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LIS

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(hébreu chouchan ou chôchân, d'où le nom de Suzanne).

Les lis, qui servirent de modèles pour l'ornementation des colonnes du temple, Jakin et Boaz (1Ro 7:19-22) et pour celle de la mer de fonte (1Ro 7:26,2Ch 4:5), sont une des fleurs favorites du Cantique des cantiques (Ca 2:16 5:13 6:2 7:3). Il est probable que ce nom était donné à des plantes diverses remarquables par leurs fleurs (Os 14:5, Sir 39:14, cf. 50:8) de couleur éclatante, ressemblant plus ou moins au lis : iris, glaïeul, narcisse, muscari, fritillaire, tulipe, asphodèle, toutes répandues en Palestine. Pour le « lis » de Esa 35:1 et de Ca 2:1 (Vers. Syn.), voir Rosé. Dans Pseudo-Esdras 5:24, le lis est cité comme type de beauté parmi toutes les plantes du monde.

L'unique mention du mot dans le N.T. (grec krinon) indique, par l'expression « les lis des champs » (Mt 6:28 parallèle Lu 12:27), que c'étaient des plantes spontanées, des fleurs sauvages ; et la comparaison avec les vêtements royaux de Salomon (Mt 6:29 parallèle Lu 12:27) suggère une couleur rouge pouvant évoquer la pourpre.

L' « herbe des champs » (Mt 6:30) qui paraît répondre le mieux à ces conditions est l' anémone caronaria L., qui au printemps couvre les flancs des coteaux de Galilée (fig. 141).

L'anémone, fam. des Renonculacées, porte un involucre distant de la fleur, à 3 folioles incisées ; la fleur est composée de 5-10 sépales pétaloïdes, grands, larges, obovales, subaigus, qui peuvent être pourpres, bleus, violets, lilas, jaunes, blancs ou panachés ; carpelles nombreux, en tête globuleuse ; hampe à feuilles toutes radicales, pétiolées, dont les segments sont profondément découpés en lanières divergentes.

Les mentions de lis dans les titres des Ps 45, Ps 60, Ps 69, Ps 80 peuvent se rapporter soit à un instrument de musique soit au titre d'un air connu au temps des psalmistes. Ch. -Ed. M. et Jn L.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      2 Chroniques 4

      5 It was a handbreadth thick; and its brim was worked like the brim of a cup, like the flower of a lily: it received and held three thousand baths.

      Psaumes 45

      1 <> My heart overflows with a noble theme. I recite my verses for the king. My tongue is like the pen of a skillful writer.
      2 You are the most excellent of the sons of men. Grace has anointed your lips, therefore God has blessed you forever.
      3 Strap your sword on your thigh, mighty one: your splendor and your majesty.
      4 In your majesty ride on victoriously on behalf of truth, humility, and righteousness. Let your right hand display awesome deeds.
      5 Your arrows are sharp. The nations fall under you, with arrows in the heart of the king's enemies.
      6 Your throne, God, is forever and ever. A scepter of equity is the scepter of your kingdom.
      7 You have loved righteousness, and hated wickedness. Therefore God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness above your fellows.
      8 All your garments smell like myrrh, aloes, and cassia. Out of ivory palaces stringed instruments have made you glad.
      9 Kings' daughters are among your honorable women. At your right hand the queen stands in gold of Ophir.
      10 Listen, daughter, consider, and turn your ear. Forget your own people, and also your father's house.
      11 So the king will desire your beauty, honor him, for he is your lord.
      12 The daughter of Tyre comes with a gift. The rich among the people entreat your favor.
      13 The princess inside is all glorious. Her clothing is interwoven with gold.
      14 She shall be led to the king in embroidered work. The virgins, her companions who follow her, shall be brought to you.
      15 With gladness and rejoicing they shall be led. They shall enter into the king's palace.
      16 Your sons will take the place of your fathers. You shall make them princes in all the earth.
      17 I will make your name to be remembered in all generations. Therefore the peoples shall give you thanks forever and ever.

      Psaumes 60

      1 <> God, you have rejected us. You have broken us down. You have been angry. Restore us, again.
      2 You have made the land tremble. You have torn it. Mend its fractures, for it quakes.
      3 You have shown your people hard things. You have made us drink the wine that makes us stagger.
      4 You have given a banner to those who fear you, that it may be displayed because of the truth. Selah.
      5 So that your beloved may be delivered, save with your right hand, and answer us.
      6 God has spoken from his sanctuary: "I will triumph. I will divide Shechem, and measure out the valley of Succoth.
      7 Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine. Ephraim also is the defense of my head. Judah is my scepter.
      8 Moab is my wash basin. I will throw my shoe on Edom. I shout in triumph over Philistia."
      9 Who will bring me into the strong city? Who has led me to Edom?
      10 Haven't you, God, rejected us? You don't go out with our armies, God.
      11 Give us help against the adversary, for the help of man is vain.
      12 Through God we shall do valiantly, for it is he who will tread down our adversaries.

      Psaumes 69

      1 <> Save me, God, for the waters have come up to my neck!
      2 I sink in deep mire, where there is no foothold. I have come into deep waters, where the floods overflow me.
      3 I am weary with my crying. My throat is dry. My eyes fail, looking for my God.
      4 Those who hate me without a cause are more than the hairs of my head. Those who want to cut me off, being my enemies wrongfully, are mighty. I have to restore what I didn't take away.
      5 God, you know my foolishness. My sins aren't hidden from you.
      6 Don't let those who wait for you be shamed through me, Lord Yahweh of Armies. Don't let those who seek you be brought to dishonor through me, God of Israel.
      7 Because for your sake, I have borne reproach. Shame has covered my face.
      8 I have become a stranger to my brothers, an alien to my mother's children.
      9 For the zeal of your house consumes me. The reproaches of those who reproach you have fallen on me.
      10 When I wept and I fasted, that was to my reproach.
      11 When I made sackcloth my clothing, I became a byword to them.
      12 Those who sit in the gate talk about me. I am the song of the drunkards.
      13 But as for me, my prayer is to you, Yahweh, in an acceptable time. God, in the abundance of your loving kindness, answer me in the truth of your salvation.
      14 Deliver me out of the mire, and don't let me sink. Let me be delivered from those who hate me, and out of the deep waters.
      15 Don't let the flood waters overwhelm me, neither let the deep swallow me up. Don't let the pit shut its mouth on me.
      16 Answer me, Yahweh, for your loving kindness is good. According to the multitude of your tender mercies, turn to me.
      17 Don't hide your face from your servant, for I am in distress. Answer me speedily!
      18 Draw near to my soul, and redeem it. Ransom me because of my enemies.
      19 You know my reproach, my shame, and my dishonor. My adversaries are all before you.
      20 Reproach has broken my heart, and I am full of heaviness. I looked for some to take pity, but there was none; for comforters, but I found none.
      21 They also gave me gall for my food. In my thirst, they gave me vinegar to drink.
      22 Let their table before them become a snare. May it become a retribution and a trap.
      23 Let their eyes be darkened, so that they can't see. Let their backs be continually bent.
      24 Pour out your indignation on them. Let the fierceness of your anger overtake them.
      25 Let their habitation be desolate. Let no one dwell in their tents.
      26 For they persecute him whom you have wounded. They tell of the sorrow of those whom you have hurt.
      27 Charge them with crime upon crime. Don't let them come into your righteousness.
      28 Let them be blotted out of the book of life, and not be written with the righteous.
      29 But I am in pain and distress. Let your salvation, God, protect me.
      30 I will praise the name of God with a song, and will magnify him with thanksgiving.
      31 It will please Yahweh better than an ox, or a bull that has horns and hoofs.
      32 The humble have seen it, and are glad. You who seek after God, let your heart live.
      33 For Yahweh hears the needy, and doesn't despise his captive people.
      34 Let heaven and earth praise him; the seas, and everything that moves therein!
      35 For God will save Zion, and build the cities of Judah. They shall settle there, and own it.
      36 The children also of his servants shall inherit it. Those who love his name shall dwell therein.

      Psaumes 80

      1 <> Hear us, Shepherd of Israel, you who lead Joseph like a flock, you who sit above the cherubim, shine forth.
      2 Before Ephraim and Benjamin and Manasseh, stir up your might! Come to save us!
      3 Turn us again, God. Cause your face to shine, and we will be saved.
      4 Yahweh God of Armies, How long will you be angry against the prayer of your people?
      5 You have fed them with the bread of tears, and given them tears to drink in large measure.
      6 You make us a source of contention to our neighbors. Our enemies laugh among themselves.
      7 Turn us again, God of Armies. Cause your face to shine, and we will be saved.
      8 You brought a vine out of Egypt. You drove out the nations, and planted it.
      9 You cleared the ground for it. It took deep root, and filled the land.
      10 The mountains were covered with its shadow. Its boughs were like God's cedars.
      11 It sent out its branches to the sea, Its shoots to the River.
      12 Why have you broken down its walls, so that all those who pass by the way pluck it?
      13 The boar out of the wood ravages it. The wild animals of the field feed on it.
      14 Turn again, we beg you, God of Armies. Look down from heaven, and see, and visit this vine,
      15 the stock which your right hand planted, the branch that you made strong for yourself.
      16 It's burned with fire. It's cut down. They perish at your rebuke.
      17 Let your hand be on the man of your right hand, on the son of man whom you made strong for yourself.
      18 So we will not turn away from you. Revive us, and we will call on your name.
      19 Turn us again, Yahweh God of Armies. Cause your face to shine, and we will be saved.

      Cantique 2

      1 I am a rose of Sharon, a lily of the valleys. Lover
      16 My beloved is mine, and I am his. He browses among the lilies.

      Cantique 5

      13 His cheeks are like a bed of spices with towers of perfumes. His lips are like lilies, dropping liquid myrrh.

      Cantique 6

      2 My beloved has gone down to his garden, to the beds of spices, to feed in the gardens, and to gather lilies.

      Cantique 7

      3 Your two breasts are like two fawns, that are twins of a roe.

      Esaïe 35

      1 The wilderness and the dry land will be glad. The desert will rejoice and blossom like a rose.

      Osée 14

      5 I will be like the dew to Israel. He will blossom like the lily, and send down his roots like Lebanon.

      Matthieu 6

      28 Why are you anxious about clothing? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow. They don't toil, neither do they spin,
      29 yet I tell you that even Solomon in all his glory was not dressed like one of these.
      30 But if God so clothes the grass of the field, which today exists, and tomorrow is thrown into the oven, won't he much more clothe you, you of little faith?

      Luc 12

      27 Consider the lilies, how they grow. They don't toil, neither do they spin; yet I tell you, even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
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