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MORT

Dans la Bible, ce mot possède plusieurs sens, qu'il faut examiner successivement.

I Dans l'A.T.

1.

Le sens le plus habituel est évidemment celui de cessation de la vie. Mais qu'est-ce qui meurt ? est-ce la personnalité tout entière, ou seulement l'une de ses parties ? Rappelons ce qu'était l'être humain aux yeux des Hébreux. L'A. T, présente deux conceptions anthropologiques. L'une divise l'homme en deux éléments, le corps et l'âme (à laquelle on donne aussi le nom d'esprit) ; cette âme représente le principe de vie et s'identifie presque avec le sang ; lorsque l'âme se sépare du corps, la mort survient, soit immédiatement, soit au plus tard lors de la décomposition du corps. C'est l'âme qui descend au Cheol. L'autre conception ne fait que développer le récit de Ge 2:4-3:22. (cf. Ge 2:7: l'Éternel... souffla dans ses narines un souffle de vie et l'homme devint une âme vivante) L'homme est composé de trois éléments : le corps, l'âme et l'esprit ; l'esprit, c'est le souffle divin indispensable à la vie ; (cf. Hab 2:19) l'âme privée de cet esprit meurt aussitôt et le Cheol l'accueille, mais l'esprit ne meurt jamais, il quitte le corps et retourne à Dieu ; voir (Ps 146:4, Ec 12:9) Esprit.

2.

Que devient l'âme dans le séjour des morts ? (voir Eschatologie, Cheol). Notons d'abord que l'A. T, n'emploie jamais le terme d'âme ou d'esprit pour désigner les morts ; dans le Cheol n'existent que des ombres (1Sa 28:13 dit même « un dieu »). La condition de ces ombres est décrite de deux façons nettement distinctes :

(a) les morts sont dans un état d'activité considérable et de pleine conscience. Ils sont appelés en hébreu ideônim, litt. « ceux qui savent », les initiés, familiers avec les choses d'outre-tombe, et auxquels on peut demander conseils ou précieuses informations. (cf. Le 19:31 20:6, Esa 8:10 19:3, où nos versions traduisent par esprits, devins, avenir) Un exemple frappant de cette croyance est fourni par la scène de nécromancie d'En-Dor (1Sa 28).

(b) Les morts sont dans un état d'inconscience, d'oubli et de silence (Ps 88:12 94:17 115:17 etc.). Ceux qui descendent au Cheol n'ont plus aucune communion avec Dieu (Esa 38), ils sont plongés dans un repos inconscient (Job 3:17, Ec 9:10 etc.).

3.

Pourquoi la mort existe-t-elle ? Cette question devait inévitablement se poser. L'A. T, présente souvent la mort comme une punition du péché et de l'injustice. Toutefois, dans un passage comme De 30:15,19, la force des antithèses employées (vie et mort, bien et mal) montre qu'il s'agit d'un fait dont le sens ne correspond pas exactement à la mort naturelle ; de même dans Eze 18:4 et Pr 15:10. Lorsque la mort est représentée comme un châtiment, il s'agit en réalité d'une expérience religieuse intime qui dépasse les conditions de la présente vie. D'ailleurs rappelons-nous la belle expression : « mourir de la mort du juste » (No 23:10, cf. Ps 116:15, Pr 14:32, etc.), qui marque aussi une expérience religieuse personnelle. En réalité, l'A. T, ne dit rien sur la raison d'être de la mort ; même le récit de la chute (Ge 3) n'est pas une véritable explication du rôle de la mort dans le monde ; Adam et Eve ne meurent pas le jour même de leur transgression, et le verset 22 laisse entendre que, même après la faute, si seulement l'homme avait mangé du fruit de l'arbre de vie, il aurait échappé à la mort. --Enfin, dans Esa 25:7 et suivant se montre l'idée de l'anéantissement final de la mort lorsque Dieu l'aura décidé, pensée que reprendra l'apôtre Paul (1Co 15:54) en s'inspirant de Os 13:14.

4.

Les Apocryphes apportent maints renseignements sur les préoccupations du judaïsme concernant la mort. La Sagesse (ch. 1-5) décrit l'attitude de l'impie à l'égard de la mort, aborde le problème de la mort prématurée du juste et celui du sort final des bons et des méchants. Le Siracide avait également abordé ces questions ; pour alléger les tristesses de la mort, il la présente comme un parfait repos (Sag 38:23).

II Dans le N.T.

1.

D'une façon générale, le N.T. envisage la cessation de la vie d'une manière très semblable à celle de l'A.T. L'homme est composé de trois éléments : le corps, l'âme et l'esprit ; l'âme et le sang se confondent plus ou moins, mais l'âme, en tant que siège de la personnalité, survit au corps (Mt 10:39), descend dans l'Hadès et reçoit alors son châtiment (Géhenne) ou les récompenses éternelles (sein d'Abraham, Paradis). Quant à l'esprit, il n'est que la partie la plus noble de l'âme ; s'il quitte le corps, la mort se produit ; s'il revient, la vie reparaît (Lu 8:55). Souvent les morts sont appelés des esprits (1Pi 3:19 4:6, Heb 12:23), parfois des âmes. (Ap 6:9 20:4)

--L'apôtre Paul cependant développe une anthropologie un peu différente ; distinguant trois éléments, le corps (ou chair), l'âme et l'esprit, il voit dans l'âme, incapable de rien saisir de ce qui est esprit, le principe vital de la chair ; l'esprit, d'autre part, représente la partie morale et intellectuelle, qui peut entrer en communion avec l'Esprit de Dieu et constitue une personnalité immatérielle survivant seule à la mort (1Co 5:5).

2.

L'enseignement de Jésus ne contient rien qui puisse éclairer le phénomène physique de la mort ; et c'est un contraste frappant avec les écrits rabbiniques de l'époque. La mort elle-même n'est pas présentée comme un mal en soi, les récits de résurrections ne montrent pas le retour à la vie comme une délivrance et un bien pour le ressuscité ; c'est par compassion pour le chagrin des autres que Jésus agit, ou « pour la gloire de Dieu » (Jn 11:4-40). Souvent le Christ parle de la mort comme d'un sommeil (Mr 5:39, Jn 11:11,13) qui tombe sur l'homme après les jours de la vie, et dont il s'éveillera. Enfin, dans le 4 e évangile la mort désigne surtout, au sens figuré, l'état de l'homme plongé dans Je péché (Jn 5:24 6:50 8:21-24). Dans Jn 11:25,27, la délivrance promise se rapporte à la mort spirituelle, et cette délivrance dépouille la mort naturelle de ses terreurs. Voir Eschatologie, Cheol, Hadès, Géhenne, Paradis.

3.

Dans les autres livres du N.T., on peut noter les points suivants :

(a) La doctrine paulinienne qui voit dans la mort naturelle la conséquence du péché représente l'interprétation juive habituelle du récit de la chute, et ne trouve pas d'appui direct dans les évangiles. Pourtant une idée toute semblable, le sentiment que « l'aiguillon de la mort, c'est le péché », est largement répandue dans tout le N.T.

(b) La mort représente souvent un état spirituel qui permet la vie, mais dans lequel l'homme est privé de tout ce qui est digne d'être appelé vie.

(c) (cf. Eph 2:1,5 5:14 etc.) La mort désigne enfin le passage d'une vie de péché à une vie nouvelle et transformée. Le croyant est alors « mort au péché » (Ro 6:2,1Pi 2:24) ; il est « mort avec Christ » (Ro 6:8, Col 2:20). Edm. R.

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      Genèse 2

      4 This is the history of the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that Yahweh God made the earth and the heavens.
      5 No plant of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung up; for Yahweh God had not caused it to rain on the earth. There was not a man to till the ground,
      6 but a mist went up from the earth, and watered the whole surface of the ground.
      7 Yahweh God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.
      8 Yahweh God planted a garden eastward, in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.
      9 Out of the ground Yahweh God made every tree to grow that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the middle of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
      10 A river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it was parted, and became four heads.
      11 The name of the first is Pishon: this is the one which flows through the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
      12 and the gold of that land is good. There is aromatic resin and the onyx stone.
      13 The name of the second river is Gihon: the same river that flows through the whole land of Cush.
      14 The name of the third river is Hiddekel: this is the one which flows in front of Assyria. The fourth river is the Euphrates.
      15 Yahweh God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.
      16 Yahweh God commanded the man, saying, "Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat;
      17 but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, you shall not eat of it; for in the day that you eat of it you will surely die."
      18 Yahweh God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper suitable for him."
      19 Out of the ground Yahweh God formed every animal of the field, and every bird of the sky, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them. Whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name.
      20 The man gave names to all livestock, and to the birds of the sky, and to every animal of the field; but for man there was not found a helper suitable for him.
      21 Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall on the man, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh in its place.
      22 He made the rib, which Yahweh God had taken from the man, into a woman, and brought her to the man.
      23 The man said, "This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh. She will be called 'woman,' because she was taken out of Man."
      24 Therefore a man will leave his father and his mother, and will join with his wife, and they will be one flesh.
      25 They were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed.

      Genèse 3

      1 Now the serpent was more subtle than any animal of the field which Yahweh God had made. He said to the woman, "Has God really said, 'You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?'"
      2 The woman said to the serpent, "Of the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat,
      3 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not eat of it, neither shall you touch it, lest you die.'"
      4 The serpent said to the woman, "You won't surely die,
      5 for God knows that in the day you eat it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil."
      6 When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate.
      7 The eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
      8 They heard the voice of Yahweh God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of Yahweh God among the trees of the garden.
      9 Yahweh God called to the man, and said to him, "Where are you?"
      10 The man said, "I heard your voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself."
      11 God said, "Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from?"
      12 The man said, "The woman whom you gave to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I ate."
      13 Yahweh God said to the woman, "What is this you have done?" The woman said, "The serpent deceived me, and I ate."
      14 Yahweh God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, you are cursed above all livestock, and above every animal of the field. On your belly you shall go, and you shall eat dust all the days of your life.
      15 I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring. He will bruise your head, and you will bruise his heel."
      16 To the woman he said, "I will greatly multiply your pain in childbirth. In pain you will bear children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you."
      17 To Adam he said, "Because you have listened to your wife's voice, and have eaten of the tree, of which I commanded you, saying, 'You shall not eat of it,' cursed is the ground for your sake. In toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.
      18 It will yield thorns and thistles to you; and you will eat the herb of the field.
      19 By the sweat of your face will you eat bread until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken. For you are dust, and to dust you shall return."
      20 The man called his wife Eve, because she was the mother of all living.
      21 Yahweh God made coats of skins for Adam and for his wife, and clothed them.
      22 Yahweh God said, "Behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. Now, lest he reach out his hand, and also take of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever..."
      23 Therefore Yahweh God sent him out from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from which he was taken.
      24 So he drove out the man; and he placed Cherubs at the east of the garden of Eden, and the flame of a sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life.

      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Lévitique 19

      31 "'Don't turn to those who are mediums, nor to the wizards. Don't seek them out, to be defiled by them. I am Yahweh your God.

      Lévitique 20

      6 "'The person that turns to those who are mediums, and to the wizards, to play the prostitute after them, I will even set my face against that person, and will cut him off from among his people.

      Nombres 23

      10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous! Let my last end be like his!"

      1 Samuel 28

      1 It happened in those days, that the Philistines gathered their armies together for warfare, to fight with Israel. Achish said to David, "Know assuredly that you shall go out with me in the army, you and your men."
      2 David said to Achish, "Therefore you shall know what your servant will do." Achish said to David, "Therefore will I make you my bodyguard for ever."
      3 Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, even in his own city. Saul had put away those who had familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land.
      4 The Philistines gathered themselves together, and came and encamped in Shunem: and Saul gathered all Israel together, and they encamped in Gilboa.
      5 When Saul saw the army of the Philistines, he was afraid, and his heart trembled greatly.
      6 When Saul inquired of Yahweh, Yahweh didn't answer him, neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by prophets.
      7 Then Saul said to his servants, "Seek me a woman who has a familiar spirit, that I may go to her, and inquire of her." His servants said to him, "Behold, there is a woman who has a familiar spirit at Endor."
      8 Saul disguised himself, and put on other clothing, and went, he and two men with him, and they came to the woman by night: and he said, "Please divine to me by the familiar spirit, and bring me up whomever I shall name to you."
      9 The woman said to him, "Behold, you know what Saul has done, how he has cut off those who have familiar spirits, and the wizards, out of the land. Why then do you lay a snare for my life, to cause me to die?"
      10 Saul swore to her by Yahweh, saying, "As Yahweh lives, no punishment shall happen to you for this thing."
      11 Then the woman said, "Whom shall I bring up to you?" He said, "Bring Samuel up for me."
      12 When the woman saw Samuel, she cried with a loud voice; and the woman spoke to Saul, saying, "Why have you deceived me? For you are Saul!"
      13 The king said to her, "Don't be afraid. For what do you see?" The woman said to Saul, "I see a god coming up out of the earth."
      14 He said to her, "What does he look like?" She said, "An old man comes up. He is covered with a robe." Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he bowed with his face to the ground, and showed respect.
      15 Samuel said to Saul, "Why have you disturbed me, to bring me up?" Saul answered, "I am very distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and God has departed from me, and answers me no more, neither by prophets, nor by dreams. Therefore I have called you, that you may make known to me what I shall do."
      16 Samuel said, "Why then do you ask of me, since Yahweh has departed from you and has become your adversary?
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