mighty voice.
      34 Ascribe strength to God! His excellency is over Israel, his strength is in the skies.
      35 You are awesome, God, in your sanctuaries. The God of Israel gives strength and power to his people. Praise be to God!

      Psaumes 118

      10 All the nations surrounded me, but in the name of Yahweh, I cut them off.
      16 The right hand of Yahweh is exalted! The right hand of Yahweh does valiantly!"

      Psaumes 129

      2 many times they have afflicted me from my youth up, yet they have not prevailed against me.

      Psaumes 144

      1 <> Blessed be Yahweh, my rock, who teaches my hands to war, and my fingers to battle:

      Jérémie 1

      19 They will fight against you; but they will not prevail against you; for I am with you," says Yahweh, "to deliver you."

      Jérémie 15

      20 I will make you to this people a fortified bronze wall; and they shall fight against you, but they shall not prevail against you; for I am with you to save you and to deliver you, says Yahweh.

      Jérémie 20

      7 Yahweh, you have persuaded me, and I was persuaded; you are stronger than I, and have prevailed: I am become a laughing-stock all the day, every one mocks me.

      Osée 12

      4 Indeed, he struggled with the angel, and prevailed; he wept, and made supplication to him. He found him at Bethel, and there he spoke with us,

      Matthieu 4

      1 Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil.
      2 When he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was hungry afterward.
      3 The tempter came and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread."
      4 But he answered, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.'"
      5 Then the devil took him into the holy city. He set him on the pinnacle of the temple,
      6 and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, 'He will put his angels in charge of you.' and, 'On their hands they will bear you up, so that you don't dash your foot against a stone.'"
      7 Jesus said to him, "Again, it is written, 'You shall not test the Lord, your God.'"
      8 Again, the devil took him to an exceedingly high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world, and their glory.
      9 He said to him, "I will give you all of these things, if you will fall down and worship me."
      10 Then Jesus said to him, "Get behind me, Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.'"
      11 Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and served him.
      12 Now when Jesus heard that John was delivered up, he withdrew into Galilee.
      13 Leaving Nazareth, he came and lived in Capernaum, which is by the sea, in the region of Zebulun and Naphtali,
      14 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying,
      15 "The land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, toward the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles,
      16 the people who sat in darkness saw a great light, to those who sat in the region and shadow of death, to them light has dawned."
      17 From that time, Jesus began to preach, and to say, "Repent! For the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand."
      18 Walking by the sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers: Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew, his brother, casting a net into the sea; for they were fishermen.
      19 He said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you fishers for men."
      20 They immediately left their nets and followed him.
      21 Going on from there, he saw two other brothers, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in the boat with Zebedee their father, mending their nets. He called them.
      22 They immediately left the boat and their father, and followed him.
      23 Jesus went about in all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, preaching the Good News of the Kingdom, and healing every disease and every sickness among the people.
      24 The report about him went out into all Syria. They brought to him all who were sick, afflicted with various diseases and torments, possessed with demons, epileptics, and paralytics; and he healed them.
      25 Great multitudes from Galilee, Decapolis, Jerusalem, Judea and from beyond the Jordan followed him.

      Matthieu 13

      28 "He said to them, 'An enemy has done this.' "The servants asked him, 'Do you want us to go and gather them up?'

      Matthieu 16

      23 But he turned, and said to Peter, "Get behind me, Satan! You are a stumbling block to me, for you are not setting your mind on the things of God, but on the things of men."

      Marc 14

      35 He went forward a little, and fell on the ground, and prayed that, if it were possible, the hour might pass away from him.

      Marc 15

      34 At the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?" which is, being interpreted, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"

      Luc 4

      1 Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness
      2 for forty days, being tempted by the devil. He ate nothing in those days. Afterward, when they were completed, he was hungry.
      3 The devil said to him, "If you are the Son of God, command this stone to become bread."
      4 Jesus answered him, saying, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God.'"
      5 The devil, leading him up on a high mountain, showed him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time.
      6 The devil said to him, "I will give you all this authority, and their glory, for it has been delivered to me; and I give it to whomever I want.
      7 If you therefore will worship before me, it will all be yours."
      8 Jesus answered him, "Get behind me Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.'"
      9 He led him to Jerusalem, and set him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, cast yourself down from here,
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