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COULEURS

Les Juifs, quoique connaissant bien la teinture, parlent peu des nuances, se contentent de distinctions élémentaires et n'insistent sur les couleurs que dans les descriptions sacerdotales (tabernacle, vêtements) ou apocalyptiques (chevaux) : c'est qu'ils leur accordent ordinairement une valeur symbolique.

I Couleurs naturelles.

1. Jaune et vert.

Notion indécise, le mot jaune étant rare dans l'A. T (Ps 68:14, Sg.). Le vert s'applique à tout ce qui concerne plantes, pousses, herbes, et au fig. exprime la vigueur et la prospérité (Job 15:32, Ps 37:35 92:15, Os 14:8, Jer 11:16 17:8, Da 4:4). Les mêmes mots désignent la couleur verte, qualifient les productions de la terre, germes, herbes, fruits de la vigne, gazon, feuillage (Ge 1:30 9:3 30:37, Ex 10:15, Ps 37:2, Jer 17:8 31:29, Sir 14:18, Mr 6:39, Lu 23:31, Ap 6:13 8:7 ; voy. Sg.), fraîcheur de l'huile (Ps 92:10), douceur du lit (Ca 1:16), arbres des idolâtres (De 12:2,2Ro 16:4), herbe poussant au désert (Job 39:11). Dans Est 1:6 seulement (Sg.) il s'agit d'un vert artificiel. Dans Le 13:49 14:37, la couleur des plaies de la lèpre peut être rendue par verdâtre ou jaunâtre, comme celle du cheval représentant la peste (Ap 6:8 ; Vers. Syn. : jaunâtre ; Sg. : pâle ; Bbl. Cent. : livide).

2. Rouge (vermeil, roux, rougeâtre).

Couleur du sang (2Ro 3:22), des habits tachés de sang (Esa 63:2), de la génisse immolée (No 19:2), du potage de lentilles (Ge 25:30), des chevaux apocalyptiques (Za 1:8 6:2, Ap 6:4 12:3), du vin (Pr 23:31), des yeux (Ge 49:12), du teint (Ge 25:25, Ca 5:10, La 4:7), de la lèpre (Le 13:18 14:37), du ciel (couleur de feu : Mt 16:2), de la lune lors du châtiment de JHVH (Esa 24:23). La couleur d'un des chevaux peut être rendue par le mot : brun (Za 6:3).

3. Blanc.

Couleur du lait (Ge 49:12), de la manne (Ex 16:31), de la neige (Ex 4:6 No 12:10 Ps 68:15 etc.), de la laine (Eze 27:18), des chevaux apocalyptiques (Za 1:8 6:3, etc., Ap 6:2 19:14), des vêtements (Ec 9:8, Da 7:9, Ap 3:4), de la lèpre (Ex 4:6, No 12:10 etc.), du marbre et des tissus (Est 1:6), de la vieillesse (Ps 71:18, Sir 25:4 etc.), du soleil lors du châtiment de JHVH (Esa 24:23), du teint, de la peau, des dents et des cheveux (Ca 5:10, Ge 49:12, La 4:7, Mt 5:37), du pain (Ge 40:16), des murs (Mt 23:27, Ac 23:3), de la peur (Esa 29:22).

Le blanc est le symbole de l'innocence, de la pureté : vêtements des anges, des saints, des rachetés (2Ma 11:8, Mt 17:2, Mr 9:3 16:5, Lu 9:29, Jn 20:12 etc.). Le trône et la nuée de Dieu sont blancs (Ap 14:14 20:11). L'âme rachetée devient blanche comme la neige (Ps 51:9, Esa 1:18). La couleur blanche implique l'idée de noblesse et d'élégance (Est 8:15, Ec 9:8, etc., d'où le sens étym. du mot : Liban). Voir Lumière.

4. Noir.

Couleur des cheveux, du teint (Le 13:31, Ca 1:5: race africaine ou éthiopienne), de la maladie (Job 30:30), des chevaux apocalyptiques (Za 6:2,6), des troupeaux (Ge 30:32), d'un ciel nuageux (1Ro 18:45), de la nuit (Mic 3:6, Jer 4:28, Joe 2:10 3:15), du torrent encombré de glaçons (Job 6:16, sens étym. de Cédron). Sens symbolique pour le deuil (Jer 8:21 14:2, etc.), le chagrin, la honte, le péché (La 4:8 5:10, etc., Za 6:2,6, Ap 6:6).

5. Les bêtes rayées, picotées, marquetées de Jacob (Ge 31:10) étaient des brebis blanches à taches foncées et des chèvres (noires) à taches claires (comp. les chevaux de Za 6:3-6).

II Couleurs artificielles.

L'art de la teinture a été connu très tôt en Israël (Ge 38:28) ; les tentures du tabernacle étaient de fin lin retors pourpre, écarlate et cramoisi (Ex 26:1). Si le teinturier n'est pas mentionné dans l'A.T. (voir cependant Foulon), il l'est quelques fois dans le Talmud. Les couleurs artificielles devaient venir de Phénicie et l'art de les appliquer, d'Egypte (Ex 27:16) ; il y a en effet une grande ressemblance entre les teintures égyptiennes et palestiniennes (Ex 35:25 39:2 et suivant).

1. Pourpre.

Extraite par les Phéniciens du murex truncidus, coquillage trouvé sur les côtes d'Afrique, de Phénicie et d'Asie Mineure (comp. la marchande de Thyatire : Ac 16:14). La grande valeur et l'éclat de la pourpre la faisaient choisir pour les habits des rois, des officiers civils et religieux (Jug 8:26, Ca 7:6, Est 8:15, Sir 40:4 45:10, Da 5:7,16,29 1Ma 4:2,3 : Gorgias ; 2Ma 4:38 : Ândronicus, député d'Antiochus ; 1Ma 10:20,62,64 11:58 : le grand-prêtre Jonathan ; Jn 19:2). Les riches en portaient aussi (Eze 27:7, Lu 16:19, Ap 17:4 18:16). On en couvrait même les idoles de luxe (Jer 10:9, Lettre de Jérémie 12,72).

2. Bleu.

Extrait de Yhelix ianthina, autre coquillage des côtes phéniciennes ; ordinairement traduit violet, et souvent confondu avec le pourpre, dont il est la nuance tirant sur le bleu, alors que la précédente tire sur le rouge. Couleur de vêtements (No 15:38), de tentures du tabernacle (Ex 26 Ex 27 Est 1:6), de certaines parties de l'éphod et des lacets de la tiare du grand-prêtre (trad. quelques fois par blanc)

3. Écarlate ou cramoisi. Provient de la femelle d'un insecte ressemblant à la cochenille (coccus ilicis), commun en Orient et surtout en Arménie (Ge 38:28-30, Ex 25:4 26:1 28:8, Jos 2:18,2Ch 2:7,14 3:14, Esa 1:18, Jer 4:30, Lu 23:11). Couleur des lèvres (Ca 4:3), des habits des prêtres, des riches, des guerriers, des officiers romains (2Sa 1:24, Na 2:3, Sir 45:11, Pr 31:22, Mt 27:28 etc.). Confondu parfois avec le pourpre, mêlé aux autres couleurs dans les tentures du tabernacle (Ex 26 Ex 27). Symboliquement, couleur criarde du péché avant le salut (Esa 1:18) ; comp. la bête écarlate et la femme vêtue de pourpre et d'écarlate, ivre du sang des saints (Ap 17:3-6).

Vermillon.

Matière colorante employée pour les peintures des idoles (Eze 23:14, Sag 13:14), des murs et poutres des maisons (Jer 22:14). Couleur favorite des Assyriens (Eze 23:14).

5. La « robe bigarrée » ou « de plusieurs couleurs » donnée par Jacob à Joseph (Ge 37:3) est une traduction ordinairement abandonnée aujourd'hui : il s'agit d'une « robe d'extrémités », c-à-d. à longues manches et tombant jusqu'aux pieds, qui était un vêtement de luxe et de cérémonie.

Les efforts d'explication symbolique des diverses couleurs (tabernacle, apocalypses) se heurtent souvent à un grand nombre d'interprétations fantaisistes et inutiles (Philon, Josèphe, etc.) ; il est sage de s'en tenir aux significations générales indiquées ici. P. A.

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      Genèse 1

      30 To every animal of the earth, and to every bird of the sky, and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is life, I have given every green herb for food"; and it was so.

      Genèse 9

      3 Every moving thing that lives will be food for you. As the green herb, I have given everything to you.

      Genèse 25

      25 The first came out red all over, like a hairy garment. They named him Esau.
      30 Esau said to Jacob, "Please feed me with that same red stew, for I am famished." Therefore his name was called Edom.

      Genèse 30

      32 I will pass through all your flock today, removing from there every speckled and spotted one, and every black one among the sheep, and the spotted and speckled among the goats. This will be my hire.
      37 Jacob took to himself rods of fresh poplar, almond, plane tree, peeled white streaks in them, and made the white appear which was in the rods.

      Genèse 31

      10 It happened during mating season that I lifted up my eyes, and saw in a dream, and behold, the male goats which leaped on the flock were streaked, speckled, and grizzled.

      Genèse 37

      3 Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age, and he made him a coat of many colors.

      Genèse 38

      28 When she travailed, one put out a hand, and the midwife took and tied a scarlet thread on his hand, saying, "This came out first."
      29 It happened, as he drew back his hand, that behold, his brother came out, and she said, "Why have you made a breach for yourself?" Therefore his name was called Perez.
      30 Afterward his brother came out, that had the scarlet thread on his hand, and his name was called Zerah.

      Genèse 40

      16 When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good, he said to Joseph, "I also was in my dream, and behold, three baskets of white bread were on my head.

      Genèse 49

      12 His eyes will be red with wine, his teeth white with milk.

      Exode 4

      6 Yahweh said furthermore to him, "Now put your hand inside your cloak." He put his hand inside his cloak, and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous, as white as snow.

      Exode 10

      15 For they covered the surface of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened, and they ate every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left. There remained nothing green, either tree or herb of the field, through all the land of Egypt.

      Exode 16

      31 The house of Israel called its name Manna, and it was like coriander seed, white; and its taste was like wafers with honey.

      Exode 25

      4 blue, purple, scarlet, fine linen, goats' hair,

      Exode 26

      1 "Moreover you shall make the tabernacle with ten curtains; of fine twined linen, and blue, and purple, and scarlet, with cherubim. The work of the skillful workman you shall make them.
      2 The length of each curtain shall be twenty-eight cubits, and the breadth of each curtain four cubits: all the curtains shall have one measure.
      3 Five curtains shall be coupled together one to another; and the other five curtains shall be coupled one to another.
      4 You shall make loops of blue on the edge of the one curtain from the edge in the coupling; and likewise you shall make in the edge of the curtain that is outmost in the second coupling.
      5 You shall make fifty loops in the one curtain, and you shall make fifty loops in the edge of the curtain that is in the second coupling. The loops shall be opposite one to another.
      6 You shall make fifty clasps of gold, and couple the curtains one to another with the clasps: and the tabernacle shall be a unit.
      7 "You shall make curtains of goats' hair for a covering over the tabernacle. You shall make them eleven curtains.
      8 The length of each curtain shall be thirty cubits, and the breadth of each curtain four cubits: the eleven curtains shall have one measure.
      9 You shall couple five curtains by themselves, and six curtains by themselves, and shall double over the sixth curtain in the forefront of the tent.
      10 You shall make fifty loops on the edge of the one curtain that is outmost in the coupling, and fifty loops on the edge of the curtain which is outmost in the second coupling.
      11 You shall make fifty clasps of brass, and put the clasps into the loops, and couple the tent together, that it may be one.
      12 The overhanging part that remains of the curtains of the tent, the half curtain that remains, shall hang over the back of the tabernacle.
      13 The cubit on the one side, and the cubit on the other side, of that which remains in the length of the curtains of the tent, shall hang over the sides of the tabernacle on this side and on that side, to cover it.
      14 You shall make a covering for the tent of rams' skins dyed red, and a covering of sea cow hides above.
      15 "You shall make the boards for the tabernacle of acacia wood, standing up.
      16 Ten cubits shall be the length of a board, and one and a half cubits the breadth of each board.
      17 There shall be two tenons in each board, joined to one another: thus you shall make for all the boards of the tabernacle.
      18 You shall make the boards for the tabernacle, twenty boards for the south side southward.
      19 You shall make forty sockets of silver under the twenty boards; two sockets under one board for its two tenons, and two sockets under another board for its two tenons.
      20 For the second side of the tabernacle, on the north side, twenty boards,
      21 and their forty sockets of silver; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board.
      22 For the far part of the tabernacle westward you shall make six boards.
      23 You shall make two boards for the corners of the tabernacle in the far part.
      24 They shall be double beneath, and in the same way they shall be whole to its top to one ring: thus shall it be for them both; they shall be for the two corners.
      25 There shall be eight boards, and their sockets of silver, sixteen sockets; two sockets under one board, and two sockets under another board.
      26 "You shall make bars of acacia wood: five for the boards of the one side of the tabernacle,
      27 and five bars for the boards of the other side of the tabernacle, and five bars for the boards of the side of the tabernacle, for the far part westward.
      28 The middle bar in the midst of the boards shall pass through from end to end.
      29 You shall overlay the boards with gold, and make their rings of gold for places for the bars: and you shall overlay the bars with gold.
      30 You shall set up the tabernacle according to the way that it was shown to you on the mountain.
      31 "You shall make a veil of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, with cherubim. The work of the skillful workman shall it be made.
      32 You shall hang it on four pillars of acacia overlaid with gold; their hooks shall be of gold, on four sockets of silver.
      33 You shall hang up the veil under the clasps, and shall bring the ark of the testimony in there within the veil: and the veil shall separate the holy place from the most holy for you.
      34 You shall put the mercy seat on the ark of the testimony in the most holy place.
      35 You shall set the table outside the veil, and the lampstand over against the table on the side of the tabernacle toward the south: and you shall put the table on the north side.
      36 "You shall make a screen for the door of the Tent, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, the work of the embroiderer.
      37 You shall make for the screen five pillars of acacia, and overlay them with gold: their hooks shall be of gold: and you shall cast five sockets of brass for them.

      Exode 27

      1 "You shall make the altar of acacia wood, five cubits long, and five cubits broad; the altar shall be foursquare: and its height shall be three cubits.
      2 You shall make its horns on its four corners; its horns shall be of one piece with it; and you shall overlay it with brass.
      3 You shall make its pots to take away its ashes, its shovels, its basins, its flesh hooks, and its fire pans: all its vessels you shall make of brass.
      4 You shall make a grating for it of network of brass: and on the net you shall make four bronze rings in its four corners.
      5 You shall put it under the ledge around the altar beneath, that the net may reach halfway up the altar.
      6 You shall make poles for the altar, poles of acacia wood, and overlay them with brass.
      7 Its poles shall be put into the rings, and the poles shall be on the two sides of the altar, when carrying it.
      8 You shall make it with hollow planks. They shall make it as it has been shown you on the mountain.
      9 "You shall make the court of the tabernacle: for the south side southward there shall be hangings for the court of fine twined linen one hundred cubits long for one side:
      10 and its pillars shall be twenty, and their sockets twenty, of brass; the hooks of the pillars and their fillets shall be of silver.
      11 Likewise for the north side in length there shall be hangings one hundred cubits long, and its pillars twenty, and their sockets twenty, of brass; the hooks of the pillars, and their fillets, of silver.
      12 For the breadth of the court on the west side shall be hangings of fifty cubits; their pillars ten, and their sockets ten.
      13 The breadth of the court on the east side eastward shall be fifty cubits.
      14 The hangings for the one side of the gate shall be fifteen cubits; their pillars three, and their sockets three.
      15 For the other side shall be hangings of fifteen cubits; their pillars three, and their sockets three.
      16 For the gate of the court shall be a screen of twenty cubits, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen, the work of the embroiderer; their pillars four, and their sockets four.
      17 All the pillars of the court around shall be filleted with silver; their hooks of silver, and their sockets of brass.
      18 The length of the court shall be one hundred cubits, and the breadth fifty every where, and the height five cubits, of fine twined linen, and their sockets of brass.
      19 All the instruments of the tabernacle in all its service, and all its pins, and all the pins of the court, shall be of brass.
      20 "You shall command the children of Israel, that they bring to you pure olive oil beaten for the light, to cause a lamp to burn continually.
      21 In the Tent of Meeting, outside the veil which is before the testimony, Aaron and his sons shall keep it in order from evening to morning before Yahweh: it shall be a statute forever throughout their generations on the behalf of the children of Israel.

      Exode 28

      8 The skillfully woven band, which is on it, that is on him, shall be like its work and of the same piece; of gold, of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twined linen.

      Exode 35

      25 All the women who were wise-hearted spun with their hands, and brought that which they had spun, the blue, the purple, the scarlet, and the fine linen.

      Exode 39

      2 He made the ephod of gold, blue, purple, scarlet, and fine twined linen.

      Lévitique 13

      18 "When the body has a boil on its skin, and it has healed,
      31 If the priest examines the plague of itching, and behold, its appearance isn't deeper than the skin, and there is no black hair in it, then the priest shall isolate him the person infected with itching seven days.
      49 if the plague is greenish or reddish in the garment, or in the skin, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in anything made of skin; it is the plague of leprosy, and shall be shown to the priest.

      Lévitique 14

      37 He shall examine the plague; and behold, if the plague is in the walls of the house with hollow streaks, greenish or reddish, and it appears to be deeper than the wall;

      Nombres 12

      10 The cloud departed from over the Tent; and behold, Miriam was leprous, as white as snow. Aaron looked at Miriam, and behold, she was leprous.

      Nombres 15

      38 "Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them that they should make themselves fringes in the borders of their garments throughout their generations, and that they put on the fringe of each border a cord of blue:

      Nombres 19

      2 "This is the statute of the law which Yahweh has commanded: Speak to the children of Israel, that they bring you a red heifer without spot, in which is no blemish, and which was never yoked.

      Josué 2

      18 Behold, when we come into the land, you shall bind this line of scarlet thread in the window which you used to let us down. You shall gather to yourself into the house your father, your mother, your brothers, and all your father's household.

      Juges 8

      26 The weight of the golden earrings that he requested was one thousand and seven hundred shekels of gold, besides the crescents, and the pendants, and the purple clothing that was on the kings of Midian, and besides the chains that were about their camels' necks.

      2 Samuel 1

      24 You daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet delicately, who put ornaments of gold on your clothing.

      2 Chroniques 2

      7 "Now therefore send me a man skillful to work in gold, and in silver, and in brass, and in iron, and in purple, and crimson, and blue, and who knows how to engrave engravings, to be with the skillful men who are with me in Judah and in Jerusalem, whom David my father provided.

      Esther 1

      6 There were hangings of white, green, and blue material, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and marble pillars. The couches were of gold and silver, on a pavement of red, white, yellow, and black marble.

      Esther 8

      15 Mordecai went out of the presence of the king in royal clothing of blue and white, and with a great crown of gold, and with a robe of fine linen and purple; and the city of Susa shouted and was glad.

      Job 6

      16 Which are black by reason of the ice, in which the snow hides itself.

      Job 15

      32 It shall be accomplished before his time. His branch shall not be green.

      Job 30

      30 My skin grows black and peels from me. My bones are burned with heat.

      Job 39

      11 Will you trust him, because his strength is great? Or will you leave to him your labor?

      Psaumes 37

      2 For they shall soon be cut down like the grass, and wither like the green herb.
      35 I have seen the wicked in great power, spreading himself like a green tree in its native soil.

      Psaumes 51

      9 Hide your face from my sins, and blot out all of my iniquities.

      Psaumes 68

      14 When the Almighty scattered kings in her, it snowed on Zalmon.
      15 The mountains of Bashan are majestic mountains. The mountains of Bashan are rugged.
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