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CHARISME

1.

Définition.

Le terme gr, kharisma (pluriel kharismata) désigne étymologiquement et grammaticalement le résultat d'une action, l'action, de faire une grâce, de donner gracieusement, par suite : le don effectué, achevé et transmis, plutôt que l'acte de donner. Kharisma est presque une expression technique pour signifier le don gracieux de Dieu, le produit de la grâce divine (kharis) communiqué par l'Esprit divin. C'est bien le sens du mot savant : charisme, calqué servilement sur le grec. « Don spirituel » serait une traduction assez exacte, même là où le grec n'ajoute pas pneuma-ticon à kharisma, c-à-d. dans la majorité des cas (cf. cependant, Ro 1:11, où les deux termes sont associés ; et 1Co 12:1 14:1, où c'est kharismata qui est sous-entendu, au lieu de pneumatica)

2.

Variété des charismes.

Si l'on en juge D'après les passages principaux (1Co 12 13 14 passim, Ro 12:6 et suivants, Eph 4:7 et suivants, 1Pi 4:10) variété des charismes est si grande qu'elle échappe à tout classement normal et découlant de la nature des choses. Un classement n'est, jamais tenté que par rapport à l'utilisation des Charismes (1Co 12-14). Dans la plupart des énumérations règne un certain désordre. Ici, la prophétie est mentionnée sixième, entre le don d'opérer des miracles et celui de discerner les esprits (1Co 12:10) ; là, elle se trouve deuxième, entre les apôtres et les docteurs (1Co 12:28). Les charismes prodigieux : ceux de guérison, de miracle, de glossolalie, sont mêlés aux simples talents (1Co 12:8-10,28-30) Parmi les pouvoirs extraordinaires, on peut mentionner : celui d'exorciser (Mr 16:17, Ac 16:18 19:12), de condamner et de punir (Ac 5:1-11 13:9-11,1Co 4:21 5:5). Parmi les autres, on rencontre tous les talents, toutes les dispositions heureuses et toutes les vertus, depuis les plus remarquables jusqu'aux plus ordinaires (Ga 5:22 et suivant, 1Co 7:7 12,13,14 passim, Ro 12:6,1Pi 4:10). La vie éternelle en Christ est un charisme (Ro 6:23), et l'amour également (1Co 13). « Charisme » exprime donc une notion très large, que l'on rencontre sous des termes encore plus généraux, en Jas 1:17.

3.

Unité des charismes.

Une commune origine unit tous les charismes. Paul insiste fortement sur cette unité spirituelle qui doit se manifester dans la diversité (1Co 12:4-11). Il indique un critère adéquat à la nature du charisme et qui permettra de le reconnaître parmi toutes les manifestations analogues, prodigieuses ou non, qui ne viennent point de Dieu : la glorification du Christ (1Co 12:1-3).

4.

Extension et transmission des charismes.

Des charismes de tout genre sont répandus dans l'Église primitive, les prodigieux et les autres. Paul mentionne comme bien connus ses pouvoirs (1Co 2:4 14:18,2Co 12:2). Extases, visions, glossolalie, miracles de guérison, de clairvoyance ou de divination sont des faits caractéristiques de tout Réveil religieux intense, et se rencontrent particulièrement dans l'Église primitive. (cf. Heb 2:4) Partis d'inspirations divines, les charismes se transmettent (Ro 1:11) et font de nouveaux inspirés, sans distinction de rang, de castes ou de fonctions. Ils sont essentiellement démocratiques. Dans le silence d'un inonde vieilli et déjà moribond, éclatent soudain des joies et des émerveillements d'enfants, des enthousiasmes juvéniles, des craintes, des allégresses et des ravissements, une puissance d'émotion, créatrice de vie. Et c'est une contagion par laquelle il semble que Dieu laisse aller son Esprit de charisme en charisme, de conversion en conversion, en une vague irrésistible.

5.

Utilisation des charismes.

Cette grande liberté des charismes ne va pas sans inconvénients. Elle risque de détruire les organisations existantes et d'arrêter celles qui sont en formation. Le danger fut particulièrement grand dans la communauté corinthienne, où certains demandaient peut-être que le charisme tînt lieu de direction, de gouvernement et d'administration. Paul cherche à rétablir l'ordre en posant quelques grands principes. Le premier, qui lui sert de règle pratique pour juger de la valeur d'un charisme, c'est l'édification de l'Église. Servir est le mot d'ordre du chrétien. Ceux qui ont été gratifiés de charismes sont eux-mêmes serviteurs de l'Église (1Co 14, Ro 1:11 s, cf. Jn 7:38,1Pi 4:10 et suivant). Les charismes sont des services (diaconiaï), des occasions de servir (Chrysostome, Hom. sur 1Co 12:4,5). Chacun doit reconnaître les siens et ne pas chercher à les dépasser (Ro 12:6). Pour l'édification et le bien de l'Église, il faut que tout se fasse avec ordre (1Co 14:34,40). Voir Corinthiens (1re épître aux).

6.

Hiérarchie des charismes.

De cette règle pratique découle une classification des charismes, où les prodigieux sont subordonnés aux autres parce que moins utiles à l'édification de la personnalité chrétienne et de l'Église, parce que plus susceptibles d'être mal employés (Mt 7:22 24:24,2Th 2:9,1Co 12:3, Ap 13:13 et suivant). Le discernement des esprits, qui permettra de juger de la valeur relative des différents charismes, est lui-même un charisme (1Th 5:21,1Co 12:10,1Jn 4:1).

La pensée du N.T. présente, sur ce point, une remarquable unité. Elle s'inspire de Jésus, qui s'attache à libérer ses disciples de la préoccupation du prodige extérieur pour les conduire au miracle intérieur, aux charismes de liberté, d'amour, de résurrection et de vie éternelle. H. Cl.

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      Matthieu 7

      22 Many will tell me in that day, 'Lord, Lord, didn't we prophesy in your name, in your name cast out demons, and in your name do many mighty works?'

      Matthieu 24

      24 For there will arise false christs, and false prophets, and they will show great signs and wonders, so as to lead astray, if possible, even the chosen ones.

      Marc 16

      17 These signs will accompany those who believe: in my name they will cast out demons; they will speak with new languages;

      Jean 4

      1 Therefore when the Lord knew that the Pharisees had heard that Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John

      Jean 7

      38 He who believes in me, as the Scripture has said, from within him will flow rivers of living water."

      Actes 5

      1 But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira, his wife, sold a possession,
      2 and kept back part of the price, his wife also being aware of it, and brought a certain part, and laid it at the apostles' feet.
      3 But Peter said, "Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit, and to keep back part of the price of the land?
      4 While you kept it, didn't it remain your own? After it was sold, wasn't it in your power? How is it that you have conceived this thing in your heart? You haven't lied to men, but to God."
      5 Ananias, hearing these words, fell down and died. Great fear came on all who heard these things.
      6 The young men arose and wrapped him up, and they carried him out and buried him.
      7 About three hours later, his wife, not knowing what had happened, came in.
      8 Peter answered her, "Tell me whether you sold the land for so much." She said, "Yes, for so much."
      9 But Peter asked her, "How is it that you have agreed together to tempt the Spirit of the Lord? Behold, the feet of those who have buried your husband are at the door, and they will carry you out."
      10 She fell down immediately at his feet, and died. The young men came in and found her dead, and they carried her out and buried her by her husband.
      11 Great fear came on the whole assembly, and on all who heard these things.

      Actes 13

      9 But Saul, who is also called Paul, filled with the Holy Spirit, fastened his eyes on him,

      Actes 16

      18 She was doing this for many days. But Paul, becoming greatly annoyed, turned and said to the spirit, "I command you in the name of Jesus Christ to come out of her!" It came out that very hour.

      Actes 19

      12 so that even handkerchiefs or aprons were carried away from his body to the sick, and the evil spirits went out.

      Romains 1

      11 For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established;

      Romains 6

      23 For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.

      Romains 12

      6 Having gifts differing according to the grace that was given to us, if prophecy, let us prophesy according to the proportion of our faith;

      1 Corinthiens 2

      4 My speech and my preaching were not in persuasive words of human wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power,

      1 Corinthiens 4

      21 What do you want? Shall I come to you with a rod, or in love and a spirit of gentleness?

      1 Corinthiens 7

      7 Yet I wish that all men were like me. However each man has his own gift from God, one of this kind, and another of that kind.

      1 Corinthiens 12

      1 Now concerning spiritual things, brothers, I don't want you to be ignorant.
      2 You know that when you were heathen , you were led away to those mute idols, however you might be led.
      3 Therefore I make known to you that no man speaking by God's Spirit says, "Jesus is accursed." No one can say, "Jesus is Lord," but by the Holy Spirit.
      4 Now there are various kinds of gifts, but the same Spirit.
      5 There are various kinds of service, and the same Lord.
      6 There are various kinds of workings, but the same God, who works all things in all.
      7 But to each one is given the manifestation of the Spirit for the profit of all.
      8 For to one is given through the Spirit the word of wisdom, and to another the word of knowledge, according to the same Spirit;
      9 to another faith, by the same Spirit; and to another gifts of healings, by the same Spirit;
      10 and to another workings of miracles; and to another prophecy; and to another discerning of spirits; to another different kinds of languages; and to another the interpretation of languages.
      11 But the one and the same Spirit works all of these, distributing to each one separately as he desires.
      12 For as the body is one, and has many members, and all the members of the body, being many, are one body; so also is Christ.
      13 For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body, whether Jews or Greeks, whether bond or free; and were all given to drink into one Spirit.
      14 For the body is not one member, but many.
      15 If the foot would say, "Because I'm not the hand, I'm not part of the body," it is not therefore not part of the body.
      16 If the ear would say, "Because I'm not the eye, I'm not part of the body," it's not therefore not part of the body.
      17 If the whole body were an eye, where would the hearing be? If the whole were hearing, where would the smelling be?
      18 But now God has set the members, each one of them, in the body, just as he desired.
      19 If they were all one member, where would the body be?
      20 But now they are many members, but one body.
      21 The eye can't tell the hand, "I have no need for you," or again the head to the feet, "I have no need for you."
      22 No, much rather, those members of the body which seem to be weaker are necessary.
      23 Those parts of the body which we think to be less honorable, on those we bestow more abundant honor; and our unpresentable parts have more abundant propriety;
      24 whereas our presentable parts have no such need. But God composed the body together, giving more abundant honor to the inferior part,
      25 that there should be no division in the body, but that the members should have the same care for one another.
      26 When one member suffers, all the members suffer with it. Or when one member is honored, all the members rejoice with it.
      27 Now you are the body of Christ, and members individually.
      28 God has set some in the assembly: first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracle workers, then gifts of healings, helps, governments, and various kinds of languages.
      29 Are all apostles? Are all prophets? Are all teachers? Are all miracle workers?
      30 Do all have gifts of healings? Do all speak with various languages? Do all interpret?
      31 But earnestly desire the best gifts. Moreover, I show a most excellent way to you.

      1 Corinthiens 13

      1 If I speak with the languages of men and of angels, but don't have love, I have become sounding brass, or a clanging cymbal.
      2 If I have the gift of prophecy, and know all mysteries and all knowledge; and if I have all faith, so as to remove mountains, but don't have love, I am nothing.
      3 If I dole out all my goods to feed the poor, and if I give my body to be burned, but don't have love, it profits me nothing.
      4 Love is patient and is kind; love doesn't envy. Love doesn't brag, is not proud,
      5 doesn't behave itself inappropriately, doesn't seek its own way, is not provoked, takes no account of evil;
      6 doesn't rejoice in unrighteousness, but rejoices with the truth;
      7 bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things.
      8 Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will be done away with. Where there are various languages, they will cease. Where there is knowledge, it will be done away with.
      9 For we know in part, and we prophesy in part;
      10 but when that which is complete has come, then that which is partial will be done away with.
      11 When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I felt as a child, I thought as a child. Now that I have become a man, I have put away childish things.
      12 For now we see in a mirror, dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then I will know fully, even as I was also fully known.
      13 But now faith, hope, and love remain--these three. The greatest of these is love.

      1 Corinthiens 14

      1 Follow after love, and earnestly desire spiritual gifts, but especially that you may prophesy.
      2 For he who speaks in another language speaks not to men, but to God; for no one understands; but in the Spirit he speaks mysteries.
      3 But he who prophesies speaks to men for their edification, exhortation, and consolation.
      4 He who speaks in another language edifies himself, but he who prophesies edifies the assembly.
      5 Now I desire to have you all speak with other languages, but rather that you would prophesy. For he is greater who prophesies than he who speaks with other languages, unless he interprets, that the assembly may be built up.
      6 But now, brothers, if I come to you speaking with other languages, what would I profit you, unless I speak to you either by way of revelation, or of knowledge, or of prophesying, or of teaching?
      7 Even things without life, giving a voice, whether pipe or harp, if they didn't give a distinction in the sounds, how would it be known what is piped or harped?
      8 For if the trumpet gave an uncertain sound, who would prepare himself for war?
      9 So also you, unless you uttered by the tongue words easy to understand, how would it be known what is spoken? For you would be speaking into the air.
      10 There are, it may be, so many kinds of sounds in the world, and none of them is without meaning.
      11 If then I don't know the meaning of the sound, I would be to him who speaks a foreigner, and he who speaks would be a foreigner to me.
      12 So also you, since you are zealous for spiritual gifts, seek that you may abound to the building up of the assembly.
      13 Therefore let him who speaks in another language pray that he may interpret.
      14 For if I pray in another language, my spirit prays, but my understanding is unfruitful.
      15 What is it then? I will pray with the spirit, and I will pray with the understanding also. I will sing with the spirit, and I will sing with the understanding also.
      16 Otherwise if you bless with the spirit, how will he who fills the place of the unlearned say the "Amen" at your giving of thanks, seeing he doesn't know what you say?
      17 For you most certainly give thanks well, but the other person is not built up.
      18 I thank my God, I speak with other languages more than you all.
      19 However in the assembly I would rather speak five words with my understanding, that I might instruct others also, than ten thousand words in another language.
      20 Brothers, don't be children in thoughts, yet in malice be babies, but in thoughts be mature.
      21 In the law it is written, "By men of strange languages and by the lips of strangers I will speak to this people. Not even thus will they hear me, says the Lord."
      22 Therefore other languages are for a sign, not to those who believe, but to the unbelieving; but prophesying is for a sign, not to the unbelieving, but to those who believe.
      23 If therefore the whole assembly is assembled together and all speak with other languages, and unlearned or unbelieving people come in, won't they say that you are crazy?
      24 But if all prophesy, and someone unbelieving or unlearned comes in, he is reproved by all, and he is judged by all.
      25 And thus the secrets of his heart are revealed. So he will fall down on his face and worship God, declaring that God is among you indeed.
      26 What is it then, brothers? When you come together, each one of you has a psalm, has a teaching, has a revelation, has another language, has an interpretation. Let all things be done to build each other up.
      27 If any man speaks in another language, let it be two, or at the most three, and in turn; and let one interpret.
      28 But if there is no interpreter, let him keep silent in the assembly, and let him speak to himself, and to God.
      29 Let the prophets speak, two or three, and let the others discern.
      30 But if a revelation is made to another sitting by, let the first keep silent.
      31 For you all can prophesy one by one, that all may learn, and all may be exhorted.
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