Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

VISITE

On en sait l'importance dans les sociétés primitives, où les voyages étaient des entreprises prolongées, et où l'on considérait comme sacré le devoir de l'hospitalité (voir ce mot). Aussi le nom hébreu de la visite (rac. pâqad) revêt-il à l'usage une grande diversité de significations plus ou moins connexes ou dérivées ; les différentes formes du verbe peuvent, suivant les cas, se traduire par : considérer, inspecter, passer en revue, dénombrer, prendre garde, soigner, établir, confier, etc.

Un terme si riche d'idées simples et concrètes ne pouvait manquer d'être appliqué à Dieu ; les premières pages de l'histoire sainte, plus spécialement celles de la source J, le présentent volontiers comme un visiteur parmi les hommes (voir Théophanie) : ceux-ci l'entendent marcher, le voient et l'accueillent sous leur tente (Ge 3:8 Ge 18 etc.).

La foi plus évoluée en Israël devait s'attacher au Dieu qui est esprit, invisible mais omniprésent, qui sonde et pénètre sa créature partout et n'a donc pas besoin de la visiter puisqu'elle est toujours devant lui (lire le Ps 139) ; mais l'anthropomorphisme de la visite divine demeurera toujours, à titre d'image fort expressive, dans le langage des croyants de l'ancienne alliance et de la nouvelle (Ps 17:3 etc.). Ils la désiraient, cette visite de Dieu, comme s'accompagnant de ses présents providentiels, miraculeux (Ge 21:1 50:24 et suivant, Ex 3:16 [V S. : vu] Ex 4:31 13:19, Ru 1:6 [V S. : prenait soin]) ; ils l'appelaient de leurs prières (Ps 65:10 80:15).

Mais lorsque les prophètes se dressent, au nom de Jéhovah, devant son peuple infidèle, c'est pour annoncer une redoutable rencontre, celle du Juge, et un terrible « jour de l'Éternel » (voir art.), qui sera ténèbres et non lumière (Am 4:12 5:18). Ce sombre message d'Amos, le premier des prophètes écrivains, est développé par ses successeurs ; et leurs prédictions doivent si constamment comporter les menaces de la part de Dieu, que dans leur langage la visite divine, fertile en promesses pour les patriarches, est devenue synonyme de punition (soit le subst, peqoudâh, soit la locution pâqad al =visiter sur...).

Les vieilles versions françaises, pour l'exprimer, traduisaient par Visitation (voir ce mot) ; nos versions modernes traduisent le plus souvent par châtiment (Os 9:7 12:3, Esa 10:3,24:21 29:6, Mic 7:4, Sop 1:8,12, Jer 6:6 23:12 46:21 48:44 50:27, Eze 9:1, La 4:22, cf. Ex 32:31, Sir 2:14 16:18, etc.) ; c'est cette expression même qui se trouve dans le Décalogue : « ... qui punis l'iniquité des pères... » (Ex 20:5 parallèle De 5:9). La visite de Dieu, c'est souvent son jugement. (cf. 1Pi 2:12)

Mais, par-delà les rétributions prochaines sur les pécheurs, les prophètes ont annoncé le pardon de Dieu, son salut, sa libération pour les individus et pour les peuples repentants ; et l'espérance messianique a attendu une visite divine, la visite par excellence, à laquelle était suspendue toute la foi d'Israël à l'époque de Jésus-Christ. Zacharie déclare que « Dieu a visité et racheté son peuple » (Lu 1:68,78) la foule galiléenne voit en Jésus de Nazareth l'apparition d' « un grand prophète, visite de Dieu à son peuple » (Lu 7:16) ; les pèlerins des Rameaux le saluent de l'acclamation messianique à « Celui qui vient au nom du Seigneur » (Lu 19:38, cf. Ps 118:26).

Alors Jésus lui-même constate que Jérusalem a été « visitée », et s'il ajoute en pleurant qu'elle ne l'a pas reconnu (Lu 19:44), c'est parce que les autorités juives, dans l'attente orgueilleuse d'un Visiteur divin d'ordre temporel, d'un libérateur politique, se sont obstinément opposées aux visiteurs spirituels envoyés d'en haut (parabole des vignerons, Mr 12:1,12), les ont tués et lapidés, ont repoussé tous les appels du Visiteur sauveur... D'où (Mt 23:37) le drame de la croix.

Du terrain de l'histoire où le Christ incarna la visite divine à l'humanité, nous voici maintenant transportés sur le terrain de la piété : le Sauveur se tient à la porte des coeurs, y frappant, prêt à entrer dès qu'on ouvrira (Ap 3:20) ; c'est l'appel personnel, qui commande toute la vie chrétienne. Et cette image de la « visite » a pris une très grande importance dans la mystique du Moyen âge, qui opposait l'âme visitée, c'est-à-dire fervente, à l'âme délaissée, c'est-à-dire languissante : « Attends avec une ferme confiance mon retour et la visite d'en haut ; supporte patiemment ton exil et les aridités spirituelles, jusqu'à ce que je te visite de nouveau » (Imitat, de J. -C, III, 51).

Mais ce qui était chez les anciens Hébreux la conception primitive d'un peuple enfant est quelquefois devenu chez les mystiques une grave erreur : pas plus que Dieu n'est éloigné des hommes et n'a donc besoin de les visiter, comme le croyaient les anciens Hébreux, Dieu n'est pas davantage, comme le croyaient certains mystiques, un souverain capricieux accordant ou retirant à son gré le bienfait de sa visite ; nos alternatives de ferveur et de tiédeur marquent un rythme plus ou moins irrégulier de la vie affective qui dépend des circonstances, de notre tempérament et de notre respect plus ou moins scrupuleux des conditions de la vie en Dieu, mais qui ne dépend pas de l'arbitraire du Père céleste, du Dieu Sauveur en Jésus-Christ, toujours fidèle, lui, pour tenir compagnie à ses enfants qui l'appellent. « C'est avoir Dieu que de l'attendre » (Fénelon).

Sans doute, des dispensations particulières de Dieu, soit épreuves, soit grâces, peuvent apparaître comme des manifestations spéciales de sa visite ; l'apocryphe Siracide (34:6) fait même de certains songes des visites du Très-Haut. Mais l'Évangile donne à l'homme infiniment mieux qu'un Visiteur du ciel destiné à repartir, à la façon des anges que les patriarches hospitaliers logeaient sans le savoir : (Heb 13:1) l'Évangile introduit en nous l'Hôte définitif, devenu le Maître et l'Ami, le Sauveur et l'Inspirateur, qui fait son habitation permanente, sa demeure (voir ce mot) chez celui qui l'accueille ; ce n'est plus l'homme qui vit, c'est Christ qui vit en lui (Ga 2:20), il est « en Christ » (2Co 5:17, etc.), c'est « la vie cachée avec Christ, en Dieu » (Col 3:3). Du reste, cette cohabitation spirituelle, communion avec Dieu, s'exprime obligatoirement en communion fraternelle (voir Communion) ; et l'authentique fidélité à Jésus-Christ se manifeste en particulier, précisément, par les visites de la bienfaisance et de la charité aux plus misérables d'entre nos frères (Mt 25:36, Jas 1:7, cf. Sir 7:35). Jn L.

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    • Genèse 3

      8 They heard the voice of Yahweh God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of Yahweh God among the trees of the garden.

      Genèse 18

      1 Yahweh appeared to him by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day.
      2 He lifted up his eyes and looked, and saw that three men stood opposite him. When he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself to the earth,
      3 and said, "My lord, if now I have found favor in your sight, please don't go away from your servant.
      4 Now let a little water be fetched, wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree.
      5 I will get a morsel of bread so you can refresh your heart. After that you may go your way, now that you have come to your servant." They said, "Very well, do as you have said."
      6 Abraham hurried into the tent to Sarah, and said, "Quickly prepare three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes."
      7 Abraham ran to the herd, and fetched a tender and good calf, and gave it to the servant. He hurried to dress it.
      8 He took butter, milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them. He stood by them under the tree, and they ate.
      9 They asked him, "Where is Sarah, your wife?" He said, "See, in the tent."
      10 He said, "I will certainly return to you when the season comes round. Behold, Sarah your wife will have a son." Sarah heard in the tent door, which was behind him.
      11 Now Abraham and Sarah were old, well advanced in age. Sarah had passed the age of childbearing.
      12 Sarah laughed within herself, saying, "After I have grown old will I have pleasure, my lord being old also?"
      13 Yahweh said to Abraham, "Why did Sarah laugh, saying, 'Will I really bear a child, yet I am old?'
      14 Is anything too hard for Yahweh? At the set time I will return to you, when the season comes round, and Sarah will have a son."
      15 Then Sarah denied, saying, "I didn't laugh," for she was afraid. He said, "No, but you did laugh."
      16 The men rose up from there, and looked toward Sodom. Abraham went with them to see them on their way.
      17 Yahweh said, "Will I hide from Abraham what I do,
      18 since Abraham has surely become a great and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth will be blessed in him?
      19 For I have known him, to the end that he may command his children and his household after him, that they may keep the way of Yahweh, to do righteousness and justice; to the end that Yahweh may bring on Abraham that which he has spoken of him."
      20 Yahweh said, "Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their sin is very grievous,
      21 I will go down now, and see whether their deeds are as bad as the reports which have come to me. If not, I will know."
      22 The men turned from there, and went toward Sodom, but Abraham stood yet before Yahweh.
      23 Abraham drew near, and said, "Will you consume the righteous with the wicked?
      24 What if there are fifty righteous within the city? Will you consume and not spare the place for the fifty righteous who are in it?
      25 Be it far from you to do things like that, to kill the righteous with the wicked, so that the righteous should be like the wicked. May that be far from you. Shouldn't the Judge of all the earth do right?"
      26 Yahweh said, "If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare all the place for their sake."
      27 Abraham answered, "See now, I have taken it on myself to speak to the Lord, who am but dust and ashes.
      28 What if there will lack five of the fifty righteous? Will you destroy all the city for lack of five?" He said, "I will not destroy it, if I find forty-five there."
      29 He spoke to him yet again, and said, "What if there are forty found there?" He said, "I will not do it for the forty's sake."
      30 He said, "Oh don't let the Lord be angry, and I will speak. What if there are thirty found there?" He said, "I will not do it, if I find thirty there."
      31 He said, "See now, I have taken it on myself to speak to the Lord. What if there are twenty found there?" He said, "I will not destroy it for the twenty's sake."
      32 He said, "Oh don't let the Lord be angry, and I will speak just once more. What if ten are found there?" He said, "I will not destroy it for the ten's sake."
      33 Yahweh went his way, as soon as he had finished communing with Abraham, and Abraham returned to his place.

      Genèse 21

      1 Yahweh visited Sarah as he had said, and Yahweh did to Sarah as he had spoken.

      Genèse 50

      24 Joseph said to his brothers, "I am dying, but God will surely visit you, and bring you up out of this land to the land which he swore to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob."

      Exode 3

      16 Go, and gather the elders of Israel together, and tell them, 'Yahweh, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, has appeared to me, saying, "I have surely visited you, and seen that which is done to you in Egypt;

      Exode 4

      31 The people believed, and when they heard that Yahweh had visited the children of Israel, and that he had seen their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshiped.

      Exode 13

      19 Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for he had made the children of Israel swear, saying, "God will surely visit you, and you shall carry up my bones away from here with you."

      Exode 20

      5 you shall not bow yourself down to them, nor serve them, for I, Yahweh your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and on the fourth generation of those who hate me,

      Exode 32

      31 Moses returned to Yahweh, and said, "Oh, this people have sinned a great sin, and have made themselves gods of gold.

      Ruth 1

      6 Then she arose with her daughters-in-law, that she might return from the country of Moab: for she had heard in the country of Moab how that Yahweh had visited his people in giving them bread.

      Psaumes 17

      3 You have proved my heart. You have visited me in the night. You have tried me, and found nothing. I have resolved that my mouth shall not disobey.

      Psaumes 65

      10 You drench its furrows. You level its ridges. You soften it with showers. You bless it with a crop.

      Psaumes 80

      15 the stock which your right hand planted, the branch that you made strong for yourself.

      Psaumes 118

      26 Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yahweh! We have blessed you out of the house of Yahweh.

      Psaumes 139

      1 <<For the Chief Musician. A Psalm by David.>> Yahweh, you have searched me, and you know me.
      2 You know my sitting down and my rising up. You perceive my thoughts from afar.
      3 You search out my path and my lying down, and are acquainted with all my ways.
      4 For there is not a word on my tongue, but, behold, Yahweh, you know it altogether.
      5 You hem me in behind and before. You laid your hand on me.
      6 This knowledge is beyond me. It's lofty. I can't attain it.
      7 Where could I go from your Spirit? Or where could I flee from your presence?
      8 If I ascend up into heaven, you are there. If I make my bed in Sheol , behold, you are there!
      9 If I take the wings of the dawn, and settle in the uttermost parts of the sea;
      10 Even there your hand will lead me, and your right hand will hold me.
      11 If I say, "Surely the darkness will overwhelm me; the light around me will be night";
      12 even the darkness doesn't hide from you, but the night shines as the day. The darkness is like light to you.
      13 For you formed my inmost being. You knit me together in my mother's womb.
      14 I will give thanks to you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Your works are wonderful. My soul knows that very well.
      15 My frame wasn't hidden from you, when I was made in secret, woven together in the depths of the earth.
      16 Your eyes saw my body. In your book they were all written, the days that were ordained for me, when as yet there were none of them.
      17 How precious to me are your thoughts, God! How vast is their sum!
      18 If I would count them, they are more in number than the sand. When I wake up, I am still with you.
      19 If only you, God, would kill the wicked. Get away from me, you bloodthirsty men!
      20 For they speak against you wickedly. Your enemies take your name in vain.
      21 Yahweh, don't I hate those who hate you? Am I not grieved with those who rise up against you?
      22 I hate them with perfect hatred. They have become my enemies.
      23 Search me, God, and know my heart. Try me, and know my thoughts.
      24 See if there is any wicked way in me, and lead me in the everlasting way.

      Esaïe 10

      3 What will you do in the day of visitation, and in the desolation which will come from afar? To whom will you flee for help? Where will you leave your wealth?

      Esaïe 24

      21 It shall happen in that day that Yahweh will punish the army of the high ones on high, and the kings of the earth on the earth.

      Esaïe 29

      6 She will be visited by Yahweh of Armies with thunder, with earthquake, with great noise, with whirlwind and storm, and with the flame of a devouring fire.

      Jérémie 6

      6 For Yahweh of Armies said, "Cut down trees, and cast up a mound against Jerusalem: this is the city to be visited; she is wholly oppression in the midst of her.

      Jérémie 23

      12 Therefore their way shall be to them as slippery places in the darkness: they shall be driven on, and fall therein; for I will bring evil on them, even the year of their visitation, says Yahweh.

      Jérémie 46

      21 Also her hired men in the midst of her are like calves of the stall; for they also are turned back, they are fled away together, they didn't stand: for the day of their calamity has come on them, the time of their visitation.

      Jérémie 48

      44 He who flees from the fear shall fall into the pit; and he who gets up out of the pit shall be taken in the snare: for I will bring on him, even on Moab, the year of their visitation, says Yahweh.

      Jérémie 50

      27 Kill all her bulls; let them go down to the slaughter: woe to them! for their day has come, the time of their visitation.

      Lamentations 4

      22 The punishment of your iniquity is accomplished, daughter of Zion; he will no more carry you away into captivity: He will visit your iniquity, daughter of Edom; he will uncover your sins.

      Ezéchiel 9

      1 Then he cried in my ears with a loud voice, saying, Cause those who are in charge of the city to draw near, every man with his destroying weapon in his hand.

      Osée 9

      7 The days of visitation have come. The days of reckoning have come. Israel will consider the prophet to be a fool, and the man who is inspired to be insane, because of the abundance of your sins, and because your hostility is great.

      Osée 12

      3 In the womb he took his brother by the heel; and in his manhood he contended with God.

      Amos 4

      12 "Therefore thus will I do to you, Israel; because I will do this to you, prepare to meet your God, Israel.

      Amos 5

      18 "Woe to you who desire the day of Yahweh! Why do you long for the day of Yahweh? It is darkness, and not light.

      Michée 7

      4 The best of them is like a brier. The most upright is worse than a thorn hedge. The day of your watchmen, even your visitation, has come; now is the time of their confusion.

      Matthieu 23

      37 "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I would have gathered your children together, even as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you would not!

      Matthieu 25

      36 I was naked, and you clothed me. I was sick, and you visited me. I was in prison, and you came to me.'

      Marc 12

      1 He began to speak to them in parables. "A man planted a vineyard, put a hedge around it, dug a pit for the winepress, built a tower, rented it out to a farmer, and went into another country.
      12 They tried to seize him, but they feared the multitude; for they perceived that he spoke the parable against them. They left him, and went away.

      Luc 1

      68 "Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel, for he has visited and worked redemption for his people;
      78 because of the tender mercy of our God, whereby the dawn from on high will visit us,

      Luc 7

      16 Fear took hold of all, and they glorified God, saying, "A great prophet has arisen among us!" and, "God has visited his people!"

      Luc 19

      38 saying, "Blessed is the King who comes in the name of the Lord! Peace in heaven, and glory in the highest!"
      44 and will dash you and your children within you to the ground. They will not leave in you one stone on another, because you didn't know the time of your visitation."

      2 Corinthiens 5

      17 Therefore if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation. The old things have passed away. Behold, all things have become new.

      Galates 2

      20 I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I that live, but Christ living in me. That life which I now live in the flesh, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself up for me.

      Colossiens 3

      3 For you died, and your life is hidden with Christ in God.

      Hébreux 13

      1 Let brotherly love continue.

      Jacques 1

      7 For let that man not think that he will receive anything from the Lord.

      1 Pierre 2

      12 having good behavior among the nations, so in that of which they speak against you as evildoers, they may by your good works, which they see, glorify God in the day of visitation.
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