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MOÏSE 4.

IV Sortie d'Egypte et voyage au désert.

On ne peut reprendre ici dans le détail tous les événements qui accompagnèrent et suivirent immédiatement le retour de Moïse en Egypte. On sait que les trois documents J, E et P font précéder le récit de la sortie d'Egypte par celui de toute une série de fléaux dont Yahvé se serait servi pour faire céder la volonté du pharaon, qui refusait d'obéir à l'ordre que Moïse lui avait transmis (voir, sur cette question, l'article Plaies d'Egypte ; pour celle qui concerne le pharaon sous lequel les clans hébreux secouèrent le joug égyptien, et pour la sortie du pays et la traversée de la mer, l'article Exode, et, pour les événements qui eurent pour centre la montagne sainte, et sa localisation géographique, l'article Sinaï).

Quant aux faits racontés par Ex., No et Deutéronome et qui s'échelonnent sur les 40 ans du voyage au désert, il est impossible de les exposer ici en détail et d'examiner assez à fond les difficultés que présentent, à différents points de vue, les récits qui les relatent ; nous devons nous borner à faire, à leur égard, un certain nombre de remarques de l'ordre critique. Dans tous ces récits, on sait que Moïse joue toujours un rôle de premier plan, soit comme intermédiaire et interprète entre les tribus et le dieu national, soit comme guide, soit comme pacificateur en cas de conflits. En un mot, l'histoire du voyage au désert s'identifie avec la biographie de Moïse. Or, dans cette biographie, il n'est pas toujours possible d'établir des points de repère chronologiques absolument sûrs, même sur des questions qui sont d'une importance historique capitale pour l'intelligence des étapes du voyage au désert. C'est ainsi que, dans la question de l'arrivée et du séjour à Kadès, il n'y a pas accord entre les documents qui en parlent ; les uns (J et E) admettent que les clans sont arrivés dans cette localité peu de temps après leur départ du Sinaï et y sont restés pendant la plus grande partie du séjour au désert, soit environ 38 ans ; tandis que pour P les événements survenus à Kadès auraient été de peu antérieurs à la fin du voyage. Le catalogue des stations (No 33), le seul fragment des Nombres qui soit attribué à Moïse (No 33:2), est au contraire considéré comme un des plus récents du Pentateuque ; il est de P, dont il porte nettement les caractères littéraires et linguistiques. Le compilateur de ce catalogue (qui a pu, d'ailleurs, avoir à sa disposition une ou plusieurs listes d'étapes), s'il admet que les tribus ont quitté le Sinaï un an après la sortie d'Egypte et qu'elles ont passé le Jourdain à la fin de la 40 e année, attribue 11 stations à la période qui va jusqu'au Sinaï, 9 à la 40:6 année, et n'en laisse que 21 pour les 38 années restantes.

On constate en outre, dans nos documents, des récits à double d'un même fait : ainsi, dans Ex 17 et No 20, celui des murmures du peuple manquant d'eau, récit dans lequel on voit Moïse, sur l'ordre de Yahvé, frapper le rocher d'où jaillira de l'eau ; dans Ex 17, le lieu est appelé Massâ et Meribâ, et dans No 20 Meribâ ; de prime abord, il paraît difficile d'admettre :

que le même fait se soit reproduit deux fois dans des conditions si analogues,

qu'un même lieu ait porté deux noms différents.

Le premier récit paraît donc être un doublet antidaté du second. On en peut dire autant du double récit de l'envoi des cailles (Ex 16:13, No 11). Il semble en tout cas, d'après Jug 11:16 et De 1:46 (ce le temps passé à Kadès fut de longue durée »), que Moïse a dû, pour la plus grande partie du séjour au désert, faire de cette localité son quartier général, son centre fixe d'opérations et de voyages. Pendant ces 38 ans, des fractions du peuple ont pu continuer leurs pérégrinations ; elles seraient descendues jusqu'au golfe Aelanitique, pour remonter graduellement vers le N., se concentrer une dernière fois à Kadès, d'où elles seraient parties pour contourner Édom et gagner les plaines de Moab et la vallée du Jourdain. C'est de Kadès que Moïse envoie les douze espions pour explorer Canaan (No 13:26), et là que ces derniers reviennent pour rendre compte de leur mission : de là encore, il envoie des négociateurs au roi d'Édom, pour demander le droit de passage sur son territoire (No 20:14) ; c'est là que mourut Miriam (No 20:1) et que se passèrent sans doute plusieurs des faits racontés dans les Nombres. On a même émis l'avis que la plupart des épisodes que notre texte actuel a concentrés, dans Ex 16-18, entre le passage de la mer Rouge et l'arrivée au Sinaï, auraient eu primitivement pour théâtre la région de Kadès (Ad. Lods, Israël, I, p. 201). Et durant tout le cours de cette longue période pleine de difficultés et de dangers, ce fut le grand mérite de Moïse d'avoir toujours eu devant les yeux le but que Yahvé lui avait assigné ; d'avoir maintenu en lui-même et au sein des tribus la certitude que Yahvé marchait avec son peuple et le conduirait au port ; d'avoir su maîtriser les mouvements de révolte, de mécontentement et de découragement qui éclatèrent si souvent chez les Israélites.

Maintes fois exposé aux sentiments d'animosité et de défiance des clans hébreux (No 11 No 14 No 16), et même à l'hostilité et à la jalousie de ses propres parents (No 12) ; intervenant avec sagesse et énergie pour empêcher son peuple de se lancer dans des entreprises hasardeuses (No 14:41) ; ne recherchant jamais que l'honneur de Dieu et le vrai bien des tribus, jamais le maintien de prérogatives personnelles (No 11:26, histoire d'Eldad et de Médad) ; s'appliquant même, lorsque Yahvé parlait de châtier des coupables, à détourner sur lui-même la colère divine (Ex 32 : et suivants, No 14:13 et suivants, etc.), Moïse se montra le chef temporel et spirituel le plus accompli, le guide avisé et le bon conseiller d'un peuple de col roide, porté aux murmures, à la révolte ouverte et aux jugements injustes, toujours prêt à l'accuser, mais subissant malgré tout l'ascendant de cette personnalité au caractère noble et généreux. « Il demeura ferme, comme voyant celui qui est invisible » (Heb 11:27).

V Mort de Moïse.

Et pourtant, il ne lui fut pas accordé la joie d'entrer dans le pays vers lequel il avait si vaillamment conduit Israël. Après qu'il eut été précédé dans la tombe par sa soeur Miriam et son frère Aaron (No 20:1-27 et suivants), De 34:1 raconte en termes assez énigmatiques la mort de Moïse qui, ayant d'abord, du haut du mont Nébo, contemplé de loin la terre promise, redescendit dans la vallée, où « Yahvé l'ensevelit », et « personne n'a connu son tombeau jusqu'à ce jour » (De 34:6) ; son sépulcre ne devait pas devenir pour la postérité un lieu de pèlerinage.

Pourquoi la mort survenant dans des circonstances si mystérieuses, de celui qui, selon l'expression de Yahvé (No 12:7), avait été « fidèle dans toute sa maison » ? Le récit de No 20:2,13 a bien pour intention d'indiquer la raison pour laquelle Moïse et Aaron se virent privés d'entrer en Canaan avec les tribus. D'après No 20:12-24 27:14, il semble que le motif de cette exclusion ait consisté dans le fait qu' « ils ont été rebelles », c'est-à-dire qu'ils se sont montrés indociles à la volonté de Yahvé et incrédules à sa parole, en ce sens qu'au lieu de frapper résolument une fois le rocher, Moïse l'aurait frappé deux fois. Ou bien on a pensé que l'ordre du texte primitif de ce passage avait été altéré dans notre texte actuel, et qu'il devait être rétabli comme suit : « Comment pourrions-nous faire sortir de l'eau de ce rocher ? » (verset 10), question par laquelle Moïse et Aaron auraient mis en doute la toute-puissance de Yahvé et à laquelle il aurait répondu : « Écoutez donc, rebelles » (verset 10), en leur donnant l'ordre de frapper le rocher.

--Mais quelle que soit l'interprétation que l'on adopte, la rigueur extrême du châtiment infligé aux deux chefs n'apparaît-elle pas, dans les deux explications, absolument disproportionnée à la gravité de leur faute ? Et n'y aurait-il pas eu plutôt, ici, de la part de Yahvé une mesure inspirée par des sentiments de miséricorde et d'amour à l'égard de son fidèle serviteur, Dieu ayant voulu le soustraire (vu son grand âge et après les années si dures du long voyage du désert) aux fatigues et aux luttes qui devaient accompagner la prise de possession de la terre promise ? Yahvé aurait-il jugé préférable de le faire entrer dans son repos, alors que, d'après De 34:7, il n'avait pas encore subi les effets de l'âge ? Cette question restera toujours sans réponse vraiment satisfaisante. Il faut rappeler ici le passage de l'épître de Jude (Jude 1:9) faisant allusion à la mort de Moïse et à une contestation qui aurait eu lieu au sujet de son corps entre Satan et l'archange Michel ; il y aurait ici une citation d'un ouvrage Pseudépigraphe datant des premières années de notre ère, l' Assomption de Moïse, mais le passage visé ne nous a pas été conservé.

Enfin, à propos de la mort de Moïse, on mentionnera ici pour mémoire les vues énoncées par Sellin dans un récent ouvrage (Mose, etc.) ; ce savant, s'appuyant sur un certain nombre de passages, spécialement d'Osée (Os 4:4,9 5:1-4 7:3,7 7:7,11 12:1 13:1) et sur les « chants du Serviteur de Yahvé » (Esa 42:1 49:1,50:4 52:13-53:1), prétend y retrouver les traces d'une tradition d'après laquelle Moïse serait mort martyr ; il aurait été mis à mort par les prêtres, qui auraient ainsi à peu près supprimé la religion fondée par lui. Mais, comme l'ont montré les critiques, cette hypothèse ne s'appuie pas sur des textes bien clairs et sûrs, et ceux sur lesquels on la fonde doivent, pour l'étayer, passer par de profondes corrections que rien ne justifie.

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      Exode 16

      1 They took their journey from Elim, and all the congregation of the children of Israel came to the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the second month after their departing out of the land of Egypt.
      2 The whole congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron in the wilderness;
      3 and the children of Israel said to them, "We wish that we had died by the hand of Yahweh in the land of Egypt, when we sat by the meat pots, when we ate our fill of bread, for you have brought us out into this wilderness, to kill this whole assembly with hunger."
      4 Then Yahweh said to Moses, "Behold, I will rain bread from the sky for you, and the people shall go out and gather a day's portion every day, that I may test them, whether they will walk in my law, or not.
      5 It shall come to pass on the sixth day, that they shall prepare that which they bring in, and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily."
      6 Moses and Aaron said to all the children of Israel, "At evening, then you shall know that Yahweh has brought you out from the land of Egypt;
      7 and in the morning, then you shall see the glory of Yahweh; because he hears your murmurings against Yahweh. Who are we, that you murmur against us?"
      8 Moses said, "Now Yahweh shall give you meat to eat in the evening, and in the morning bread to satisfy you; because Yahweh hears your murmurings which you murmur against him. And who are we? Your murmurings are not against us, but against Yahweh."
      9 Moses said to Aaron, "Tell all the congregation of the children of Israel, 'Come near before Yahweh, for he has heard your murmurings.'"
      10 It happened, as Aaron spoke to the whole congregation of the children of Israel, that they looked toward the wilderness, and behold, the glory of Yahweh appeared in the cloud.
      11 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      12 "I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel. Speak to them, saying, 'At evening you shall eat meat, and in the morning you shall be filled with bread: and you shall know that I am Yahweh your God.'"
      13 It happened at evening that quail came up and covered the camp; and in the morning the dew lay around the camp.
      14 When the dew that lay had gone, behold, on the surface of the wilderness was a small round thing, small as the frost on the ground.
      15 When the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, "What is it?" For they didn't know what it was. Moses said to them, "It is the bread which Yahweh has given you to eat."
      16 This is the thing which Yahweh has commanded: "Gather of it everyone according to his eating; an omer a head, according to the number of your persons, you shall take it, every man for those who are in his tent."
      17 The children of Israel did so, and gathered some more, some less.
      18 When they measured it with an omer, he who gathered much had nothing over, and he who gathered little had no lack. They gathered every man according to his eating.
      19 Moses said to them, "Let no one leave of it until the morning."
      20 Notwithstanding they didn't listen to Moses, but some of them left of it until the morning, and it bred worms, and became foul: and Moses was angry with them.
      21 They gathered it morning by morning, everyone according to his eating. When the sun grew hot, it melted.
      22 It happened that on the sixth day they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for each one, and all the rulers of the congregation came and told Moses.
      23 He said to them, "This is that which Yahweh has spoken, 'Tomorrow is a solemn rest, a holy Sabbath to Yahweh. Bake that which you want to bake, and boil that which you want to boil; and all that remains over lay up for yourselves to be kept until the morning.'"
      24 They laid it up until the morning, as Moses asked, and it didn't become foul, neither was there any worm in it.
      25 Moses said, "Eat that today, for today is a Sabbath to Yahweh. Today you shall not find it in the field.
      26 Six days you shall gather it, but on the seventh day is the Sabbath. In it there shall be none."
      27 It happened on the seventh day, that some of the people went out to gather, and they found none.
      28 Yahweh said to Moses, "How long do you refuse to keep my commandments and my laws?
      29 Behold, because Yahweh has given you the Sabbath, therefore he gives you on the sixth day the bread of two days. Everyone stay in his place. Let no one go out of his place on the seventh day."
      30 So the people rested on the seventh day.
      31 The house of Israel called its name Manna, and it was like coriander seed, white; and its taste was like wafers with honey.
      32 Moses said, "This is the thing which Yahweh has commanded, 'Let an omer-full of it be kept throughout your generations, that they may see the bread with which I fed you in the wilderness, when I brought you forth from the land of Egypt.'"
      33 Moses said to Aaron, "Take a pot, and put an omer-full of manna in it, and lay it up before Yahweh, to be kept throughout your generations."
      34 As Yahweh commanded Moses, so Aaron laid it up before the Testimony, to be kept.
      35 The children of Israel ate the manna forty years, until they came to an inhabited land. They ate the manna until they came to the borders of the land of Canaan.
      36 Now an omer is the tenth part of an ephah.

      Exode 17

      1 All the congregation of the children of Israel traveled from the wilderness of Sin, by their journeys, according to Yahweh's commandment, and encamped in Rephidim; but there was no water for the people to drink.
      2 Therefore the people quarreled with Moses, and said, "Give us water to drink." Moses said to them, "Why do you quarrel with me? Why do you test Yahweh?"
      3 The people were thirsty for water there; and the people murmured against Moses, and said, "Why have you brought us up out of Egypt, to kill us, our children, and our livestock with thirst?"
      4 Moses cried to Yahweh, saying, "What shall I do with these people? They are almost ready to stone me."
      5 Yahweh said to Moses, "Walk on before the people, and take the elders of Israel with you, and take the rod in your hand with which you struck the Nile, and go.
      6 Behold, I will stand before you there on the rock in Horeb. You shall strike the rock, and water will come out of it, that the people may drink." Moses did so in the sight of the elders of Israel.
      7 He called the name of the place Massah, and Meribah, because the children of Israel quarreled, and because they tested Yahweh, saying, "Is Yahweh among us, or not?"
      8 Then Amalek came and fought with Israel in Rephidim.
      9 Moses said to Joshua, "Choose men for us, and go out, fight with Amalek. Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill with God's rod in my hand."
      10 So Joshua did as Moses had told him, and fought with Amalek; and Moses, Aaron, and Hur went up to the top of the hill.
      11 It happened, when Moses held up his hand, that Israel prevailed; and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed.
      12 But Moses' hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat on it. Aaron and Hur held up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side. His hands were steady until sunset.
      13 Joshua defeated Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword.
      14 Yahweh said to Moses, "Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: that I will utterly blot out the memory of Amalek from under the sky."
      15 Moses built an altar, and called its name Yahweh our Banner.
      16 He said, "Yah has sworn: 'Yahweh will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.'"

      Exode 18

      1 Now Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses' father-in-law, heard of all that God had done for Moses, and for Israel his people, how that Yahweh had brought Israel out of Egypt.
      2 Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, received Zipporah, Moses' wife, after he had sent her away,
      3 and her two sons. The name of one son was Gershom, for Moses said, "I have lived as a foreigner in a foreign land".
      4 The name of the other was Eliezer, for he said, "My father's God was my help and delivered me from Pharaoh's sword."
      5 Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, came with his sons and his wife to Moses into the wilderness where he was encamped, at the Mountain of God.
      6 He said to Moses, "I, your father-in-law Jethro, have come to you with your wife, and her two sons with her."
      7 Moses went out to meet his father-in-law, and bowed and kissed him. They asked each other of their welfare, and they came into the tent.
      8 Moses told his father-in-law all that Yahweh had done to Pharaoh and to the Egyptians for Israel's sake, all the hardships that had come on them on the way, and how Yahweh delivered them.
      9 Jethro rejoiced for all the goodness which Yahweh had done to Israel, in that he had delivered them out of the hand of the Egyptians.
      10 Jethro said, "Blessed be Yahweh, who has delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of Pharaoh; who has delivered the people from under the hand of the Egyptians.
      11 Now I know that Yahweh is greater than all gods because of the thing in which they dealt arrogantly against them."
      12 Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, took a burnt offering and sacrifices for God. Aaron came with all of the elders of Israel, to eat bread with Moses' father-in-law before God.
      13 It happened on the next day, that Moses sat to judge the people, and the people stood around Moses from the morning to the evening.
      14 When Moses' father-in-law saw all that he did to the people, he said, "What is this thing that you do for the people? Why do you sit alone, and all the people stand around you from morning to evening?"
      15 Moses said to his father-in-law, "Because the people come to me to inquire of God.
      16 When they have a matter, they come to me, and I judge between a man and his neighbor, and I make them know the statutes of God, and his laws."
      17 Moses' father-in-law said to him, "The thing that you do is not good.
      18 You will surely wear away, both you, and this people that is with you; for the thing is too heavy for you. You are not able to perform it yourself alone.
      19 Listen now to my voice. I will give you counsel, and God be with you. You represent the people before God, and bring the causes to God.
      20 You shall teach them the statutes and the laws, and shall show them the way in which they must walk, and the work that they must do.
      21 Moreover you shall provide out of all the people able men, such as fear God: men of truth, hating unjust gain; and place such over them, to be rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens.
      22 Let them judge the people at all times. It shall be that every great matter they shall bring to you, but every small matter they shall judge themselves. So shall it be easier for you, and they shall share the load with you.
      23 If you will do this thing, and God commands you so, then you will be able to endure, and all of these people also will go to their place in peace."
      24 So Moses listened to the voice of his father-in-law, and did all that he had said.
      25 Moses chose able men out of all Israel, and made them heads over the people, rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens.
      26 They judged the people at all times. They brought the hard causes to Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves.
      27 Moses let his father-in-law depart, and he went his way into his own land.

      Exode 32

      1 When the people saw that Moses delayed to come down from the mountain, the people gathered themselves together to Aaron, and said to him, "Come, make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses, the man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we don't know what has become of him."
      2 Aaron said to them, "Take off the golden rings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them to me."
      3 All the people took off the golden rings which were in their ears, and brought them to Aaron.
      4 He received what they handed him, and fashioned it with an engraving tool, and made it a molten calf; and they said, "These are your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt."
      5 When Aaron saw this, he built an altar before it; and Aaron made a proclamation, and said, "Tomorrow shall be a feast to Yahweh."
      6 They rose up early on the next day, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play.
      7 Yahweh spoke to Moses, "Go, get down; for your people, who you brought up out of the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves!
      8 They have turned aside quickly out of the way which I commanded them. They have made themselves a molten calf, and have worshiped it, and have sacrificed to it, and said, 'These are your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt.'"
      9 Yahweh said to Moses, "I have seen these people, and behold, they are a stiff-necked people.
      10 Now therefore leave me alone, that my wrath may burn hot against them, and that I may consume them; and I will make of you a great nation."
      11 Moses begged Yahweh his God, and said, "Yahweh, why does your wrath burn hot against your people, that you have brought out of the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand?
      12 Why should the Egyptians speak, saying, 'He brought them forth for evil, to kill them in the mountains, and to consume them from the surface of the earth?' Turn from your fierce wrath, and repent of this evil against your people.
      13 Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, your servants, to whom you swore by your own self, and said to them, 'I will multiply your seed as the stars of the sky, and all this land that I have spoken of I will give to your seed, and they shall inherit it forever.'"
      14 Yahweh repented of the evil which he said he would do to his people.
      15 Moses turned, and went down from the mountain, with the two tablets of the testimony in his hand; tablets that were written on both their sides; on the one side and on the other they were written.
      16 The tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved on the tables.
      17 When Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said to Moses, "There is the noise of war in the camp."
      18 He said, "It isn't the voice of those who shout for victory, neither is it the voice of those who cry for being overcome; but the noise of those who sing that I hear."
      19 It happened, as soon as he came near to the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing: and Moses' anger grew hot, and he threw the tablets out of his hands, and broke them beneath the mountain.
      20 He took the calf which they had made, and burnt it with fire, ground it to powder, and scattered it on the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it.
      21 Moses said to Aaron, "What did these people do to you, that you have brought a great sin on them?"
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