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DISCIPLINE SPIRITUELLE

Discipline que le croyant s'impose afin d'exercer sa foi et de développer sa piété. L'expérience nous apprend en effet que nous ne pouvons compter sur les mouvements spontanés de notre coeur pour réaliser nos bonnes intentions. Notre attention est inévitablement détournée des vérités auxquelles nous adhérons en esprit, il nous les faut donc ramener dans le champ de la conscience par un effort périodique. De là la nécessité de règles spirituelles que le fidèle se fixe spontanément ou qu'il reçoit de la tradition.

Comme exemple de règle imposée par la tradition, il faut citer l'institution du sabbat. Elle a été la pierre d'assise du judaïsme dans les temps tragiques de l'Exil et dans les épreuves postérieures (Ex 20:8-11, No 15:32-36, Esa 56:2-7 58:13 et suivant). L'institution des fêtes religieuses, qu'elles soient juives ou chrétiennes, s'explique également par la nécessité de ramener périodiquement l'attention des fidèles sur les vérités fondamentales de la religion. Rappelons l'institution de la Pâque juive et toutes les exhortations à se souvenir des délivrances passées (De 8 et 16, Le 23).

Dans l'Évangile on peut citer comme éléments de discipline spirituelle les recommandations de Jésus sur la prière, la récitation du « Notre Père », l'institution de la sainte Cène surtout, avec la recommandation : « Faites ceci en mémoire de moi » (Mt 26:17-29, Mr 14:12-25, Lu 22:7-20,1Co 11:23-26). Le livre des Actes nous montre les premiers chrétiens fidèles aux pratiques juives, y joignant la fraction du pain (Ac 2:42-47). Dans les épîtres la plupart des prescriptions concernent la discipline morale ; cependant les exhortations répétées à l'intercession, à l'action de grâces, à la louange rappellent bien la nécessité d'une discipline spirituelle (Eph 5:19 et suivant, Col 3:16 et suivant, 1Th 5:16, Jas 5:13-18).

Les Églises protestantes ont réduit au minimum les commémorations et les pratiques obligatoires. On les trouve dans les engagements proposés aux catéchumènes lors de leur confirmation. Elles engagent à la prière quotidienne, à la lecture régulière de la Bible et à la pratique de la sainte Cène, mais laissent au fidèle le soin d'approprier ces prescriptions à sa condition et à ses capacités.

Il ne suffit pas de fixer les heures et la durée de la méditation et de la prière. Comment développer par exemple notre reconnaissance envers Dieu sans quelques pratiques propres à y ramener notre coeur, naturellement oublieux et ingrat ? Comment « apprendre à être content » sans une discipline spirituelle appropriée ? Comment pratiquer fidèlement l'intercession sans ordre ni méthode ? Pour le repentir lui-même, l'acte qui exige apparemment le plus de spontanéité, ne faut-il pas prévoir des échéances régulières si l'on veut entretenir en soi l'humilité chrétienne ? Les vérités les plus élémentaires telles que la présence de Dieu, la communion avec Jésus souffrant, l'assurance du salut, l'excellence de la charité, seront sans effet si nous ne trouvons pas le moyen de les ramener régulièrement dans le champ de notre attention. En fait, il n'est aucune doctrine essentielle, aucune forme de l'idéal chrétien qui n'ait suscité une discipline spéciale et qui par suite n'ait provoqué (sous forme d'ordres religieux, de sectes, de confessions particulières) des groupements de fidèles animés d'une ambition identique.

Les pratiques les meilleures ne produisent pas nécessairement les effets attendus. La paresse spirituelle que l'on a voulu vaincre par une discipline rigoureuse se glisse dans l'observance elle-même et devient formalisme ou légalisme. Il arrive qu'on ne prie plus pour obtenir le secours de Dieu, mais pour « avoir prié », c-à-d. pour être en règle. De là la nécessité des « Réveils », qui vivifient les pratiques ou les rejettent pour en créer de nouvelles.

La discipline spirituelle peut être considérée comme une des formes de l'ascétisme, terme qui englobe toutes les pratiques employées pour vaincre la matière et la soumettre à l'Esprit. On peut trouver une description de l'ascétisme et même sa définition dans 1Co 9:24-27.

Voir Jeûne. Gab. B.

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      Exode 20

      8 "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
      9 You shall labor six days, and do all your work,
      10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to Yahweh your God. You shall not do any work in it, you, nor your son, nor your daughter, your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your livestock, nor your stranger who is within your gates;
      11 for in six days Yahweh made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day; therefore Yahweh blessed the Sabbath day, and made it holy.

      Lévitique 23

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them, 'The set feasts of Yahweh, which you shall proclaim to be holy convocations, even these are my set feasts.
      3 "'Six days shall work be done: but on the seventh day is a Sabbath of solemn rest, a holy convocation; you shall do no kind of work. It is a Sabbath to Yahweh in all your dwellings.
      4 "'These are the set feasts of Yahweh, even holy convocations, which you shall proclaim in their appointed season.
      5 In the first month, on the fourteenth day of the month in the evening, is Yahweh's Passover.
      6 On the fifteenth day of the same month is the feast of unleavened bread to Yahweh. Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread.
      7 In the first day you shall have a holy convocation. You shall do no regular work.
      8 But you shall offer an offering made by fire to Yahweh seven days. In the seventh day is a holy convocation: you shall do no regular work.'"
      9 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      10 "Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them, 'When you have come into the land which I give to you, and shall reap its the harvest, then you shall bring the sheaf of the first fruits of your harvest to the priest:
      11 and he shall wave the sheaf before Yahweh, to be accepted for you. On the next day after the Sabbath the priest shall wave it.
      12 On the day when you wave the sheaf, you shall offer a male lamb without blemish a year old for a burnt offering to Yahweh.
      13 The meal offering with it shall be two tenth parts of an ephah of fine flour mingled with oil, an offering made by fire to Yahweh for a pleasant aroma; and the drink offering with it shall be of wine, the fourth part of a hin.
      14 You shall eat neither bread, nor roasted grain, nor fresh grain, until this same day, until you have brought the offering of your God. This is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your dwellings.
      15 "'You shall count from the next day after the Sabbath, from the day that you brought the sheaf of the wave offering; seven Sabbaths shall be completed:
      16 even to the next day after the seventh Sabbath you shall number fifty days; and you shall offer a new meal offering to Yahweh.
      17 You shall bring out of your habitations two loaves of bread for a wave offering made of two tenth parts of an ephah of fine flour. They shall be baked with yeast, for first fruits to Yahweh.
      18 You shall present with the bread seven lambs without blemish a year old, one young bull, and two rams. They shall be a burnt offering to Yahweh, with their meal offering, and their drink offerings, even an offering made by fire, of a sweet aroma to Yahweh.
      19 You shall offer one male goat for a sin offering, and two male lambs a year old for a sacrifice of peace offerings.
      20 The priest shall wave them with the bread of the first fruits for a wave offering before Yahweh, with the two lambs. They shall be holy to Yahweh for the priest.
      21 You shall make proclamation on the same day: there shall be a holy convocation to you; you shall do no regular work. This is a statute forever in all your dwellings throughout your generations.
      22 "'When you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not wholly reap into the corners of your field, neither shall you gather the gleanings of your harvest: you shall leave them for the poor, and for the foreigner. I am Yahweh your God.'"
      23 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      24 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'In the seventh month, on the first day of the month, shall be a solemn rest to you, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, a holy convocation.
      25 You shall do no regular work; and you shall offer an offering made by fire to Yahweh.'"
      26 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      27 "However on the tenth day of this seventh month is the day of atonement: it shall be a holy convocation to you, and you shall afflict yourselves; and you shall offer an offering made by fire to Yahweh.
      28 You shall do no kind of work in that same day; for it is a day of atonement, to make atonement for you before Yahweh your God.
      29 For whoever it is who shall not deny himself in that same day; shall be cut off from his people.
      30 Whoever it is who does any kind of work in that same day, that person I will destroy from among his people.
      31 You shall do no kind of work: it is a statute forever throughout your generations in all your dwellings.
      32 It shall be a Sabbath of solemn rest for you, and you shall deny yourselves. In the ninth day of the month at evening, from evening to evening, you shall keep your Sabbath."
      33 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      34 "Speak to the children of Israel, and say, 'On the fifteenth day of this seventh month is the feast of tents for seven days to Yahweh.
      35 On the first day shall be a holy convocation: you shall do no regular work.
      36 Seven days you shall offer an offering made by fire to Yahweh. On the eighth day shall be a holy convocation to you; and you shall offer an offering made by fire to Yahweh. It is a solemn assembly; you shall do no regular work.
      37 "'These are the appointed feasts of Yahweh, which you shall proclaim to be holy convocations, to offer an offering made by fire to Yahweh, a burnt offering, and a meal offering, a sacrifice, and drink offerings, each on its own day;
      38 besides the Sabbaths of Yahweh, and besides your gifts, and besides all your vows, and besides all your freewill offerings, which you give to Yahweh.
      39 "'So on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, when you have gathered in the fruits of the land, you shall keep the feast of Yahweh seven days: on the first day shall be a solemn rest, and on the eighth day shall be a solemn rest.
      40 You shall take on the first day the fruit of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook; and you shall rejoice before Yahweh your God seven days.
      41 You shall keep it a feast to Yahweh seven days in the year: it is a statute forever throughout your generations; you shall keep it in the seventh month.
      42 You shall dwell in booths seven days. All who are native-born in Israel shall dwell in booths,
      43 that your generations may know that I made the children of Israel to dwell in booths, when I brought them out of the land of Egypt. I am Yahweh your God.'"
      44 Moses declared to the children of Israel the appointed feasts of Yahweh.

      Nombres 15

      32 While the children of Israel were in the wilderness, they found a man gathering sticks on the Sabbath day.
      33 Those who found him gathering sticks brought him to Moses and Aaron, and to all the congregation.
      34 They put him in custody, because it had not been declared what should be done to him.
      35 Yahweh said to Moses, "The man shall surely be put to death: all the congregation shall stone him with stones outside of the camp."
      36 All the congregation brought him outside of the camp, and stoned him to death with stones; as Yahweh commanded Moses.

      Esaïe 56

      2 Blessed is the man who does this, and the son of man who holds it fast; who keeps the Sabbath from profaning it, and keeps his hand from doing any evil."
      3 Neither let the foreigner, who has joined himself to Yahweh, speak, saying, "Yahweh will surely separate me from his people"; neither let the eunuch say, "Behold, I am a dry tree."
      4 For thus says Yahweh, "To the eunuchs who keep my Sabbaths, and choose the things that please me, and hold fast my covenant:
      5 to them I will give in my house and within my walls a memorial and a name better than of sons and of daughters; I will give them an everlasting name, that shall not be cut off.
      6 Also the foreigners who join themselves to Yahweh, to minister to him, and to love the name of Yahweh, to be his servants, everyone who keeps the Sabbath from profaning it, and holds fast my covenant;
      7 even them will I bring to my holy mountain, and make them joyful in my house of prayer: their burnt offerings and their sacrifices shall be accepted on my altar; for my house shall be called a house of prayer for all peoples."

      Esaïe 58

      13 "If you turn away your foot from the Sabbath, from doing your pleasure on my holy day; and call the Sabbath a delight, and the holy of Yahweh honorable; and shall honor it, not doing your own ways, nor finding your own pleasure, nor speaking your own words:

      Matthieu 26

      17 Now on the first day of unleavened bread, the disciples came to Jesus, saying to him, "Where do you want us to prepare for you to eat the Passover?"
      18 He said, "Go into the city to a certain person, and tell him, 'The Teacher says, "My time is at hand. I will keep the Passover at your house with my disciples."'"
      19 The disciples did as Jesus commanded them, and they prepared the Passover.
      20 Now when evening had come, he was reclining at the table with the twelve disciples.
      21 As they were eating, he said, "Most certainly I tell you that one of you will betray me."
      22 They were exceedingly sorrowful, and each began to ask him, "It isn't me, is it, Lord?"
      23 He answered, "He who dipped his hand with me in the dish, the same will betray me.
      24 The Son of Man goes, even as it is written of him, but woe to that man through whom the Son of Man is betrayed! It would be better for that man if he had not been born."
      25 Judas, who betrayed him, answered, "It isn't me, is it, Rabbi?" He said to him, "You said it."
      26 As they were eating, Jesus took bread, gave thanks for it, and broke it. He gave to the disciples, and said, "Take, eat; this is my body."
      27 He took the cup, gave thanks, and gave to them, saying, "All of you drink it,
      28 for this is my blood of the new covenant, which is poured out for many for the remission of sins.
      29 But I tell you that I will not drink of this fruit of the vine from now on, until that day when I drink it anew with you in my Father's Kingdom."

      Marc 14

      12 On the first day of unleavened bread, when they sacrificed the Passover, his disciples asked him, "Where do you want us to go and prepare that you may eat the Passover?"
      13 He sent two of his disciples, and said to them, "Go into the city, and there you will meet a man carrying a pitcher of water. Follow him,
      14 and wherever he enters in, tell the master of the house, 'The Teacher says, "Where is the guest room, where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?"'
      15 He will himself show you a large upper room furnished and ready. Get ready for us there."
      16 His disciples went out, and came into the city, and found things as he had said to them, and they prepared the Passover.
      17 When it was evening he came with the twelve.
      18 As they sat and were eating, Jesus said, "Most certainly I tell you, one of you will betray me--he who eats with me."
      19 They began to be sorrowful, and to ask him one by one, "Surely not I?" And another said, "Surely not I?"
      20 He answered them, "It is one of the twelve, he who dips with me in the dish.
      21 For the Son of Man goes, even as it is written about him, but woe to that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed! It would be better for that man if he had not been born."
      22 As they were eating, Jesus took bread, and when he had blessed, he broke it, and gave to them, and said, "Take, eat. This is my body."
      23 He took the cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave to them. They all drank of it.
      24 He said to them, "This is my blood of the new covenant, which is poured out for many.
      25 Most certainly I tell you, I will no more drink of the fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it anew in the Kingdom of God."

      Luc 22

      7 The day of unleavened bread came, on which the Passover must be sacrificed.
      8 He sent Peter and John, saying, "Go and prepare the Passover for us, that we may eat."
      9 They said to him, "Where do you want us to prepare?"
      10 He said to them, "Behold, when you have entered into the city, a man carrying a pitcher of water will meet you. Follow him into the house which he enters.
      11 Tell the master of the house, 'The Teacher says to you, "Where is the guest room, where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?"'
      12 He will show you a large, furnished upper room. Make preparations there."
      13 They went, found things as he had told them, and they prepared the Passover.
      14 When the hour had come, he sat down with the twelve apostles.
      15 He said to them, "I have earnestly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer,
      16 for I tell you, I will no longer by any means eat of it until it is fulfilled in the Kingdom of God."
      17 He received a cup, and when he had given thanks, he said, "Take this, and share it among yourselves,
      18 for I tell you, I will not drink at all again from the fruit of the vine, until the Kingdom of God comes."
      19 He took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it, and gave to them, saying, "This is my body which is given for you. Do this in memory of me."
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