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VILLE

Le très grand nombre de « villes » mentionnées dans l'A. T, prouve la portée toute relative de ce terme, qui très souvent ne représente que de petits villages, bourgs et bourgades. Israël fut un peuple agricole, et ses agglomérations d'habitants en conservent le caractère. Seuls le commerce, l'industrie, la politique peuvent créer une cité au sens moderne ; tous ces éléments étaient des plus réduits chez les pasteurs-agriculteurs. Leurs « villes » se sont groupées contre le danger ; sans cet élément, les fermes se seraient sans doute dispersées comme dans nos campagnes de Normandie ou des Vosges lorraines. Mais la sécurité contre les pillards exigeait que la population s'enfermât à l'abri d'un même mur protecteur, souvent bâti sur une hauteur propice à la défense (comp, les vieux villages du Midi construits à l'époque des invasions maures). Les villes dont l'importance s'affirmait devenaient chacune un centre administratif de leur région, et les villages qui en dépendaient étaient appelés en hébreu leurs « filles », ce que nos versions traduisent par « villes de leur ressort » (No 21:25,32 32:42, Jos 15:45,47, Jug 1:27 etc.) ; inversement, telle grande ville peut être appelée une « mère en Israël » ; voir (2Sa 20:19) Banlieue, Village.

1.

Murailles.

Les murs des villes sont continus, élevés, aussi résistants que possible (De 1:28). Mais leur valeur défensive exige un site favorable, éperon rocheux (l'antique Jérusalem), éminence isolée (Méguiddo, Guézer, etc.), par la nécessité qui régit plus tard les châteaux forts du Moyen âge. Les villes importantes possèdent même une citadelle, réduit où toute la population alertée ira chercher son ultime refuge (Jug 9:51,2Sa 5:7). Le genre de bâtisse varie beaucoup : il y a les murs de pierres sèches, ceux de pierres mélangées à la terre, ceux de briques (Lakis par exemple). Certains murs, comme à Guézer ou Jérico, ont jusqu'à 5 m. d'épaisseur. Des maisons privées donnaient parfois directement sur les murs de la ville (Jos 2:15, Ac 9:25). Pour les tours (Ps 48:13), voir ce mot ; pour les sacrifices humains liés à la construction des murs (1Ro 16:34), voir Fondation.

La valeur des murailles dépendait de leur solidité et de la vigilance de leurs gardes. Les savantes machines de guerre étaient redoutables : voir, sur le siège et la prise d'une ville, Eze 26:7,13, où les terrasses (Eze 26:8) sont les épaulements élevés devant les murs pour en atteindre la crête, et le bouclier est un grand écran derrière lequel s'abritaient les constructeurs de ce remblai ; les coups de pioche (Eze 26:9) sont sans doute les coups de bélier (voir Fortifications). Il est parlé de gardes aux murailles dans le beau Ps 127:1 et ailleurs (voir Sentinelle).

2.

Porte.

C'est le point vital et sensible de la cité. On la ferme au coucher du soleil, de crainte des surprises, pour ne la rouvrir qu'à l'aurore (Jos 2:5). Une garde spéciale est parfois logée dans des tours de flanquement (2Ch 26:9). Les portes étaient vulnérables à l'attaque du bélier et même du feu (Ne 1:3) ; elles étaient munies de plaques de métal et de verrous de fer (Ps 107:16, Esa 45:2).

Même en dehors de toute menace, la porte restait le centre de la vie sociale de la ville. C'était le seul endroit où il y eût quelque place pour un rassemblement, les très étroites ruelles étant tout juste accessibles aux piétons et aux bêtes de somme. La grande place, du type de l' « agora » grec (voir Agora) et du « forum » romain, n'est pas asiatique, et Jérusalem elle-même n'en avait pas, en dehors de la terrasse sacrée du Temple. Aussi l'espace devant la porte est-il le lieu des rendez-vous, des rencontres, des attentes oisives, des nouvelles et des commérages (Ge 23:10, Ne 8:1 etc.) ; c'est l'emplacement officiel des simples tribunaux locaux ; voir (De 21:19 25:7, Jer 38:7 etc.) Justice rendue. Devant les portes, aboutissement des grandes routes, s'arrêtaient les caravanes, les étrangers (Ge 19:1). Souvent se trouvait à leurs abords une source, une fontaine, indispensable à la vie domestique (Ge 24:11). Mésa, roi de Moab, dans sa fameuse stèle, insiste sur l'importance de l'eau dans une ville, et exige une citerne dans chaque maison.

3.

Intérieur.

L'intérieur de la ville était un méandre de ruelles étroites, bordées de murs sans fenêtres, les ouvertures des maisons (voir ce mot) donnant sur leurs cours. La superficie était fort réduite ; les fouilles ont montré que Lakis occupait moins de six hectares, Méguiddo et Ophel étaient encore plus resserrés. Chaque soir les cultivateurs fatigués se retiraient à l'abri de leurs murs avec leurs familles, y compris les esclaves, « l'étranger qui est dans tes portes » (voir Étranger, parag. 3). Certaines rues jouent un assez grand rôle dans la vie sociale que dépeint la Bible (Pr 1:20 7:8, Ec 12:7, Esa 42:2, Mt 6:2, Lu 13:26 14:21 etc.) ; ce sont celles des grandes villes et de Jérusalem (2Sa 1:20,1Ro 20:34, Jer 5:1 11:13 37:21, La 2:19, Esa 51:23, Za 8:5, Ac 5:15 etc.). La rue Droite, à Damas, mentionnée à propos de la conversion de Saul (Ac 9:11), porte encore aujourd'hui ce nom (en arabe derb el-Moustakîm), sans doute par allusion au texte des Actes, et aussi à cause de sa disposition toujours rectiligne et de son exacte orientation de l'Ouest à l'Est, s'étendant sur près de 2 km. au milieu de la grande cité commerçante ; c'est un tronçon de la route séculaire des caravanes sur laquelle elle s'ouvre par la porte d'Orient (bâb ech-Cherki). On a retrouvé des vestiges des colonnes qui l'ornaient dans l'antiquité ; mais depuis les aménagements du gouverneur Midhat-Pacha (Mort en 1882), elle consiste surtout en un chemin couvert et carrossable bordé de magasins : le Long-Bazar (soûk et-Taouîlé)  ; de tels quartiers de marchands étaient précisément promis à Damas dans 1Ro 20:34.

4.

Sanctuaire.

Chaque ville antique avait le sien, un « haut-lieu » (voir ce mot), en général sur une colline ou une éminence (Jug 2:5 6:24 18:31 20:18 etc.). Plus tard, la centralisation du culte israélite au Temple de Jérusalem les fera condamner ; voir (2Ro 17:9) Sanctuaire.

5.

Autorités.

Primitivement, la ville pouvait dépendre d'une seule famille, (Ophra : Jug 6:24) puis elle fut gouvernée par des anciens (De 19:12, Jug 8:14 etc.), sans doute plus tard présidés ou supplantés par un officier royal, lorsque la royauté devint assez forte ; voir (De 16:18) Gouvernement.

6.

Commerce.

Les artisans, groupés souvent par quartiers de corporations, exerçaient leur profession de père en fils. Le N.T. fait allusion au marché (Mt 11:16, Lu 11:43), aux places du marché (Mt 20:3, Lu 7:32), où l'on s'assemble pour affaires ou pour délassement. Voir Arts et métiers, Commerce.

7.

Influence.

La plupart des prophètes de l'A. T, eurent à dénoncer l'influence néfaste des grandes villes envahies par le luxe, le plaisir et les exploitations de la civilisation de leur temps. Les Récabites (voir ce mot) avaient conservé par principe les moeurs nomades (voir ce mot), habitant sous des tentes et non dans des villes. Devant les infidélités et la déchéance de la « ville du grand Roi » (Ps 48:3, Mt 5:35), « ville de Dieu » (Ps 87:3), « ville de JHVH » (Ps 48:9), « ville sainte » (Mt 4:5 27:53), mais injuste, sanguinaire (Eze 9:9 24:6 etc.), châtiée effroyablement par les dévastations guerrières (Jer 19:12,2Ro 25 etc.), plus tard redevenue la ville rebelle, sur laquelle Jésus pleura (Lu 19:41), --les hommes de Dieu rêvèrent souvent d'une ville renouvelée, sanctifiée par l'Éternel (Esa 1:26, Jer 30:18 31:38, Eze 48:35, Esa 62:12, Za 8:3) ; ce sont ces espérances que reprend le prophète chrétien de l'Apocalypse, dans ses visions (Ap 21 et Ap 22) d'une « Ville sainte », enfin purifiée de toutes ses souillures orientales, humaines, transformée par les inconcevables richesses et illuminée par l'ineffable présence du Dieu de Jésus-Christ (voir Prophète, Israël, etc.). Voir aussi Jérusalem (murs et portes), Cité, Refuge (villes de).

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      Genèse 19

      1 The two angels came to Sodom at evening. Lot sat in the gate of Sodom. Lot saw them, and rose up to meet them. He bowed himself with his face to the earth,

      Genèse 23

      10 Now Ephron was sitting in the middle of the children of Heth. Ephron the Hittite answered Abraham in the hearing of the children of Heth, even of all who went in at the gate of his city, saying,

      Genèse 24

      11 He made the camels kneel down outside the city by the well of water at the time of evening, the time that women go out to draw water.

      Nombres 21

      25 Israel took all these cities: and Israel lived in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its towns.
      32 Moses sent to spy out Jazer; and they took its towns, and drove out the Amorites who were there.

      Nombres 32

      42 Nobah went and took Kenath, and its villages, and called it Nobah, after his own name.

      Josué 2

      5 It happened about the time of the shutting of the gate, when it was dark, that the men went out. Where the men went, I don't know. Pursue them quickly; for you will overtake them."
      15 Then she let them down by a cord through the window; for her house was on the side of the wall, and she lived on the wall.

      Josué 15

      45 Ekron, with its towns and its villages;
      47 Ashdod, its towns and its villages; Gaza, its towns and its villages; to the brook of Egypt, and the great sea with its coastline.

      Juges 1

      27 Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shean and its towns, nor Taanach and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and its towns; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land.

      Juges 2

      5 They called the name of that place Bochim: and they sacrificed there to Yahweh.

      Juges 6

      24 Then Gideon built an altar there to Yahweh, and called it "Yahweh is Peace ." To this day it is still in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.

      Juges 8

      14 He caught a young man of the men of Succoth, and inquired of him: and he described for him the princes of Succoth, and its elders, seventy-seven men.

      Juges 9

      51 But there was a strong tower within the city, and there fled all the men and women, and all they of the city, and shut themselves in, and went up to the roof of the tower.

      Juges 18

      31 So they set them up Micah's engraved image which he made, all the time that God's house was in Shiloh.

      Juges 20

      18 The children of Israel arose, and went up to Bethel, and asked counsel of God; and they said, "Who shall go up for us first to battle against the children of Benjamin?" Yahweh said, "Judah first."

      2 Samuel 1

      20 Don't tell it in Gath. Don't publish it in the streets of Ashkelon, lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph.

      2 Samuel 5

      7 Nevertheless David took the stronghold of Zion; the same is the city of David.

      2 Samuel 20

      19 I am among those who are peaceable and faithful in Israel. You seek to destroy a city and a mother in Israel. Why will you swallow up the inheritance of Yahweh?"

      2 Chroniques 26

      9 Moreover Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem at the corner gate, and at the valley gate, and at the turning of the wall, and fortified them.

      Néhémie 1

      3 They said to me, "The remnant who are left of the captivity there in the province are in great affliction and reproach. The wall of Jerusalem also is broken down, and its gates are burned with fire."

      Néhémie 8

      1 All the people gathered themselves together as one man into the broad place that was before the water gate; and they spoke to Ezra the scribe to bring the book of the law of Moses, which Yahweh had commanded to Israel.

      Psaumes 48

      3 God has shown himself in her citadels as a refuge.
      9 We have thought about your loving kindness, God, in the midst of your temple.
      13 Mark well her bulwarks. Consider her palaces, that you may tell it to the next generation.

      Psaumes 87

      3 Glorious things are spoken about you, city of God. Selah.

      Psaumes 107

      16 For he has broken the gates of brass, and cut through bars of iron.

      Psaumes 127

      Proverbes 1

      20 Wisdom calls aloud in the street. She utters her voice in the public squares.

      Proverbes 7

      8 passing through the street near her corner, he went the way to her house,

      Ecclésiaste 12

      7 and the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the spirit returns to God who gave it.

      Esaïe 1

      26 I will restore your judges as at the first, and your counselors as at the beginning. Afterward you shall be called 'The city of righteousness, a faithful town.'

      Esaïe 42

      2 He will not shout, nor raise his voice, nor cause it to be heard in the street.

      Esaïe 45

      2 "I will go before you, and make the rough places smooth. I will break the doors of brass in pieces, and cut apart the bars of iron.

      Esaïe 51

      23 and I will put it into the hand of those who afflict you, who have said to your soul, 'Bow down, that we may walk over you;' and you have laid your back as the ground, and as the street, to those who walk over."

      Esaïe 62

      12 They shall call them The holy people, The redeemed of Yahweh: and you shall be called Sought out, A city not forsaken.

      Jérémie 5

      1 "Run back and forth through the streets of Jerusalem, and see now, and know, and seek in the broad places of it, if you can find a man, if there are any who does justly, who seeks truth; and I will pardon her.

      Jérémie 11

      13 For according to the number of your cities are your gods, Judah; and according to the number of the streets of Jerusalem have you set up altars to the shameful thing, even altars to burn incense to Baal.

      Jérémie 19

      2 and go forth to the valley of the son of Hinnom, which is by the entry of the gate Harsith, and proclaim there the words that I shall tell you;
      12 Thus will I do to this place, says Yahweh, and to its inhabitants, even making this city as Topheth:

      Jérémie 30

      18 Thus says Yahweh: Behold, I will turn again the captivity of Jacob's tents, and have compassion on his dwelling places; and the city shall be built on its own hill, and the palace shall be inhabited in its own way.

      Jérémie 31

      38 Behold, the days come, says Yahweh, that the city shall be built to Yahweh from the tower of Hananel to the gate of the corner.

      Jérémie 37

      21 Then Zedekiah the king commanded, and they committed Jeremiah into the court of the guard; and they gave him daily a loaf of bread out of the bakers' street, until all the bread in the city was spent. Thus Jeremiah remained in the court of the guard.

      Jérémie 38

      7 Now when Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, a eunuch, who was in the king's house, heard that they had put Jeremiah in the dungeon (the king then sitting in the gate of Benjamin),

      Lamentations 2

      19 Arise, cry out in the night, at the beginning of the watches; Pour out your heart like water before the face of the Lord: Lift up your hands toward him for the life of your young children, that faint for hunger at the head of every street.

      Ezéchiel 9

      9 Then he said to me, The iniquity of the house of Israel and Judah is exceedingly great, and the land is full of blood, and the city full of perversion: for they say, Yahweh has forsaken the land, and Yahweh doesn't see.

      Ezéchiel 24

      6 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Woe to the bloody city, to the caldron whose rust is therein, and whose rust is not gone out of it! take out of it piece after piece; No lot is fallen on it.

      Ezéchiel 26

      7 For thus says the Lord Yahweh: Behold, I will bring on Tyre Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, king of kings, from the north, with horses, and with chariots, and with horsemen, and a company, and many people.
      8 He shall kill your daughters in the field with the sword; and he shall make forts against you, and cast up a mound against you, and raise up the buckler against you.
      9 He shall set his battering engines against your walls, and with his axes he shall break down your towers.
      13 I will cause the noise of your songs to cease; and the sound of your harps shall be no more heard.

      Ezéchiel 48

      35 It shall be eighteen thousand [reeds] around: and the name of the city from that day shall be, Yahweh is there.

      Zacharie 8

      3 Thus says Yahweh: "I have returned to Zion, and will dwell in the midst of Jerusalem. Jerusalem shall be called 'The City of Truth;' and the mountain of Yahweh of Armies, 'The Holy Mountain.'"
      5 The streets of the city will be full of boys and girls playing in its streets."

      Matthieu 4

      5 Then the devil took him into the holy city. He set him on the pinnacle of the temple,

      Matthieu 5

      35 nor by the earth, for it is the footstool of his feet; nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King.

      Matthieu 6

      2 Therefore when you do merciful deeds, don't sound a trumpet before yourself, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may get glory from men. Most certainly I tell you, they have received their reward.

      Matthieu 11

      16 "But to what shall I compare this generation? It is like children sitting in the marketplaces, who call to their companions

      Matthieu 20

      3 He went out about the third hour, and saw others standing idle in the marketplace.

      Matthieu 27

      53 and coming out of the tombs after his resurrection, they entered into the holy city and appeared to many.

      Luc 7

      32 They are like children who sit in the marketplace, and call one to another, saying, 'We piped to you, and you didn't dance. We mourned, and you didn't weep.'

      Luc 11

      43 Woe to you Pharisees! For you love the best seats in the synagogues, and the greetings in the marketplaces.

      Luc 13

      26 Then you will begin to say, 'We ate and drank in your presence, and you taught in our streets.'

      Luc 14

      21 "That servant came, and told his lord these things. Then the master of the house, being angry, said to his servant, 'Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in the poor, maimed, blind, and lame.'

      Luc 19

      41 When he drew near, he saw the city and wept over it,

      Actes 5

      15 They even carried out the sick into the streets, and laid them on cots and mattresses, so that as Peter came by, at the least his shadow might overshadow some of them.

      Actes 9

      11 The Lord said to him, "Arise, and go to the street which is called Straight, and inquire in the house of Judah for one named Saul, a man of Tarsus. For behold, he is praying,
      25 but his disciples took him by night, and let him down through the wall, lowering him in a basket.

      Apocalypse 21

      1 I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth have passed away, and the sea is no more.
      2 I saw the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared like a bride adorned for her husband.
      3 I heard a loud voice out of heaven saying, "Behold, God's dwelling is with people, and he will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God.
      4 He will wipe away from them every tear from their eyes. Death will be no more; neither will there be mourning, nor crying, nor pain, any more. The first things have passed away."
      5 He who sits on the throne said, "Behold, I am making all things new." He said, "Write, for these words of God are faithful and true."
      6 He said to me, "It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. I will give freely to him who is thirsty from the spring of the water of life.
      7 He who overcomes, I will give him these things. I will be his God, and he will be my son.
      8 But for the cowardly, unbelieving, sinners, abominable, murderers, sexually immoral, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars, their part is in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur, which is the second death."
      9 One of the seven angels who had the seven bowls, who were loaded with the seven last plagues came, and he spoke with me, saying, "Come here. I will show you the wife, the Lamb's bride."
      10 He carried me away in the Spirit to a great and high mountain, and showed me the holy city, Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God,
      11 having the glory of God. Her light was like a most precious stone, as if it were a jasper stone, clear as crystal;
      12 having a great and high wall; having twelve gates, and at the gates twelve angels; and names written on them, which are the names of the twelve tribes of the children of Israel.
      13 On the east were three gates; and on the north three gates; and on the south three gates; and on the west three gates.
      14 The wall of the city had twelve foundations, and on them twelve names of the twelve Apostles of the Lamb.
      15 He who spoke with me had for a measure, a golden reed, to measure the city, its gates, and its walls.
      16 The city lies foursquare, and its length is as great as its breadth. He measured the city with the reed, Twelve thousand twelve stadia . Its length, breadth, and height are equal.
      17 Its wall is one hundred forty-four cubits, by the measure of a man, that is, of an angel.
      18 The construction of its wall was jasper. The city was pure gold, like pure glass.
      19 The foundations of the city's wall were adorned with all kinds of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire ; the third, chalcedony; the fourth, emerald;
      20 the fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, topaz; the tenth, chrysoprasus; the eleventh, jacinth; and the twelfth, amethyst.
      21 The twelve gates were twelve pearls. Each one of the gates was made of one pearl. The street of the city was pure gold, like transparent glass.
      22 I saw no temple in it, for the Lord God, the Almighty, and the Lamb, are its temple.
      23 The city has no need for the sun, neither of the moon, to shine, for the very glory of God illuminated it, and its lamp is the Lamb.
      24 The nations will walk in its light. The kings of the earth bring the glory and honor of the nations into it.
      25 Its gates will in no way be shut by day (for there will be no night there),
      26 and they shall bring the glory and the honor of the nations into it so that they may enter.
      27 There will in no way enter into it anything profane, or one who causes an abomination or a lie, but only those who are written in the Lamb's book of life.

      Apocalypse 22

      1 He showed me a river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb,
      2 in the middle of its street. On this side of the river and on that was the tree of life, bearing twelve kinds of fruits, yielding its fruit every month. The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.
      3 There will be no curse any more. The throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it, and his servants serve him.
      4 They will see his face, and his name will be on their foreheads.
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