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ARCHITECTURE

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Peu d'indications dans l'A.T. et le N.T., car si les Juifs « ont connu l'architecture et l'ont pratiquée, il n'y a pas eu à proprement parler d'architecture judaïque » (Stapfer, Pal., p. 232).

1. Habitants de tentes et habitants de cités. Telle est la première distinction que nous trouvons dans Ge 4:17,20,22 (Caïn dans les cités et Jabal dans les tentes ; Tubal-Caïn représente la métallurgie, sans doute dans les cités). Il ne semble pas que les formes des tentes de peaux et d'étoffe aient influencé les conceptions architecturales ultérieures. Au personnage typique Nemrod est attribuée la fondation de grandes villes en Assyrie et Babylonie (Ge 10:8-12). Les constructions de cette époque préhistorique apparaissent dans le récit de la tour de Babel (Ge 11:3-9). Les dernières découvertes archéologiques sur l'emplacement d'Ur en Caldée ont considérablement enrichi et quelque peu modifié la connaissance qu'on avait de l'histoire de l'architecture orientale. Non seulement ont été dégagées les maisons de la ville, à un ou deux étages, maisons en briques avec galerie boisée entourant une cour intérieure, mais on peut maintenant se représenter fort bien une ziggourat, ou tour-sanctuaire de la Lune, du XXIV e siècle av. J. -C, deux ou trois siècles plus ancienne qu'Abraham, avec terrasses, triple escalier, temple somptueux au sommet, etc. (voir Ur) ; des tombes et des portes voûtées, ainsi qu'une grande halle de justice royale au plafond voûté, datant des environs de l'an 2000, ont prouvé que c'était une erreur d'attribuer l'invention de la voûte aux Étrusques : ce procédé d'architecture est singulièrement plus ancien (fig. 21).

2. En Egypte, les Israélites, mêlés aux captifs, bâtissent des cités et des édifices pour les monarques égyptiens. Pithom et Ramsès furent construites par eux (Ex 1:11 ; voy. Maspero, Hist, anc, p. 258).

3. En Canaan, ils construisirent des maisons de terre séchée, de pierre ou de briques (Le 14:34 et suivants), rectangulaires, à toits plats, aux murs percés de rares fenêtres. Les matériaux abondaient sur place. Toutefois la plupart des villes qu'ils occupèrent ne furent pas bâties par eux (De 6:10, No 13:19, etc.). Les règnes de David et Salomon sont marqués par une grande impulsion donnée à l'architecture : non seulement les palais et le temple de Jérusalem, mais aussi des cités comme Baalat (peut-être Baalbek) et Tadmor ou Palmyre (1Ro 9:15-24) ; seulement ouvriers et matériaux décoratifs sont d'origine phénicienne, et le Temple de Salomon, à travers le style phénicien, se ressent d'influences alors dominantes à l'Est du bassin méditerranéen : babyloniennes, égyptiennes et même mycéniennes. Les rois bâtisseurs dans l'A.T. sont : Asa (1Ro 15:23), Omri (1Ro 16:24), Achab (1Ro 16:34 22:39), Ézéchias (2Ro 20:20,2Ch 32:29 et suivant), Joas et Josias (2Ro 12:11 22:6), Jéhojakim dont le palais d'hiver est mentionné (Jer 22:14 36:22, cf. Am 3:15). De nombreuses fouilles archéologiques ont retrouvé des vestiges importants de palais et de temples à Samarie, Sichem, Beth-Séan, etc.

4. Après l'exil. Le temple d'Ézéchiel (Eze 40 Eze 41 Eze 42 Eze 43) est une pure vision de l'esprit, sans portée architecturale. Celui de Zorobabel, ainsi que les murs de Jérusalem, furent reconstruits avec la pierre et le bois du Liban (Esd 3:7, Ne 2:8). Simon Macchabée édifia les forteresses Baris et Antonia pour la défense du temple et de la cité. L'influence égyptienne tardive est surtout sensible dans les tombeaux de la vallée de Josaphat, mais l'influence prédominante à partir du III e siècle av. J. -C, est évidemment grecque. (cf. 1Ma 1:14,2Ma 4:12) Le règne d'Hérode et de ses fils et successeurs est marqué par un grand nombre de constructions où se manifeste l'influence gréco-romaine : restauration du temple, agrandissements et embellissements de Samarie, fondation de Césarée de Philippe, de Tibériade, etc (Lu 21:5). « En général les Juifs ignorent la beauté du détail, ce qui est un, délicat, joli, leur échappe ; ils ne comprennent que ce qui les domine et les dépasse, ce qui est grandiose et même écrasant » (Mr 13:1 ; Stapfer, Pal., p. 232).

5. Christianisme. L'architecture chrétienne ne pouvait naître en un temps aussi court que celui de la rédaction des livres du N.T., dans le demi-siècle qui suivit la vie du Seigneur, alors que la première génération des fidèles s'attendait à son prochain retour et à la fin du monde ; d'où le silence du N.T. à ce sujet.

Voir Arts et métiers, Maison. P. A.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 4

      17 Cain knew his wife. She conceived, and gave birth to Enoch. He built a city, and called the name of the city, after the name of his son, Enoch.
      20 Adah gave birth to Jabal, who was the father of those who dwell in tents and have livestock.
      22 Zillah also gave birth to Tubal Cain, the forger of every cutting instrument of brass and iron. Tubal Cain's sister was Naamah.

      Genèse 10

      8 Cush became the father of Nimrod. He began to be a mighty one in the earth.
      9 He was a mighty hunter before Yahweh. Therefore it is said, "Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before Yahweh."
      10 The beginning of his kingdom was Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
      11 Out of that land he went into Assyria, and built Nineveh, Rehoboth Ir, Calah,
      12 and Resen between Nineveh and Calah (the same is the great city).

      Genèse 11

      3 They said one to another, "Come, let's make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." They had brick for stone, and they used tar for mortar.
      4 They said, "Come, let's build ourselves a city, and a tower whose top reaches to the sky, and let's make ourselves a name, lest we be scattered abroad on the surface of the whole earth."
      5 Yahweh came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men built.
      6 Yahweh said, "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and this is what they begin to do. Now nothing will be withheld from them, which they intend to do.
      7 Come, let's go down, and there confuse their language, that they may not understand one another's speech."
      8 So Yahweh scattered them abroad from there on the surface of all the earth. They stopped building the city.
      9 Therefore its name was called Babel, because there Yahweh confused the language of all the earth. From there, Yahweh scattered them abroad on the surface of all the earth.

      Exode 1

      11 Therefore they set taskmasters over them to afflict them with their burdens. They built storage cities for Pharaoh: Pithom and Raamses.

      Lévitique 14

      34 "When you have come into the land of Canaan, which I give to you for a possession, and I put a spreading mildew in a house in the land of your possession,

      Nombres 13

      19 and what the land is that they dwell in, whether it is good or bad; and what cities they are that they dwell in, whether in camps, or in strongholds;

      2 Chroniques 32

      29 Moreover he provided him cities, and possessions of flocks and herds in abundance; for God had given him very much substance.

      Esdras 3

      7 They also gave money to the masons, and to the carpenters. They also gave food, drink, and oil to the people of Sidon and Tyre, to bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea, to Joppa, according to the grant that they had from Cyrus King of Persia.

      Néhémie 2

      8 and a letter to Asaph the keeper of the king's forest, that he may give me timber to make beams for the gates of the citadel by the temple, for the wall of the city, and for the house that I shall enter into." The king granted my requests, because of the good hand of my God on me.

      Jérémie 22

      14 who says, I will build me a wide house and spacious rooms, and cuts him out windows; and it is ceiling with cedar, and painted with vermilion.

      Jérémie 36

      22 Now the king was sitting in the winter house in the ninth month: and there was a fire in the brazier burning before him.

      Ezéchiel 40

      1 In the five and twentieth year of our captivity, in the beginning of the year, in the tenth [day] of the month, in the fourteenth year after that the city was struck, in the same day, the hand of Yahweh was on me, and he brought me there.
      2 In the visions of God brought he me into the land of Israel, and set me down on a very high mountain, whereon was as it were the frame of a city on the south.
      3 He brought me there; and, behold, there was a man, whose appearance was like the appearance of brass, with a line of flax in his hand, and a measuring reed; and he stood in the gate.
      4 The man said to me, Son of man, see with your eyes, and hear with your ears, and set your heart on all that I shall show you; for, to the intent that I may show them to you, you are brought here: declare all that you see to the house of Israel.
      5 Behold, a wall on the outside of the house all around, and in the man's hand a measuring reed six cubits long, of a cubit and a handbreadth each: so he measured the thickness of the building, one reed; and the height, one reed.
      6 Then came he to the gate which looks toward the east, and went up its steps: and he measured the threshold of the gate, one reed broad; and the other threshold, one reed broad.
      7 Every lodge was one reed long, and one reed broad; and [the space] between the lodges was five cubits; and the threshold of the gate by the porch of the gate toward the house was one reed.
      8 He measured also the porch of the gate toward the house, one reed.
      9 Then measured he the porch of the gate, eight cubits; and its posts, two cubits; and the porch of the gate was toward the house.
      10 The lodges of the gate eastward were three on this side, and three on that side; they three were of one measure: and the posts had one measure on this side and on that side.
      11 He measured the breadth of the opening of the gate, ten cubits; and the length of the gate, thirteen cubits;
      12 and a border before the lodges, one cubit [on this side], and a border, one cubit on that side; and the lodges, six cubits on this side, and six cubits on that side.
      13 He measured the gate from the roof of the one lodge to the roof of the other, a breadth of twenty-five cubits; door against door.
      14 He made also posts, sixty cubits; and the court [reached] to the posts, around the gate.
      15 [From] the forefront of the gate at the entrance to the forefront of the inner porch of the gate were fifty cubits.
      16 There were closed windows to the lodges, and to their posts within the gate all around, and likewise to the arches; and windows were around inward; and on [each] post were palm trees.
      17 Then brought he me into the outer court; and behold, there were rooms and a pavement, made for the court all around: thirty rooms were on the pavement.
      18 The pavement was by the side of the gates, answerable to the length of the gates, even the lower pavement.
      19 Then he measured the breadth from the forefront of the lower gate to the forefront of the inner court outside, one hundred cubits, [both] on the east and on the north.
      20 The gate of the outer court whose prospect is toward the north, he measured its length and its breadth.
      21 The lodges of it were three on this side and three on that side; and its posts and its arches were after the measure of the first gate: its length was fifty cubits, and the breadth twenty-five cubits.
      22 The windows of it, and its arches, and the palm trees of it, were after the measure of the gate whose prospect is toward the east; and they went up to it by seven steps; and its arches were before them.
      23 There was a gate to the inner court over against the [other] gate, [both] on the north and on the east; and he measured from gate to gate one hundred cubits.
      24 He led me toward the south; and behold, a gate toward the south: and he measured its posts and its arches according to these measures.
      25 There were windows in it and in its arches all around, like those windows: the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth twenty-five cubits.
      26 There were seven steps to go up to it, and its arches were before them; and it had palm trees, one on this side, and another on that side, on its posts.
      27 There was a gate to the inner court toward the south: and he measured from gate to gate toward the south a hundred cubits.
      28 Then he brought me to the inner court by the south gate: and he measured the south gate according to these measures;
      29 and its lodges, and its posts, and its arches, according to these measures: and there were windows in it and in its arches all around; it was fifty cubits long, and twenty-five cubits broad.
      30 There were arches all around, twenty-five cubits long, and five cubits broad.
      31 The arches of it were toward the outer court; and palm trees were on its posts: and the ascent to it had eight steps.
      32 He brought me into the inner court toward the east: and he measured the gate according to these measures;
      33 and its lodges, and its posts, and its arches, according to these measures: and there were windows therein and in its arches all around; it was fifty cubits long, and twenty-five cubits broad.
      34 The arches of it were toward the outer court; and palm trees were on its posts, on this side, and on that side: and the ascent to it had eight steps.
      35 He brought me to the north gate: and he measured [it] according to these measures;
      36 its lodges, its posts, and its arches: and there were windows therein all around; the length was fifty cubits, and the breadth twenty-five cubits.
      37 The posts of it were toward the outer court; and palm trees were on its posts, on this side, and on that side: and the ascent to it had eight steps.
      38 A room with its door was by the posts at the gates; there they washed the burnt offering.
      39 In the porch of the gate were two tables on this side, and two tables on that side, to kill thereon the burnt offering and the sin offering and the trespass offering.
      40 On the [one] side outside, as one goes up to the entry of the gate toward the north, were two tables; and on the other side, which belonged to the porch of the gate, were two tables.
      41 Four tables were on this side, and four tables on that side, by the side of the gate; eight tables, whereupon they killed [the sacrifices].
      42 There were four tables for the burnt offering, of cut stone, a cubit and a half long, and a cubit and a half broad, and one cubit high; whereupon they laid the instruments with which they killed the burnt offering and the sacrifice.
      43 The hooks, a handbreadth long, were fastened within all around: and on the tables was the flesh of the offering.
      44 Outside of the inner gate were rooms for the singers in the inner court, which was at the side of the north gate; and their prospect was toward the south; one at the side of the east gate having the prospect toward the north.
      45 He said to me, This room, whose prospect is toward the south, is for the priests, the keepers of the duty of the house;
      46 and the room whose prospect is toward the north is for the priests, the keepers of the duty of the altar: these are the sons of Zadok, who from among the sons of Levi come near to Yahweh to minister to him.
      47 He measured the court, one hundred cubits long, and a hundred cubits broad, foursquare; and the altar was before the house.
      48 Then he brought me to the porch of the house, and measured each post of the porch, five cubits on this side, and five cubits on that side: and the breadth of the gate was three cubits on this side, and three cubits on that side.
      49 The length of the porch was twenty cubits, and the breadth eleven cubits; even by the steps by which they went up to it: and there were pillars by the posts, one on this side, and another on that side.

      Ezéchiel 41

      1 He brought me to the temple, and measured the posts, six cubits broad on the one side, and six cubits broad on the other side, which was the breadth of the tent.
      2 The breadth of the entrance was ten cubits; and the sides of the entrance were five cubits on the one side, and five cubits on the other side: and he measured its length, forty cubits, and the breadth, twenty cubits.
      3 Then went he inward, and measured each post of the entrance, two cubits; and the entrance, six cubits; and the breadth of the entrance, seven cubits.
      4 He measured its length, twenty cubits, and the breadth, twenty cubits, before the temple: and he said to me, This is the most holy place.
      5 Then he measured the wall of the house, six cubits; and the breadth of every side room, four cubits, all around the house on every side.
      6 The side rooms were in three stories, one over another, and thirty in order; and they entered into the wall which belonged to the house for the side rooms all around, that they might have hold [therein], and not have hold in the wall of the house.
      7 The side rooms were broader as they encompassed [the house] higher and higher; for the encompassing of the house went higher and higher around the house: therefore the breadth of the house [continued] upward; and so one went up [from] the lowest [room] to the highest by the middle [room].
      8 I saw also that the house had a raised base all around: the foundations of the side rooms were a full reed of six great cubits.
      9 The thickness of the wall, which was for the side rooms, on the outside, was five cubits: and that which was left was the place of the side rooms that belonged to the house.
      10 Between the rooms was a breadth of twenty cubits around the house on every side.
      11 The doors of the side rooms were toward [the place] that was left, one door toward the north, and another door toward the south: and the breadth of the place that was left was five cubits all around.
      12 The building that was before the separate place at the side toward the west was seventy cubits broad; and the wall of the building was five cubits thick all around, and its length ninety cubits.
      13 So he measured the house, one hundred cubits long; and the separate place, and the building, with its walls, one hundred cubits long;
      14 also the breadth of the face of the house, and of the separate place toward the east, one hundred cubits.
      15 He measured the length of the building before the separate place which was at its back, and its galleries on the one side and on the other side, one hundred cubits; and the inner temple, and the porches of the court;
      16 the thresholds, and the closed windows, and the galleries around on their three stories, over against the threshold, with wood ceilings all around, and [from] the ground up to the windows, (now the windows were covered),
      17 to [the space] above the door, even to the inner house, and outside, and by all the wall all around inside and outside, by measure.
      18 It was made with cherubim and palm trees; and a palm tree was between cherub and cherub, and every cherub had two faces;
      19 so that there was the face of a man toward the palm tree on the one side, and the face of a young lion toward the palm tree on the other side. [thus was it] made through all the house all around:
      20 from the ground to above the door were cherubim and palm trees made: thus was the wall of the temple.
      21 As for the temple, the door posts were squared; and as for the face of the sanctuary, the appearance [of it] was as the appearance [of the temple].
      22 The altar was of wood, three cubits high, and its length two cubits; and its corners, and its length, and its walls, were of wood: and he said to me, This is the table that is before Yahweh.
      23 The temple and the sanctuary had two doors.
      24 The doors had two leaves [apiece], two turning leaves: two [leaves] for the one door, and two leaves for the other.
      25 There were made on them, on the doors of the temple, cherubim and palm trees, like as were made on the walls; and there was a threshold of wood on the face of the porch outside.
      26 There were closed windows and palm trees on the one side and on the other side, on the sides of the porch: thus were the side rooms of the house, and the thresholds.

      Ezéchiel 42

      1 Then he brought me forth into the outer court, the way toward the north: and he brought me into the room that was over against the separate place, and which was over against the building toward the north.
      2 Before the length of one hundred cubits was the north door, and the breadth was fifty cubits.
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