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INTERPRÉTATION

(grec, herméneuïa, d'où le terme d'école : herméneutique =art d'interpréter les textes sacrés). Ce mot désigne l'une des démarches nécessaires et primordiales de l'esprit humain ; aussi le trouvons-nous avec ses synonymes à travers toute la littérature biblique.

1.

Interprétation des songes. A tous les stades de la civilisation, chez les Hébreux comme chez les autres peuples de l'antiquité, les songes furent considérés comme d'origine divine. La connaissance de leur signification était donc de grande importance. Leur interprétation constituait toute une science. A la cour des pharaons comme à celle des rois de Babylone, magiciens, sages, devins, astrologues, caldéens forment une classe de savants spécialement affectés à cet art (Ge 41:8-24, Da 2:2,27 4:6 s). Ils y sont surpassés par Joseph et Daniel, qui attribuent leur science à Dieu (Ge 40:8 41:18-37, Da 2:20-28,45 4:18 5). Voy. encore, pour un songe et son interprétation, Jug 7:15. Dans le N.T. les songes tiennent moins de place. Ceux qui sont mentionnés sont regardés comme des révélations directes de Dieu ou de sa volonté. Les personnes qui les reçoivent ne semblent éprouver nulle difficulté quant à leur signification (Mt 1:20 2:12-22).

2.

Interprétation d'une langue. L'histoire de Joseph nous apprend qu'il y avait également à la cour des pharaons des interprètes officiels, chargés de traduire les langues étrangères en égyptien ou vice versa (Ge 42:23). Les ambassadeurs devaient avoir les qualités d'interprètes (2Ro 18:26 et suivants). Au temps d'Esdras et de Néhémie, la loi devait être expliquée au peuple (Ne 8:7 et suivant), soit que les lévites dussent en donner des interprétations pratiques, soit plus probablement que la langue du « livre de la loi de Dieu » dans lequel « ils lisaient distinctement » ne fût plus celle que parlaient les Juifs revenus de Babylonie et ceux qui avaient épousé des femmes étrangères (Ne 13:24) ; dans ce cas, il fallait traduire l'hébreu en araméen. Au contraire, 260 ans plus tôt, le Rabsaké assyrien, voulant se faire comprendre du peuple juif, lui parlait « en langue judaïque », au grand déplaisir des dignitaires d'Ézéchias ; ils auraient voulu que le Rabsaké parlât aram, pour n'être compris que d'eux-mêmes (Esa 36:11,13). Depuis l'exil, cet usage de traduire le texte sacré de la loi en aram, devint général ; dans toute synagogue, à côté du lecteur, il y avait le targumiste ou interprète (voir Targum). Il devait en être ainsi du temps de Jésus, à Nazareth et Capernaüm. Dans le N.T. se trouvent de nombreuses citations de mots hébreux ou aram, avec leur interprétation grecque : Mr 3:17 5:41 7:34 15:22-34, Jn 1:38,41,42 9:7 Ac 4:36 9:36 13:8, Ro 8:15, Heb 7:2. Pour le titre de Marc « interprète de Pierre », voir Marc (évangile).

3.

Prophètes interprètes de l'Éternel. Esa 43:27 attribue la fonction d'interprète aux prophètes d'Israël. Ceux-ci avaient pour mission de rendre accessibles au peuple, par leur parole, les révélations divines reçues dans l'intimité de leur conscience. D'après ce passage et bien des exemples connus, beaucoup d'entre eux furent d'infidèles interprètes de l'Éternel (1Ro 22:6,23 13:11-22, Jer 23:9-32, Eze 13:1-16 etc.).

4.

Interprétation des langues (1Co 12:10,30 14). Le « don des langues » (grec glossolalie), langue extatique d'ordre émotionnel, dut donner lieu à des manifestations confuses et tumultueuses dans l'Église de Corinthe, ce qui obligea l'apôtre Paul à intervenir. Voir Langues (don des).

5.

Interprétation privée. On lit dans 2Pi 1:20 : « Nulle prophétie de l'Écriture n'est affaire d'interprétation privée », déclaration qui a donné lieu elle-même à des interprétations fort disparates. D'abord l'Église romaine s'est souvent servie de ce texte pour appuyer la prétention de son magistère : seule l'Église, hiérarchiquement constituée, a pouvoir et autorité pour interpréter les Écritures ; les laïques et les simples clercs ne peuvent qu'errer. Crampon néanmoins, d'accord avec les exégètes protestants, commente : « Ce n'est pas de la pensée humaine et personnelle du prophète que vient la prophétie ; car c'est poussés par le Saint-Esprit, etc. » Seul l'Esprit peut expliquer ce que l'Esprit a inspiré. La Bbl. Fam. y voit une « protestation contre les procédés arbitraires de l'exégèse allégorique ». Explication fort plausible, surtout quand on connaît les méthodes d'interprétation des rabbins qui découvraient à toute parole de l'Écriture, outre son sens propre, au moins sept significations différentes. Il nous semble en tout cas difficile d'admettre l'idée d'un certain nombre d'exégètes (Rochedieu) que les prophètes ignoraient eux-mêmes le plus souvent le sens de leurs prophéties. Ce qui n'est pas déclarer illégitimes les interprétations données après coup par des chrétiens à d'anciennes prophéties. --Voir Bible (commentaires sur la), Nouveau Testament (interprétation du), Symbolisme. A. E.

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      Genèse 40

      8 They said to him, "We have dreamed a dream, and there is no one who can interpret it." Joseph said to them, "Don't interpretations belong to God? Please tell it to me."

      Genèse 41

      8 It happened in the morning that his spirit was troubled, and he sent and called for all of Egypt's magicians and wise men. Pharaoh told them his dreams, but there was no one who could interpret them to Pharaoh.
      9 Then the chief cupbearer spoke to Pharaoh, saying, "I remember my faults today.
      10 Pharaoh was angry with his servants, and put me in custody in the house of the captain of the guard, me and the chief baker.
      11 We dreamed a dream in one night, I and he. We dreamed each man according to the interpretation of his dream.
      12 There was with us there a young man, a Hebrew, servant to the captain of the guard, and we told him, and he interpreted to us our dreams. To each man according to his dream he interpreted.
      13 It happened, as he interpreted to us, so it was: he restored me to my office, and he hanged him."
      14 Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and they brought him hastily out of the dungeon. He shaved himself, changed his clothing, and came in to Pharaoh.
      15 Pharaoh said to Joseph, "I have dreamed a dream, and there is no one who can interpret it. I have heard it said of you, that when you hear a dream you can interpret it."
      16 Joseph answered Pharaoh, saying, "It isn't in me. God will give Pharaoh an answer of peace."
      17 Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, "In my dream, behold, I stood on the brink of the river:
      18 and behold, there came up out of the river seven cattle, fat and sleek. They fed in the marsh grass,
      19 and behold, seven other cattle came up after them, poor and very ugly and thin, such as I never saw in all the land of Egypt for ugliness.
      20 The thin and ugly cattle ate up the first seven fat cattle,
      21 and when they had eaten them up, it couldn't be known that they had eaten them, but they were still ugly, as at the beginning. So I awoke.
      22 I saw in my dream, and behold, seven heads of grain came up on one stalk, full and good:
      23 and behold, seven heads of grain, withered, thin, and blasted with the east wind, sprung up after them.
      24 The thin heads of grain swallowed up the seven good heads of grain. I told it to the magicians, but there was no one who could explain it to me."

      Genèse 42

      23 They didn't know that Joseph understood them; for there was an interpreter between them.

      Juges 7

      15 It was so, when Gideon heard the telling of the dream, and its interpretation, that he worshiped; and he returned into the camp of Israel, and said, "Arise; for Yahweh has delivered the army of Midian into your hand!"

      Néhémie 8

      7 Also Jeshua, and Bani, and Sherebiah, Jamin, Akkub, Shabbethai, Hodiah, Maaseiah, Kelita, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, and the Levites, caused the people to understand the law: and the people stayed in their place.

      Néhémie 13

      24 and their children spoke half in the speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the language of each people.

      Esaïe 36

      11 Then Eliakim, Shebna and Joah said to Rabshakeh, "Please speak to your servants in Aramaic, for we understand it; and don't speak to us in the Jews' language in the hearing of the people who are on the wall."
      13 Then Rabshakeh stood, and called out with a loud voice in the Jews' language, and said, "Hear the words of the great king, the king of Assyria!

      Esaïe 43

      27 Your first father sinned, and your teachers have transgressed against me.

      Jérémie 23

      9 Concerning the prophets. My heart within me is broken, all my bones shake; I am like a drunken man, and like a man whom wine has overcome, because of Yahweh, and because of his holy words.
      10 For the land is full of adulterers; for because of swearing the land mourns; the pastures of the wilderness are dried up. Their course is evil, and their might is not right;
      11 for both prophet and priest are profane; yes, in my house have I found their wickedness, says Yahweh.
      12 Therefore their way shall be to them as slippery places in the darkness: they shall be driven on, and fall therein; for I will bring evil on them, even the year of their visitation, says Yahweh.
      13 I have seen folly in the prophets of Samaria; they prophesied by Baal, and caused my people Israel to err.
      14 In the prophets of Jerusalem also I have seen a horrible thing: they commit adultery, and walk in lies; and they strengthen the hands of evildoers, so that none does return from his wickedness: they are all of them become to me as Sodom, and its inhabitants as Gomorrah.
      15 Therefore thus says Yahweh of Armies concerning the prophets: Behold, I will feed them with wormwood, and make them drink the water of gall; for from the prophets of Jerusalem is ungodliness gone forth into all the land.
      16 Thus says Yahweh of Armies, Don't listen to the words of the prophets who prophesy to you: they teach you vanity; they speak a vision of their own heart, and not out of the mouth of Yahweh.
      17 They say continually to those who despise me, Yahweh has said, You shall have peace; and to everyone who walks in the stubbornness of his own heart they say, No evil shall come on you.
      18 For who has stood in the council of Yahweh, that he should perceive and hear his word? who has marked my word, and heard it?
      19 Behold, the storm of Yahweh, his wrath, has gone forth. Yes, a whirling storm. It shall burst on the head of the wicked.
      20 The anger of Yahweh shall not return, until he has executed, and until he have performed the intents of his heart: in the latter days you shall understand it perfectly.
      21 I sent not these prophets, yet they ran: I didn't speak to them, yet they prophesied.
      22 But if they had stood in my council, then had they caused my people to hear my words, and had turned them from their evil way, and from the evil of their doings.
      23 Am I a God at hand, says Yahweh, and not a God afar off?
      24 Can any hide himself in secret places so that I shall not see him? says Yahweh. Don't I fill heaven and earth? says Yahweh.
      25 I have heard what the prophets have said, who prophesy lies in my name, saying, I have dreamed, I have dreamed.
      26 How long shall this be in the heart of the prophets who prophesy lies, even the prophets of the deceit of their own heart?
      27 who think to cause my people to forget my name by their dreams which they tell every man to his neighbor, as their fathers forgot my name for Baal.
      28 The prophet who has a dream, let him tell a dream; and he who has my word, let him speak my word faithfully. What is the straw to the wheat? says Yahweh.
      29 Isn't my word like fire? says Yahweh; and like a hammer that breaks the rock in pieces?
      30 Therefore behold, I am against the prophets, says Yahweh, who steal my words everyone from his neighbor.
      31 Behold, I am against the prophets, says Yahweh, who use their tongues, and say, He says.
      32 Behold, I am against those who prophesy lying dreams, says Yahweh, and do tell them, and cause my people to err by their lies, and by their vain boasting: yet I didn't send them, nor commanded them; neither do they profit this people at all, says Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 13

      1 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying,
      2 Son of man, prophesy against the prophets of Israel who prophesy, and say to those who prophesy out of their own heart, Hear the word of Yahweh:
      3 Thus says the Lord Yahweh, Woe to the foolish prophets, who follow their own spirit, and have seen nothing!
      4 Israel, your prophets have been like foxes in the waste places.
      5 You have not gone up into the gaps, neither built up the wall for the house of Israel, to stand in the battle in the day of Yahweh.
      6 They have seen falsehood and lying divination, who say, Yahweh says; but Yahweh has not sent them: and they have made men to hope that the word would be confirmed.
      7 Haven't you seen a false vision, and haven't you spoken a lying divination, in that you say, Yahweh says; but I have not spoken?
      8 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Because you have spoken falsehood, and seen lies, therefore, behold, I am against you, says the Lord Yahweh.
      9 My hand shall be against the prophets who see false visions, and who divine lies: they shall not be in the council of my people, neither shall they be written in the writing of the house of Israel, neither shall they enter into the land of Israel; and you shall know that I am the Lord Yahweh.
      10 Because, even because they have seduced my people, saying, Peace; and there is no peace; and when one builds up a wall, behold, they plaster it with whitewash:
      11 tell those who plaster it with whitewash, that it shall fall: there shall be an overflowing shower; and you, great hailstones, shall fall; and a stormy wind shall tear it.
      12 Behold, when the wall has fallen, shall it not be said to you, Where is the plaster with which you have plastered it?
      13 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: I will even tear it with a stormy wind in my wrath; and there shall be an overflowing shower in my anger, and great hailstones in wrath to consume it.
      14 So will I break down the wall that you have plastered with whitewash, and bring it down to the ground, so that its foundation shall be uncovered; and it shall fall, and you shall be consumed in its midst: and you shall know that I am Yahweh.
      15 Thus will I accomplish my wrath on the wall, and on those who have plastered it with whitewash; and I will tell you, The wall is no more, neither those who plastered it;
      16 to wit, the prophets of Israel who prophesy concerning Jerusalem, and who see visions of peace for her, and there is no peace, says the Lord Yahweh.

      Daniel 2

      2 Then the king commanded to call the magicians, and the enchanters, and the sorcerers, and the Chaldeans, to tell the king his dreams. So they came in and stood before the king.
      20 Daniel answered, Blessed be the name of God forever and ever; for wisdom and might are his.
      21 He changes the times and the seasons; he removes kings, and sets up kings; he gives wisdom to the wise, and knowledge to those who have understanding;
      22 he reveals the deep and secret things; he knows what is in the darkness, and the light dwells with him.
      23 I thank you, and praise you, you God of my fathers, who have given me wisdom and might, and have now made known to me what we desired of you; for you have made known to us the king's matter.
      24 Therefore Daniel went in to Arioch, whom the king had appointed to destroy the wise men of Babylon; he went and said thus to him: Don't destroy the wise men of Babylon; bring me in before the king, and I will show to the king the interpretation.
      25 Then Arioch brought in Daniel before the king in haste, and said thus to him, I have found a man of the children of the captivity of Judah, who will make known to the king the interpretation.
      26 The king answered Daniel, whose name was Belteshazzar, Are you able to make known to me the dream which I have seen, and its interpretation?
      27 Daniel answered before the king, and said, The secret which the king has demanded can neither wise men, enchanters, magicians, nor soothsayers, show to the king;
      28 but there is a God in heaven who reveals secrets, and he has made known to the king Nebuchadnezzar what shall be in the latter days. Your dream, and the visions of your head on your bed, are these:
      45 Because you saw that a stone was cut out of the mountain without hands, and that it broke in pieces the iron, the brass, the clay, the silver, and the gold; the great God has made known to the king what shall happen hereafter: and the dream is certain, and its interpretation sure.

      Daniel 4

      5 I saw a dream which made me afraid; and the thoughts on my bed and the visions of my head troubled me.
      6 Therefore made I a decree to bring in all the wise men of Babylon before me, that they might make known to me the interpretation of the dream.
      18 This dream I, king Nebuchadnezzar, have seen; and you, Belteshazzar, declare the interpretation, because all the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known to me the interpretation; but you are able; for the spirit of the holy gods is in you.

      Matthieu 1

      20 But when he thought about these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, don't be afraid to take to yourself Mary, your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit.

      Matthieu 2

      12 Being warned in a dream that they shouldn't return to Herod, they went back to their own country another way.

      Marc 3

      17 James the son of Zebedee; John, the brother of James, and he surnamed them Boanerges, which means, Sons of Thunder;

      Marc 5

      41 Taking the child by the hand, he said to her, "Talitha cumi!" which means, being interpreted, "Girl, I tell you, get up!"

      Marc 7

      34 Looking up to heaven, he sighed, and said to him, "Ephphatha!" that is, "Be opened!"

      Marc 15

      22 They brought him to the place called Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, "The place of a skull."

      Jean 1

      38 Jesus turned, and saw them following, and said to them, "What are you looking for?" They said to him, "Rabbi" (which is to say, being interpreted, Teacher), "where are you staying?"
      41 He first found his own brother, Simon, and said to him, "We have found the Messiah!" (which is, being interpreted, Christ ).

      Jean 9

      7 and said to him, "Go, wash in the pool of Siloam" (which means "Sent"). So he went away, washed, and came back seeing.

      Actes 4

      36 Joses, who by the apostles was surnamed Barnabas (which is, being interpreted, Son of Encouragement), a Levite, a man of Cyprus by race,

      Actes 9

      36 Now there was at Joppa a certain disciple named Tabitha, which when translated, means Dorcas. This woman was full of good works and acts of mercy which she did.

      Actes 13

      8 But Elymas the sorcerer (for so is his name by interpretation) withstood them, seeking to turn aside the proconsul from the faith.

      Romains 8

      15 For you didn't receive the spirit of bondage again to fear, but you received the Spirit of adoption, by whom we cry, "Abba ! Father!"

      1 Corinthiens 12

      10 and to another workings of miracles; and to another prophecy; and to another discerning of spirits; to another different kinds of languages; and to another the interpretation of languages.

      Hébreux 7

      2 to whom also Abraham divided a tenth part of all (being first, by interpretation, king of righteousness, and then also king of Salem, which is king of peace;

      2 Pierre 1

      20 knowing this first, that no prophecy of Scripture is of private interpretation.
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