PROPHÈTE (dans le NT.)

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Le prophétisme, dont la voix s'était tue au cours des siècles qui précédèrent immédiatement la naissance de Jésus-Christ, se réveille à cette époque, mais sans se manifester au premier siècle de notre ère avec autant d'envergure que sous l'ancienne alliance. Le rôle du prophétisme dans le N.T. apparaît en effet nettement comme un rôle de second plan. Il n'est d'ailleurs rien là qui doive surprendre, la venue de Jésus-Christ étant l'aboutissement normal du prophétisme des siècles passés, ou plus exactement encore, pour employer l'expression même de Jésus : « l'accomplissement de la loi et des prophètes » (Mt 5:17).

On peut distinguer deux périodes dans le prophétisme du N.T. :

PROPHETES DU TEMPS DE JESUS.

Le premier qui soit mentionné est Zacharie, père de Jean-Baptiste (Lu 1:67). Le second, Siméon, n'est pas littéralement désigné comme prophète, mais les termes par lesquels il est présenté dans l'Évangile permettent de le noter au rang des prophètes de cette période (Lu 2:25 et suivants). Puis, c'est Anne, la prophétesse (voir ce mot). On pourrait désigner ces trois personnages sous le nom de « prophètes de la nativité », étant donné que nous ne les connaissons que par le rôle qu'ils ont joué au moment de la naissance de Jésus.

Il va sans dire que le prophète contemporain de Jésus, c'est Jean-Baptiste. C'est lui qui, de tous les prophètes dont parle le N.T.--Jésus mis à part--, apparaît comme le vrai continuateur du prophétisme de l'ancienne alliance, personnalité marquant d'une manière exceptionnelle au sein du peuple, comme naguère les Élie, Ésaïe, Amos ou Michée. Son rôle est dépeint dans Lu 1:13-17, son enfance dans Lu 1:57-66,80. et Jésus le comparera à « la lampe qui brûle et qui luit » (Jn 5:35). Son attitude et sa méthode sont décrites dans Mr 1:1,8, Mt 3:1,12, Lu 3:1,20, Jn 1:19-36. Ce dernier passage (verset 21) relève l'impression profonde faite par Jean-Baptiste, puisque sacrificateurs et lévites viennent lui demander : « Es-tu Élie ? Es-tu le prophète ? » Plus tard, nous voyons qu'il fut incontestablement reconnu par l'opinion publique comme un prophète (Mt 14:5 21:26, Mr 11:32, Lu 20:6). Et Jésus, rappelant le souvenir de ce ministère fécond, dira : « Qu'êtes-vous allés voir au désert ? un prophète ? Oui, vous dis-je, et plus qu'un prophète » (Mt 11:9, Lu 7:26). Jésus dit encore que « parmi ceux qui sont nés de femme, il n'y en a pas de plus grand que Jean. Cependant, le plus petit dans le royaume de Dieu est plus grand que lui » (Lu 7:28). Il relève pourtant aussi une opinion hostile à l'égard de Jean-Baptiste dans certains milieux (Mt 11:18, Lu 7:33). Quant à Jean lui-même, il se présente tout simplement comme un défricheur, un héraut, un précurseur (Jn 1:23,26 et suivant). Voir Jean-Baptiste.

Maints passages des évangiles signalent que Jésus, s'il ne fut pas généralement reconnu comme Messie, fut du moins considéré comme prophète (Mr 6:15, Mt 16:14 21:11,46, Lu 7:16 9:7 24:19, Jn 4:19 6:14 7:40 9:17) D'autres passages montrent le scepticisme de certains à reconnaître Jésus comme tel (Mt 26:68, Lu 7:39, Jn 7:52). D'après Lu 13:33, Jésus se met lui-même au rang des prophètes. Enfin, il appelle Jérusalem « la tueuse » de prophètes (Mt 23:37 Lu 13:34) Il donne certaines prescriptions relatives aux prophètes (Mt 10:41 13:57, Lu 4:24, Jn 4:44) ; il annonce qu'il « envoie des prophètes » (Mt 23:34) ; et il met en garde contre les faux prophètes (Mt 7:15-22 24:11-24).

PROPHETES APRES LA PENTECOTE.

Dans sa première prédication publique à Jérusalem, Pierre présente l'événement de la Pentecôte comme la réalisation de la parole de Joe : « Vos fils et vos filles prophétiseront » (Ac 2:17, cf. Joe 2:28). Cette date paraît ainsi comme le point de départ d'une nouvelle phase du prophétisme. Cette pensée est confirmée dans un autre discours de Pierre : (Ac 3:25) « Vous êtes les fils des prophètes et de l'alliance que Dieu a traitée avec nos pères... »

L'institution des diacres (Ac 6) prouve l'intention des apôtres de se consacrer entièrement au ce ministère de la parole » (Ac 6:4), ce qui correspond bien au ministère prophétique. Nous voyons que chaque communauté importante comptait un certain nombre de ce prophètes » : Jérusalem (Ac 11:27) en possédait un dont le rôle ne dut sans doute pas être effacé, puisque son nom, Agabus, est rapporté deux fois (Ac 11:28 21:10), et les deux fois il est question de lui comme d'un « voyant » de l'ancienne alliance. Antioche de Syrie avait également les siens (Ac 13:1). « Jude et Silas, qui étaient eux-mêmes prophètes » (Ac 15:32), furent chargés par les frères de Jérusalem d'une mission spéciale auprès de l'Église d'Antioche. A Éphèse, certains reçurent le don de prophétiser, après que Paul leur eut imposé les mains (Ac 19:6). A Césarée, l'évangéliste Philippe avait « quatre filles qui prophétisaient » (Ac 21:8,10).

St Paul (1Co 14:3) donne du ministère prophétique la définition suivante : « Celui qui prophétise parle aux hommes, les édifie, les exhorte, les console. » Il fait encore allusion à ce « don » dans Ro 12:6,1Co 11:4 12:10,28 13:2-8 14:1 (tout le chap, est à consulter), Eph 2:20 3:5 4:11,1Th 5:20,1Ti 1:18 4:14, Tit 1:12.

Il ressort de ces textes que le ministère prophétique est placé au second rang :

1° les apôtres,

2° les prophètes (1Co 12:28, Eph 4:11), que le don de prophétie est celui auquel il faut surtout aspirer (1Co 14:1) ; mais Paul déclare que ce don n'est que vanité, s'il n'est pas animé de la charité ; voir (1Co 13:2,8) Langues (don des).

Voir également, dans les autres épîtres : Jas 5:10 2Pi 1:19,21 2:1,1Jn 4:1. Quant à l'Apocalypse, le livre lui-même rentre dans un des genres prophétiques de l'A.T. ; aussi les passages y sont-ils nombreux qui se rapportent à la « prophétie » ou aux « prophètes » (Apoc, 1:3 2:20 10:8, 11 11:3.6,10,18 16:6, 13 18:20-24 19:10,20 20:10 22:6-10,18). PL B.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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  Joël 2
  
  28 "It will happen afterward, that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh; and your sons and your daughters will prophesy. Your old men will dream dreams. Your young men will see visions.
  
  Matthieu 3
  
  1 In those days, John the Baptizer came, preaching in the wilderness of Judea, saying,
  
  12 His winnowing fork is in his hand, and he will thoroughly cleanse his threshing floor. He will gather his wheat into the barn, but the chaff he will burn up with unquenchable fire."
  
  Matthieu 5
  
  17 "Don't think that I came to destroy the law or the prophets. I didn't come to destroy, but to fulfill.
  
  Matthieu 7
  
  15 "Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly are ravening wolves.
  
  16 By their fruits you will know them. Do you gather grapes from thorns, or figs from thistles?
  
  17 Even so, every good tree produces good fruit; but the corrupt tree produces evil fruit.
  
  18 A good tree can't produce evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree produce good fruit.
  
  19 Every tree that doesn't grow good fruit is cut down, and thrown into the fire.
  
  20 Therefore by their fruits you will know them.
  
  21 Not everyone who says to me, 'Lord, Lord,' will enter into the Kingdom of Heaven; but he who does the will of my Father who is in heaven.
  
  22 Many will tell me in that day, 'Lord, Lord, didn't we prophesy in your name, in your name cast out demons, and in your name do many mighty works?'
  
  Matthieu 10
  
  41 He who receives a prophet in the name of a prophet will receive a prophet's reward. He who receives a righteous man in the name of a righteous man will receive a righteous man's reward.
  
  Matthieu 11
  
  9 But why did you go out? To see a prophet? Yes, I tell you, and much more than a prophet.
  
  18 For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, 'He has a demon.'
  
  Matthieu 13
  
  57 They were offended by him. But Jesus said to them, "A prophet is not without honor, except in his own country, and in his own house."
  
  Matthieu 14
  
  5 When he would have put him to death, he feared the multitude, because they counted him as a prophet.
  
  Matthieu 16
  
  14 They said, "Some say John the Baptizer, some, Elijah, and others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets."
  
  Matthieu 21
  
  11 The multitudes said, "This is the prophet, Jesus, from Nazareth of Galilee."
  
  26 But if we say, 'From men,' we fear the multitude, for all hold John as a prophet."
  
  46 When they sought to seize him, they feared the multitudes, because they considered him to be a prophet.
  
  Matthieu 23
  
  34 Therefore behold, I send to you prophets, wise men, and scribes. Some of them you will kill and crucify; and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues, and persecute from city to city;
  
  37 "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I would have gathered your children together, even as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, and you would not!
  
  Matthieu 24
  
  11 Many false prophets will arise, and will lead many astray.
  
  Matthieu 26
  
  68 saying, "Prophesy to us, you Christ! Who hit you?"
  
  Marc 1
  
  1 The beginning of the Good News of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.
  
  8 I baptized you in water, but he will baptize you in the Holy Spirit."
  
  Marc 6
  
  15 But others said, "He is Elijah." Others said, "He is a prophet, or like one of the prophets."
  
  Marc 11
  
  32 If we should say, 'From men'"--they feared the people, for all held John to really be a prophet.
  
  Luc 1
  
  13 But the angel said to him, "Don't be afraid, Zacharias, because your request has been heard, and your wife, Elizabeth, will bear you a son, and you shall call his name John.
  
  14 You will have joy and gladness; and many will rejoice at his birth.
  
  15 For he will be great in the sight of the Lord, and he will drink no wine nor strong drink. He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even from his mother's womb.
  
  16 He will turn many of the children of Israel to the Lord, their God.
  
  17 He will go before him in the spirit and power of Elijah, 'to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children,' and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to prepare a people prepared for the Lord."
  
  57 Now the time that Elizabeth should give birth was fulfilled, and she brought forth a son.
  
  58 Her neighbors and her relatives heard that the Lord had magnified his mercy towards her, and they rejoiced with her.
  
  59 It happened on the eighth day, that they came to circumcise the child; and they would have called him Zacharias, after the name of the father.
  
  60 His mother answered, "Not so; but he will be called John."
  
  61 They said to her, "There is no one among your relatives who is called by this name."
  
  62 They made signs to his father, what he would have him called.
  
  63 He asked for a writing tablet, and wrote, "His name is John." They all marveled.
  
  64 His mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue freed, and he spoke, blessing God.
  
  65 Fear came on all who lived around them, and all these sayings were talked about throughout all the hill country of Judea.
  
  66 All who heard them laid them up in their heart, saying, "What then will this child be?" The hand of the Lord was with him.
  
  67 His father, Zacharias, was filled with the Holy Spirit, and prophesied, saying,
  
  80 The child was growing, and becoming strong in spirit, and was in the desert until the day of his public appearance to Israel.
  
  Luc 2
  
  25 Behold, there was a man in Jerusalem whose name was Simeon. This man was righteous and devout, looking for the consolation of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was on him.
  
  Luc 3
  
  1 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene,
  
  20 added this also to them all, that he shut up John in prison.
  
  Luc 4
  
  24 He said, "Most certainly I tell you, no prophet is acceptable in his hometown.
  
  Luc 7
  
  16 Fear took hold of all, and they glorified God, saying, "A great prophet has arisen among us!" and, "God has visited his people!"
  
  26 But what did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and much more than a prophet.
  
  28 "For I tell you, among those who are born of women there is not a greater prophet than John the Baptizer, yet he who is least in the Kingdom of God is greater than he."
  
  33 For John the Baptizer came neither eating bread nor drinking wine, and you say, 'He has a demon.'
  
  39 Now when the Pharisee who had invited him saw it, he said to himself, "This man, if he were a prophet, would have perceived who and what kind of woman this is who touches him, that she is a sinner."
  
  Luc 9
  
  7 Now Herod the tetrarch heard of all that was done by him; and he was very perplexed, because it was said by some that John had risen from the dead,
  
  Luc 13
  
  33 Nevertheless I must go on my way today and tomorrow and the next day, for it can't be that a prophet perish outside of Jerusalem.'
  
  34 "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, like a hen gathers her own brood under her wings, and you refused!
  
  Luc 20
  
  6 But if we say, 'From men,' all the people will stone us, for they are persuaded that John was a prophet."
  
  Luc 24
  
  19 He said to them, "What things?" They said to him, "The things concerning Jesus, the Nazarene, who was a prophet mighty in deed and word before God and all the people;
  
  Jean 1
  
  19 This is John's testimony, when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, "Who are you?"
  
  20 He declared, and didn't deny, but he declared, "I am not the Christ."
  
  21 They asked him, "What then? Are you Elijah?" He said, "I am not." "Are you the prophet?" He answered, "No."
  
  22 They said therefore to him, "Who are you? Give us an answer to take back to those who sent us. What do you say about yourself?"
  
  23 He said, "I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness, 'Make straight the way of the Lord,' as Isaiah the prophet said."
  
  24 The ones who had been sent were from the Pharisees.
  
  25 They asked him, "Why then do you baptize, if you are not the Christ, nor Elijah, nor the prophet?"
  
  26 John answered them, "I baptize in water, but among you stands one whom you don't know.
  
  27 He is the one who comes after me, who is preferred before me, whose sandal strap I'm not worthy to loosen."
  
  28 These things were done in Bethany beyond the Jordan, where John was baptizing.
  
  29 The next day, he saw Jesus coming to him, and said, "Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world!
  
  30 This is he of whom I said, 'After me comes a man who is preferred before me, for he was before me.'
  
  31 I didn't know him, but for this reason I came baptizing in water: that he would be revealed to Israel."
  
  32 John testified, saying, "I have seen the Spirit descending like a dove out of heaven, and it remained on him.
  
  33 I didn't recognize him, but he who sent me to baptize in water, he said to me, 'On whomever you will see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he who baptizes in the Holy Spirit.'
  
  34 I have seen, and have testified that this is the Son of God."
  
  35 Again, the next day, John was standing with two of his disciples,
  
  36 and he looked at Jesus as he walked, and said, "Behold, the Lamb of God!"
  
  Jean 4
  
  1 Therefore when the Lord knew that the Pharisees had heard that Jesus was making and baptizing more disciples than John
  
  19 The woman said to him, "Sir, I perceive that you are a prophet.
  
  44 For Jesus himself testified that a prophet has no honor in his own country.
  
  Jean 5
  
  35 He was the burning and shining lamp, and you were willing to rejoice for a while in his light.
  
  Jean 6
  
  14 When therefore the people saw the sign which Jesus did, they said, "This is truly the prophet who comes into the world."
  
  Jean 7
  
  40 Many of the multitude therefore, when they heard these words, said, "This is truly the prophet."
  
  52 They answered him, "Are you also from Galilee? Search, and see that no prophet has arisen out of Galilee. "
  
  Jean 9
  
  17 Therefore they asked the blind man again, "What do you say about him, because he opened your eyes?" He said, "He is a prophet."
  
  Actes 2
  
  17 'It will be in the last days, says God, that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh. Your sons and your daughters will prophesy. Your young men will see visions. Your old men will dream dreams.
  
  Actes 3
  
  25 You are the children of the prophets, and of the covenant which God made with our fathers, saying to Abraham, 'In your seed will all the families of the earth be blessed.'
  
  Actes 6
  
  1 Now in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplying, a complaint arose from the Hellenists against the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in the daily service.
  
  2 The twelve summoned the multitude of the disciples and said, "It is not appropriate for us to forsake the word of God and serve tables.
  
  3 Therefore select from among you, brothers, seven men of good report, full of the Holy Spirit and of wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business.
  
  4 But we will continue steadfastly in prayer and in the ministry of the word."
  
  5 These words pleased the whole multitude. They chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolaus, a proselyte of Antioch;
  
  6 whom they set before the apostles. When they had prayed, they laid their hands on them.
  
  7 The word of God increased and the number of the disciples multiplied in Jerusalem exceedingly. A great company of the priests were obedient to the faith.
  
  8 Stephen, full of faith and power, performed great wonders and signs among the people.
  
  9 But some of those who were of the synagogue called "The Libertines," and of the Cyrenians, of the Alexandrians, and of those of Cilicia and Asia arose, disputing with Stephen.
  
  10 They weren't able to withstand the wisdom and the Spirit by which he spoke.
  
  11 Then they secretly induced men to say, "We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses and God."
  
  12 They stirred up the people, the elders, and the scribes, and came against him and seized him, and brought him in to the council,

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PROPHÈTE (dans le NT.)

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Joël 2

Matthieu 3

Matthieu 5

Matthieu 7

Matthieu 10

Matthieu 11

Matthieu 13

Matthieu 14

Matthieu 16

Matthieu 21

Matthieu 23

Matthieu 24

Matthieu 26

Marc 1

Marc 6

Marc 11

Luc 1

Luc 2

Luc 3

Luc 4

Luc 7

Luc 9

Luc 13

Luc 20

Luc 24

Jean 1

Jean 4

Jean 5

Jean 6

Jean 7

Jean 9

Actes 2

Actes 3

Actes 6

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