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EZÉCHIAS

Roi de Juda, d'environ 719 à 691, fils d'Achaz et contemporain des prophètes Ésaïe et Michée. L'Assyrie est alors de plus en plus maîtresse des destinées de la Palestine. Samarie a succombé sous ses coups en 722, Juda et ses voisins en subissent la suzeraineté. Les Assyriens n'en doivent pas moins faire face aux menaces d'intervention égyptienne, tandis que les vassaux n'aspirent qu'à redresser la tête.

Sous Ézéchias, un parti fermement résolu à secouer le joug de l'Assyrie s'oppose à celui qui, avec Ésaïe, estime toute résistance vouée aux pires échecs, et l'appel au secours de l'Egypte également décevant. Mais la voix du prophète ne fut pas écoutée. Une première révolte, à laquelle Juda ne semble pas avoir participé, s'achève par la défaite de Karkar, près Hamath. Une seconde, fomentée par la ville philistine d'Asdod, eut bientôt le même sort (Esa 20:1). La mort du souverain assyrien, Sargon (705), rendit pourtant l'espoir à ses vassaux impatients de recouvrer leur indépendance ; Phéniciens, Philistins et Judéens, tablant sur l'appui de l'Egypte et peut-être après accord avec le roi des Caldéens, Mérodac-Baladan, conclurent une alliance où entrèrent aussi les princes secondaires de Palestine. L'entreprise était aussi désespérée que les précédentes. Il suffit à Sanchérib, successeur de Sargon, de paraître en Syrie pour soumettre les Phéniciens, puis les Philistins. Il s'empara ensuite de Lakis, au Sud de Jérusalem, et investit la capitale. Lorsqu'une armée égyptienne se présenta, elle fut défaite à Elthéké (Altakou), entre Jérusalem et Ékron. Obligés de se retirer fortuitement avant d'avoir enlevé d'assaut la ville sainte, les Assyriens n'en maintinrent pas moins leur puissante suzeraineté. Ézéchias avait dû leur livrer trente talents d'or et 300 (ou 800 d'après les textes assyriens) talents d'argent, qu'il se procura en aliénant les trésors du temple. 200.000 hommes furent déportés, tandis que quarante-six localités, presque tout l'ouest de Juda, étaient abandonnées aux Philistins. Cette fois l'abaissement prenait des proportions telles qu'aucune autre tentative d'insurrection ne s'affirmera durant plusieurs dizaines d'années. L'existence nationale de Juda subsistait cependant, fort précaire, et Jérusalem avait échappé à la ruine ; le petit groupe des disciples d'Ésaïe vit là un accomplissement frappant des discours de ce prophète.

D'après 2Ro 18:4, Ézéchias avait entrepris d'abolir le culte des « hauts-lieux », avec leurs stèles et arbres sacrés ; il avait mis fin à l'adoration du serpent d'airain. Cette réforme religieuse fut-elle due à l'influence du prophète Ésaïe, plus écouté qu'en politique ? Hypothèse plausible mais invérifiable. On ne peut se fonder sur les développements tardifs de 2Ch 29 2Ch 30 2Ch 31. La campagne de Sanchérib en Palestine, l'an 701, est relatée dans les deux passages identiques (2Ro 18 et 2Ro 19, Esa 36 et Esa 37), où la critique moderne distingue trois documents : une notice historique spécifiant le tribut imposé à Ézéchias (2Ro 18:13-16, non conservé dans Es.), et deux récits amplifiés : ambassade de Sanchérib à Ézéchias (2Ro 18:17-32,36 19:1-9,36) délivrance de Jérusalem (2Ro 19:10-21,32-35) réunis par le rédacteur en 2Ro 19:9. Sanchérib envoie à Ézéchias sommation de se rendre ; Ézéchias consulte l'Éternel. La réponse divine prédit la retraite de Sanchérib, et un ange de l'Éternel frappe l'armée assyrienne de la peste. Il y a là deux séries de faits presque identiques qui représentent deux recensions d'une même tradition ; l'une et l'autre laissent voir que du profond abaissement d'Ézéchias la fierté nationale parvient à tirer des motifs d'exalter au contraire son prétendu triomphe, et d'abord celui de son Dieu, sur l'idolâtre Assyrie. C'est encore une tradition remaniée qui raconte la maladie d'Ézéchias (2Ro 20:1-11, Esa 38) ; le signe miraculeux du cadran (voir Cadran d'Achaz) est plus amplifié dans le texte des Rois.

Le pieux Ézéchias de ces récits contraste avec le monarque épris de magnificence qui, dans 2Ro 20:12-19, Esa 39:1,8, étale avec complaisance ses trésors devant les envoyés de Mérodac-Baladan, roi des Caldéens. Cet événement peut se placer entre 719 et 709 ou en 703-702, alors que ce personnage régnait à Babylone. Ésaïe prédit à ce propos à Ézéchias que ses richesses mêmes lui seront ravies pour être emportées en Babylonie.

Enfin divers éléments sont insérés dans la trame des récits précédents :

Un beau discours d'Ésaïe, évidemment authentique : 2Ro 19:21-31.

Un psaume : Esa 38:10-20, absent du texte des Rois. C'est un hymne d'actions de grâces, qui, comme ceux du psautier, décrit d'abord la souffrance (maladie) pour aboutir à célébrer l'intervention de l'Éternel et la délivrance reçue de lui.

Notices relatives à la victoire d'Ézéchias sur les Philistins : 2Ro 18:8 ; à l'aqueduc qu'il construisit en prévision du siège : 2Ro 20:20,2Ch 32:30, Sir 48:17 (Il doit s'agir là du canal de Siloé) ; à des fortifications : 2Ch 32:5

D'après Pr 25:1, ce roi aurait fait réunir une collection de sentences, noyau de celle qu'on lit dans Pr 25-29. --Il est cité dans Mt 1:9. JQ. M.

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      2 Chroniques 29

      1 Hezekiah began to reign when he was twenty-five years old; and he reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem: and his mother's name was Abijah, the daughter of Zechariah.
      2 He did that which was right in the eyes of Yahweh, according to all that David his father had done.
      3 He in the first year of his reign, in the first month, opened the doors of the house of Yahweh, and repaired them.
      4 He brought in the priests and the Levites, and gathered them together into the broad place on the east,
      5 and said to them, "Listen to me, you Levites! Now sanctify yourselves, and sanctify the house of Yahweh, the God of your fathers, and carry out the filthiness out of the holy place.
      6 For our fathers have trespassed, and done that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh our God, and have forsaken him, and have turned away their faces from the habitation of Yahweh, and turned their backs.
      7 Also they have shut up the doors of the porch, and put out the lamps, and have not burned incense nor offered burnt offerings in the holy place to the God of Israel.
      8 Therefore the wrath of Yahweh was on Judah and Jerusalem, and he has delivered them to be tossed back and forth, to be an astonishment, and a hissing, as you see with your eyes.
      9 For, behold, our fathers have fallen by the sword, and our sons and our daughters and our wives are in captivity for this.
      10 Now it is in my heart to make a covenant with Yahweh, the God of Israel, that his fierce anger may turn away from us.
      11 My sons, don't be negligent now; for Yahweh has chosen you to stand before him, to minister to him, and that you should be his ministers, and burn incense."
      12 Then the Levites arose, Mahath, the son of Amasai, and Joel the son of Azariah, of the sons of the Kohathites; and of the sons of Merari, Kish the son of Abdi, and Azariah the son of Jehallelel; and of the Gershonites, Joah the son of Zimmah, and Eden the son of Joah;
      13 and of the sons of Elizaphan, Shimri and Jeuel; and of the sons of Asaph, Zechariah and Mattaniah;
      14 and of the sons of Heman, Jehuel and Shimei; and of the sons of Jeduthun, Shemaiah and Uzziel.
      15 They gathered their brothers, and sanctified themselves, and went in, according to the commandment of the king by the words of Yahweh, to cleanse the house of Yahweh.
      16 The priests went in to the inner part of the house of Yahweh, to cleanse it, and brought out all the uncleanness that they found in Yahweh's temple into the court of the house of Yahweh. The Levites took it, to carry it out abroad to the brook Kidron.
      17 Now they began on the first day of the first month to sanctify, and on the eighth day of the month came they to the porch of Yahweh; and they sanctified the house of Yahweh in eight days: and on the sixteenth day of the first month they made an end.
      18 Then they went in to Hezekiah the king within the palace, and said, "We have cleansed all the house of Yahweh, and the altar of burnt offering, with all its vessels, and the table of show bread, with all its vessels.
      19 Moreover all the vessels, which king Ahaz in his reign threw away when he trespassed, have we prepared and sanctified; and behold, they are before the altar of Yahweh."
      20 Then Hezekiah the king arose early, and gathered the princes of the city, and went up to the house of Yahweh.
      21 They brought seven bulls, and seven rams, and seven lambs, and seven male goats, for a sin offering for the kingdom and for the sanctuary and for Judah. He commanded the priests the sons of Aaron to offer them on the altar of Yahweh.
      22 So they killed the bulls, and the priests received the blood, and sprinkled it on the altar: and they killed the rams, and sprinkled the blood on the altar: they killed also the lambs, and sprinkled the blood on the altar.
      23 They brought near the male goats for the sin offering before the king and the assembly; and they laid their hands on them:
      24 and the priests killed them, and they made a sin offering with their blood on the altar, to make atonement for all Israel; for the king commanded that the burnt offering and the sin offering should be made for all Israel.
      25 He set the Levites in the house of Yahweh with cymbals, with stringed instruments, and with harps, according to the commandment of David, and of Gad the king's seer, and Nathan the prophet; for the commandment was of Yahweh by his prophets.
      26 The Levites stood with the instruments of David, and the priests with the trumpets.
      27 Hezekiah commanded to offer the burnt offering on the altar. When the burnt offering began, the song of Yahweh began also, and the trumpets, together with the instruments of David king of Israel.
      28 All the assembly worshiped, and the singers sang, and the trumpeters sounded; all this continued until the burnt offering was finished.
      29 When they had made an end of offering, the king and all who were present with him bowed themselves and worshiped.
      30 Moreover Hezekiah the king and the princes commanded the Levites to sing praises to Yahweh with the words of David, and of Asaph the seer. They sang praises with gladness, and they bowed their heads and worshiped.
      31 Then Hezekiah answered, "Now you have consecrated yourselves to Yahweh; come near and bring sacrifices and thank offerings into the house of Yahweh." The assembly brought in sacrifices and thank offerings; and as many as were of a willing heart brought burnt offerings.
      32 The number of the burnt offerings which the assembly brought was seventy bulls, one hundred rams, and two hundred lambs: all these were for a burnt offering to Yahweh.
      33 The consecrated things were six hundred head of cattle and three thousand sheep.
      34 But the priests were too few, so that they could not flay all the burnt offerings: therefore their brothers the Levites helped them, until the work was ended, and until the priests had sanctified themselves; for the Levites were more upright in heart to sanctify themselves than the priests.
      35 Also the burnt offerings were in abundance, with the fat of the peace offerings, and with the drink offerings for every burnt offering. So the service of the house of Yahweh was set in order.
      36 Hezekiah rejoiced, and all the people, because of that which God had prepared for the people: for the thing was done suddenly.

      2 Chroniques 30

      1 Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah, and wrote letters also to Ephraim and Manasseh, that they should come to the house of Yahweh at Jerusalem, to keep the Passover to Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      2 For the king had taken counsel, and his princes, and all the assembly in Jerusalem, to keep the Passover in the second month.
      3 For they could not keep it at that time, because the priests had not sanctified themselves in sufficient number, neither had the people gathered themselves together to Jerusalem.
      4 The thing was right in the eyes of the king and of all the assembly.
      5 So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beersheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the Passover to Yahweh, the God of Israel, at Jerusalem: for they had not kept it in great numbers in such sort as it is written.
      6 So the couriers went with the letters from the king and his princes throughout all Israel and Judah, and according to the commandment of the king, saying, "You children of Israel, turn again to Yahweh, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, that he may return to the remnant that have escaped of you out of the hand of the kings of Assyria.
      7 Don't be like your fathers, and like your brothers, who trespassed against Yahweh, the God of their fathers, so that he gave them up to desolation, as you see.
      8 Now don't be stiff-necked, as your fathers were; but yield yourselves to Yahweh, and enter into his sanctuary, which he has sanctified forever, and serve Yahweh your God, that his fierce anger may turn away from you.
      9 For if you turn again to Yahweh, your brothers and your children shall find compassion before those who led them captive, and shall come again into this land: for Yahweh your God is gracious and merciful, and will not turn away his face from you, if you return to him."
      10 So the couriers passed from city to city through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh, even to Zebulun: but they ridiculed them, and mocked them.
      11 Nevertheless certain men of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves, and came to Jerusalem.
      12 Also on Judah came the hand of God to give them one heart, to do the commandment of the king and of the princes by the word of Yahweh.
      13 Many people assembled at Jerusalem to keep the feast of unleavened bread in the second month, a very great assembly.
      14 They arose and took away the altars that were in Jerusalem, and all the altars for incense took they away, and cast them into the brook Kidron.
      15 Then they killed the Passover on the fourteenth day of the second month: and the priests and the Levites were ashamed, and sanctified themselves, and brought burnt offerings into the house of Yahweh.
      16 They stood in their place after their order, according to the law of Moses the man of God: the priests sprinkled the blood which they received of the hand of the Levites.
      17 For there were many in the assembly who had not sanctified themselves: therefore the Levites were in charge of killing the Passovers for everyone who was not clean, to sanctify them to Yahweh.
      18 For a multitude of the people, even many of Ephraim and Manasseh, Issachar and Zebulun, had not cleansed themselves, yet they ate the Passover otherwise than it is written. For Hezekiah had prayed for them, saying, "May the good Yahweh pardon everyone
      19 who sets his heart to seek God, Yahweh, the God of his fathers, even if they aren't clean according to the purification of the sanctuary."
      20 Yahweh listened to Hezekiah, and healed the people.
      21 The children of Israel who were present at Jerusalem kept the feast of unleavened bread seven days with great gladness; and the Levites and the priests praised Yahweh day by day, singing with loud instruments to Yahweh.
      22 Hezekiah spoke comfortably to all the Levites who had good understanding in the service of Yahweh. So they ate throughout the feast for the seven days, offering sacrifices of peace offerings, and making confession to Yahweh, the God of their fathers.
      23 The whole assembly took counsel to keep other seven days; and they kept another seven days with gladness.
      24 For Hezekiah king of Judah gave to the assembly for offerings one thousand bulls and seven thousand sheep; and the princes gave to the assembly a thousand bulls and ten thousand sheep: and a great number of priests sanctified themselves.
      25 All the assembly of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, and all the assembly who came out of Israel, and the foreigners who came out of the land of Israel, and who lived in Judah, rejoiced.
      26 So there was great joy in Jerusalem; for since the time of Solomon the son of David king of Israel there was not the like in Jerusalem.
      27 Then the priests the Levites arose and blessed the people: and their voice was heard, and their prayer came up to his holy habitation, even to heaven.

      2 Chroniques 31

      1 Now when all this was finished, all Israel who were present went out to the cities of Judah, and broke in pieces the pillars, and cut down the Asherim, and broke down the high places and the altars out of all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh, until they had destroyed them all. Then all the children of Israel returned, every man to his possession, into their own cities.
      2 Hezekiah appointed the divisions of the priests and the Levites after their divisions, every man according to his service, both the priests and the Levites, for burnt offerings and for peace offerings, to minister, and to give thanks, and to praise in the gates of the camp of Yahweh.
      3 He appointed also the king's portion of his substance for the burnt offerings, for the morning and evening burnt offerings, and the burnt offerings for the Sabbaths, and for the new moons, and for the set feasts, as it is written in the law of Yahweh.
      4 Moreover he commanded the people who lived in Jerusalem to give the portion of the priests and the Levites, that they might give themselves to the law of Yahweh.
      5 As soon as the commandment came abroad, the children of Israel gave in abundance the first fruits of grain, new wine, and oil, and honey, and of all the increase of the field; and the tithe of all things brought they in abundantly.
      6 The children of Israel and Judah, who lived in the cities of Judah, they also brought in the tithe of cattle and sheep, and the tithe of dedicated things which were consecrated to Yahweh their God, and laid them by heaps.
      7 In the third month they began to lay the foundation of the heaps, and finished them in the seventh month.
      8 When Hezekiah and the princes came and saw the heaps, they blessed Yahweh, and his people Israel.
      9 Then Hezekiah questioned the priests and the Levites concerning the heaps.
      10 Azariah the chief priest, of the house of Zadok, answered him and said, "Since people began to bring the offerings into the house of Yahweh, we have eaten and had enough, and have left plenty: for Yahweh has blessed his people; and that which is left is this great store."
      11 Then Hezekiah commanded them to prepare rooms in the house of Yahweh; and they prepared them.
      12 They brought in the offerings and the tithes and the dedicated things faithfully: and over them Conaniah the Levite was ruler, and Shimei his brother was second.
      13 Jehiel, and Azaziah, and Nahath, and Asahel, and Jerimoth, and Jozabad, and Eliel, and Ismachiah, and Mahath, and Benaiah, were overseers under the hand of Conaniah and Shimei his brother, by the appointment of Hezekiah the king, and Azariah the ruler of God's house.
      14 Kore the son of Imnah the Levite, the porter at the east gate, was over the freewill offerings of God, to distribute the offerings of Yahweh, and the most holy things.
      15 Under him were Eden, and Miniamin, and Jeshua, and Shemaiah, Amariah, and Shecaniah, in the cities of the priests, in their office of trust, to give to their brothers by divisions, as well to the great as to the small:
      16 besides those who were reckoned by genealogy of males, from three years old and upward, even everyone who entered into the house of Yahweh, as the duty of every day required, for their service in their offices according to their divisions;
      17 and those who were reckoned by genealogy of the priests by their fathers' houses, and the Levites from twenty years old and upward, in their offices by their divisions;
      18 and those who were reckoned by genealogy of all their little ones, their wives, and their sons, and their daughters, through all the congregation: for in their office of trust they sanctified themselves in holiness.
      19 Also for the sons of Aaron the priests, who were in the fields of the suburbs of their cities, in every city, there were men who were mentioned by name, to give portions to all the males among the priests, and to all who were reckoned by genealogy among the Levites.
      20 Hezekiah did so throughout all Judah; and he worked that which was good and right and faithful before Yahweh his God.
      21 In every work that he began in the service of God's house, and in the law, and in the commandments, to seek his God, he did it with all his heart, and prospered.

      2 Chroniques 32

      5 He took courage, and built up all the wall that was broken down, and raised it up to the towers, and the other wall outside, and strengthened Millo in the city of David, and made weapons and shields in abundance.
      30 This same Hezekiah also stopped the upper spring of the waters of Gihon, and brought them straight down on the west side of the city of David. Hezekiah prospered in all his works.

      Proverbes 25

      1 These also are proverbs of Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah king of Judah copied out.
      2 It is the glory of God to conceal a thing, but the glory of kings is to search out a matter.
      3 As the heavens for height, and the earth for depth, so the hearts of kings are unsearchable.
      4 Take away the dross from the silver, and material comes out for the refiner;
      5 Take away the wicked from the king's presence, and his throne will be established in righteousness.
      6 Don't exalt yourself in the presence of the king, or claim a place among great men;
      7 for it is better that it be said to you, "Come up here," than that you should be put lower in the presence of the prince, whom your eyes have seen.
      8 Don't be hasty in bringing charges to court. What will you do in the end when your neighbor shames you?
      9 Debate your case with your neighbor, and don't betray the confidence of another;
      10 lest one who hears it put you to shame, and your bad reputation never depart.
      11 A word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in settings of silver.
      12 As an earring of gold, and an ornament of fine gold, so is a wise reprover to an obedient ear.
      13 As the cold of snow in the time of harvest, so is a faithful messenger to those who send him; for he refreshes the soul of his masters.
      14 As clouds and wind without rain, so is he who boasts of gifts deceptively.
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