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REPAS

En dehors d'une légère collation matinale, que le Talmud appelle le morceau du matin, et qui se composait le plus souvent d'une tranche de pain avec quelques olives ou des poissons grillés (Ex 16:8,12, Jn 21:9), les Israélites prenaient deux repas par jour : l'un vers midi (Ge 43:18,25, Ru 2:14), l'autre un peu avant ou après le coucher du soleil (Lu 14:17 17:7 et suivant). A l'ordinaire, le repas familial consistait en un potage (Ge 25:29,34,2Ro 4:38) ou en un ragoût de viande et de légumes étuvés ou bouillis ensemble et, selon le goût oriental, relevés d'épices variées (Eze 24:4 et suivant, Mic 3:3). On connaissait aussi cependant les viandes grillées sur des braises ardentes ou rôties à l'huile (Ex 12:8 et suivant, 1Sa 2:15, Pr 12:27). Quand on le prenait dans les champs, au temps de la moisson, le repas de midi était extrêmement frugal : du grain torréfié et du pain trempé dans du vin acidulé (Ru 2:14), ou bien même une simple panade qu'on apportait chaude aux moissonneurs à l'heure de la sieste (Be 1:33). D'abord très simple et rudimentaire, à l'époque patriarcale et nomade, la cuisine devint, par la suite, plus délicate et raffinée ; puis, avec la prospérité grandissante, se développa le goût de la bonne chère, et les prophètes durent souvent s'élever contre le luxe de la table des grands (Am 6:4, Esa 5:22:13). Voir Alimentation.

A l'origine, les Hébreux mangeaient, comme le font encore aujourd'hui les fellahs du Levant, assis ou plutôt accroupis à terre, sur une natte ou une peau de bête, autour d'un plat commun où chacun puisait avec les doigts (Ge 37:25, Ex 32:6, Ru 2:14). Puis, à l'époque sédentaire, on connut la table, dont l'usage fut sans doute emprunté aux Cananéens, et l'on se servit de sièges (Jug 1:7,1Sa 20:24 et suivant, 1Ro 13:20,2Ro 4:10). Vers le VIII e siècle, probablement sous l'influence syrienne, apparut la coutume, qui se généralisa peu à peu malgré les admonestations des prophètes, de s'étendre sur des sofas disposés autour de trois des côtés de la table, le quatrième restant libre pour permettre le service : (Am 6:4, Eze 23:41, Jug 12:15) on s'y allongeait sur le côté gauche, le coude appuyé sur la table, et l'on se servait uniquement de la main droite. Les sofas, que partageaient le plus souvent deux ou trois convives, faisaient avec la table un angle tel que chacun avait la tête à la hauteur de la poitrine ou de la taille--comme on disait alors, dans le sein (voir ce mot) --du voisin de gauche, auquel il était ainsi facile de parler en particulier (Jn 13:23,25).

A l'époque de Jésus, avant de se mettre à table, on se lavait les mains en les arrosant d'eau jusqu'au poignet : cette coutume ne répondait pas uniquement à une considération de propreté ; elle avait surtout un caractère religieux, et les pharisiens y attachaient une grande importance (Mt 15:2, Mr 7:3 et suivant, Lu 11:38) ; de grandes jarres d'eau réservées à cet usage se trouvaient dans toutes les maisons (Jn 2:6).

Une fois les plats déposés sur la table par une des femmes de la maison (Mt 8:15, Lu 10:40, Jn 12:2) ou par les domestiques (Jn 2:5,9), un des convives rendait grâces à haute voix en récitant une formule de bénédiction tirée du Deutéronome, et tous les assistants ensemble prononçaient l'amen final. Dans les familles pieuses, on ne se bornait pas à bénir la table en général ; on bénissait chaque aliment particulier : le pain, le vin, la viande, le fruit des arbres et de la terre. Jésus s'est conformé à l'usage général et l'a ainsi sanctionné de son autorité (Mt 14:19 15:36 26:26 et suivant, Lu 24:30, Jn 6:11). L'apôtre Paul a fait de même (Ac 27:37). Voir Benedicite.

La viande, découpée à l'avance en morceaux, était apportée avec les autres mets dans de la vaisselle de terre chez les petites gens, de cuivre chez les riches. Le maître de maison distribuait les portions (1Sa 1:4), que chaque convive recevait sur le pain placé devant lui et mangeait ensuite avec les doigts, cuillers et fourchettes étant ustensiles inconnus ; la sauce était servie dans un plat spécial où l'on trempait à tour de rôle un morceau de pain (Pr 26:15, Mt 26:23, Jn 13:26). Le repas se terminait par une dernière bénédiction.

Les Juifs, très hospitaliers, échangeaient entre eux de fréquentes invitations : anniversaires de naissance (Mt 14:6), mariages (3Ma 4:8, Tob 8:19, Mt 22:3, Jn 2:1), funérailles (Lettre de Jérémie 32), vendanges et récoltes (Jug 9:27), tonte de la laine (1Sa 25:2,36), etc. étaient autant d'occasions de convier amis et connaissances à la table de famille. La plupart des grandes salles mentionnées dans la Bible le sont à propos de repas (Est 7:8, Da 5:10, Mr 14:14, Mt 22:10 25:10). Un banquet étant une occasion de réjouissances, les Juifs en avaient fait un symbole de l'ère messianique, et Jésus applique l'image au bonheur de la vie future (Mt 8:11 26:29, Lu 14:15 22:30, Ap 19:9).

Les invités, à la rencontre desquels des serviteurs étaient envoyés à l'heure du festin (Mt 22:3, Lu 14:17), étaient accueillis par un baiser de leur hôte (Lu 7:45) ; on leur lavait les pieds, que les sandales protégeaient mal contre la poussière du chemin (Ge 18:4, Lu 7:44) ; on leur répandait sur la tête une huile parfumée (Lu 7:46, Ps 23:5, Am 6:6) ; peut-être y déposait-on une couronne (Esa 28:1) ; et celui qu'on appelait en grec l'architriclin (voir Maître, parag. 6), maître d'hôtel ou ordonnateur du repas (Jn 2:8), les menait à leurs places respectives selon la considération dont on voulait les entourer (1Sa 9:22, Lu 14:8). Après les ablutions rituelles et l'action de grâces commençait le repas, qui comprenait plusieurs services : les morceaux de choix étaient réservés à ceux des convives que l'on voulait honorer d'une façon particulière et qui se trouvaient assis aux « premières places » (1Sa 9:23 et suivant) ; des vins de qualités différentes accompagnaient les divers services (Jn 2:10) ; et, pour égayer les convives, il y avait de la musique (1Ma 9:39-41, Esa 5:12, Am 6:5), des chants (2Sa 19:35, Jer 25:10), des danses (Mt 14:6, Lu 15:25) et des jeux d'esprit (Jug 14:12). Le festin nuptial durait sept jours, qu'on appelait les sept jours du repas de noces (Jug 14:10,12, Tob 11:19). Les repas de deuil (voir ce mot) suivaient immédiatement les funérailles ; ils étaient, en général, offerts par les amis à la famille : c'était le pain de deuil (2Sa 3:35, Os 9:4, Jer 16:7, Eze 24:17).

Sur la bienséance à table, on consultera avec intérêt les préceptes d'un bon sens parfois réaliste et terre à terre que donne le Siracide (Sir 31:12-32:6,37:29-31). Voir également la parole de Jésus sur l'hospitalité désintéressée (Lu 14:12 et suivant) et la maxime de saint Paul (1Co 10:31). Pour le dernier repas de Jésus, voir Cène et Agape. Ch. K.

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      Genèse 18

      4 Now let a little water be fetched, wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree.

      Genèse 25

      2 She bore him Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.
      29 Jacob boiled stew. Esau came in from the field, and he was famished.
      34 Jacob gave Esau bread and stew of lentils. He ate and drank, rose up, and went his way. So Esau despised his birthright.

      Genèse 37

      25 They sat down to eat bread, and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites was coming from Gilead, with their camels bearing spices and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt.

      Genèse 43

      18 The men were afraid, because they were brought to Joseph's house; and they said, "Because of the money that was returned in our sacks at the first time, we're brought in; that he may seek occasion against us, attack us, and seize us as slaves, along with our donkeys."
      25 They prepared the present for Joseph's coming at noon, for they heard that they should eat bread there.

      Exode 12

      8 They shall eat the flesh in that night, roasted with fire, and unleavened bread. They shall eat it with bitter herbs.

      Exode 16

      8 Moses said, "Now Yahweh shall give you meat to eat in the evening, and in the morning bread to satisfy you; because Yahweh hears your murmurings which you murmur against him. And who are we? Your murmurings are not against us, but against Yahweh."
      12 "I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel. Speak to them, saying, 'At evening you shall eat meat, and in the morning you shall be filled with bread: and you shall know that I am Yahweh your God.'"

      Exode 32

      6 They rose up early on the next day, and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play.

      Juges 1

      7 Adoni-Bezek said, "Seventy kings, having their thumbs and their great toes cut off, scavenged under my table: as I have done, so God has requited me." They brought him to Jerusalem, and he died there.

      Juges 9

      27 They went out into the field, and harvested their vineyards, and trod the grapes, and held festival, and went into the house of their god, and ate and drank, and cursed Abimelech.

      Juges 12

      15 Abdon the son of Hillel the Pirathonite died, and was buried in Pirathon in the land of Ephraim, in the hill country of the Amalekites.

      Juges 14

      10 His father went down to the woman: and Samson made there a feast; for so used the young men to do.
      12 Samson said to them, "Let me tell you a riddle now. If you can declare it to me within the seven days of the feast, and find it out, then I will give you thirty linen garments and thirty changes of clothing;

      Ruth 2

      14 At meal time Boaz said to her, "Come here, and eat of the bread, and dip your morsel in the vinegar." She sat beside the reapers, and they reached her parched grain, and she ate, and was satisfied, and left some of it.

      1 Samuel 1

      4 When the day came that Elkanah sacrificed, he gave to Peninnah his wife, and to all her sons and her daughters, portions:

      1 Samuel 2

      15 Yes, before they burnt the fat, the priest's servant came, and said to the man who sacrificed, "Give meat to roast for the priest; for he will not accept boiled meat from you, but raw."

      1 Samuel 9

      22 Samuel took Saul and his servant, and brought them into the guest room, and made them sit in the best place among those who were invited, who were about thirty persons.
      23 Samuel said to the cook, "Bring the portion which I gave you, of which I said to you, 'Set it aside.'"

      1 Samuel 20

      24 So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon had come, the king sat him down to eat food.

      1 Samuel 25

      2 There was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel; and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, and a thousand goats: and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel.

      2 Samuel 3

      35 All the people came to cause David to eat bread while it was yet day; but David swore, saying, "God do so to me, and more also, if I taste bread, or anything else, until the sun goes down."

      2 Samuel 19

      35 I am this day eighty years old. Can I discern between good and bad? Can your servant taste what I eat or what I drink? Can I hear any more the voice of singing men and singing women? Why then should your servant be yet a burden to my lord the king?

      Esther 7

      8 Then the king returned out of the palace garden into the place of the banquet of wine; and Haman had fallen on the couch where Esther was. Then the king said, "Will he even assault the queen in front of me in the house?" As the word went out of the king's mouth, they covered Haman's face.

      Psaumes 23

      5 You prepare a table before me in the presence of my enemies. You anoint my head with oil. My cup runs over.

      Proverbes 12

      27 The slothful man doesn't roast his game, but the possessions of diligent men are prized.

      Proverbes 26

      15 The sluggard buries his hand in the dish. He is too lazy to bring it back to his mouth.

      Esaïe 5

      12 The harp, lyre, tambourine, and flute, with wine, are at their feasts; but they don't respect the work of Yahweh, neither have they considered the operation of his hands.
      13 Therefore my people go into captivity for lack of knowledge. Their honorable men are famished, and their multitudes are parched with thirst.
      22 Woe to those who are mighty to drink wine, and champions at mixing strong drink;

      Esaïe 28

      1 Woe to the crown of pride of the drunkards of Ephraim, and to the fading flower of his glorious beauty, which is on the head of the fertile valley of those who are overcome with wine!

      Jérémie 16

      7 neither shall men break bread for them in mourning, to comfort them for the dead; neither shall men give them the cup of consolation to drink for their father or for their mother.

      Jérémie 25

      10 Moreover I will take from them the voice of mirth and the voice of gladness, the voice of the bridegroom and the voice of the bride, the sound of the millstones, and the light of the lamp.

      Jérémie 32

      1 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh in the tenth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, which was the eighteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar.
      2 Now at that time the king of Babylon's army was besieging Jerusalem; and Jeremiah the prophet was shut up in the court of the guard, which was in the king of Judah's house.
      3 For Zedekiah king of Judah had shut him up, saying, Why do you prophesy, and say, Thus says Yahweh, Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the king of Babylon, and he shall take it;
      4 and Zedekiah king of Judah shall not escape out of the hand of the Chaldeans, but shall surely be delivered into the hand of the king of Babylon, and shall speak with him mouth to mouth, and his eyes shall see his eyes;
      5 and he shall bring Zedekiah to Babylon, and he shall be there until I visit him, says Yahweh: though you fight with the Chaldeans, you shall not prosper?
      6 Jeremiah said, The word of Yahweh came to me, saying,
      7 Behold, Hanamel the son of Shallum your uncle shall come to you, saying, Buy my field that is in Anathoth; for the right of redemption is yours to buy it.
      8 So Hanamel my uncle's son came to me in the court of the guard according to the word of Yahweh, and said to me, Please buy my field that is in Anathoth, which is in the land of Benjamin; for the right of inheritance is yours, and the redemption is yours; buy it for yourself. Then I knew that this was the word of Yahweh.
      9 I bought the field that was in Anathoth of Hanamel my uncle's son, and weighed him the money, even seventeen shekels of silver.
      10 I subscribed the deed, and sealed it, and called witnesses, and weighed him the money in the balances.
      11 So I took the deed of the purchase, both that which was sealed, containing the terms and conditions, and that which was open;
      12 and I delivered the deed of the purchase to Baruch the son of Neriah, the son of Mahseiah, in the presence of Hanamel my uncle's son, and in the presence of the witnesses who subscribed the deed of the purchase, before all the Jews who sat in the court of the guard.
      13 I commanded Baruch before them, saying,
      14 Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel: Take these deeds, this deed of the purchase which is sealed, and this deed which is open, and put them in an earthen vessel; that they may continue many days.
      15 For thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel: Houses and fields and vineyards shall yet again be bought in this land.
      16 Now after I had delivered the deed of the purchase to Baruch the son of Neriah, I prayed to Yahweh, saying,
      17 Ah Lord Yahweh! Behold, you have made the heavens and the earth by your great power and by your outstretched arm; there is nothing too hard for you,
      18 who show loving kindness to thousands, and recompense the iniquity of the fathers into the bosom of their children after them; the great, the mighty God, Yahweh of Armies is his name;
      19 great in counsel, and mighty in work; whose eyes are open on all the ways of the sons of men, to give everyone according to his ways, and according to the fruit of his doings:
      20 who performed signs and wonders in the land of Egypt, even to this day, both in Israel and among other men; and made yourself a name, as in this day;
      21 and brought forth your people Israel out of the land of Egypt with signs, and with wonders, and with a strong hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terror;
      22 and gave them this land, which you swore to their fathers to give them, a land flowing with milk and honey;
      23 and they came in, and possessed it, but they didn't obey your voice, neither walked in your law; they have done nothing of all that you commanded them to do: therefore you have caused all this evil to come on them.
      24 Behold, the mounds, they have come to the city to take it; and the city is given into the hand of the Chaldeans who fight against it, because of the sword, and of the famine, and of the pestilence; and what you have spoken has happened; and behold, you see it.
      25 You have said to me, Lord Yahweh, Buy the field for money, and call witnesses; whereas the city is given into the hand of the Chaldeans.
      26 Then came the word of Yahweh to Jeremiah, saying,
      27 Behold, I am Yahweh, the God of all flesh: is there anything too hard for me?
      28 Therefore thus says Yahweh: Behold, I will give this city into the hand of the Chaldeans, and into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and he shall take it:
      29 and the Chaldeans, who fight against this city, shall come and set this city on fire, and burn it, with the houses, on whose roofs they have offered incense to Baal, and poured out drink offerings to other gods, to provoke me to anger.
      30 For the children of Israel and the children of Judah have done only that which was evil in my sight from their youth; for the children of Israel have only provoked me to anger with the work of their hands, says Yahweh.
      31 For this city has been to me a provocation of my anger and of my wrath from the day that they built it even to this day; that I should remove it from before my face,
      32 because of all the evil of the children of Israel and of the children of Judah, which they have done to provoke me to anger, they, their kings, their princes, their priests, and their prophets, and the men of Judah, and the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
      33 They have turned to me the back, and not the face: and though I taught them, rising up early and teaching them, yet they have not listened to receive instruction.
      34 But they set their abominations in the house which is called by my name, to defile it.
      35 They built the high places of Baal, which are in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to cause their sons and their daughters to pass through fire to Molech; which I didn't command them, neither did it come into my mind, that they should do this abomination, to cause Judah to sin.
      36 Now therefore thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, concerning this city, about which you say, It is given into the hand of the king of Babylon by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence:
      37 Behold, I will gather them out of all the countries, where I have driven them in my anger, and in my wrath, and in great indignation; and I will bring them again to this place, and I will cause them to dwell safely:
      38 and they shall be my people, and I will be their God:
      39 and I will give them one heart and one way, that they may fear me forever, for their good, and of their children after them:
      40 and I will make an everlasting covenant with them, that I will not turn away from following them, to do them good; and I will put my fear in their hearts, that they may not depart from me.
      41 Yes, I will rejoice over them to do them good, and I will plant them in this land assuredly with my whole heart and with my whole soul.
      42 For thus says Yahweh: Like as I have brought all this great evil on this people, so will I bring on them all the good that I have promised them.
      43 Fields shall be bought in this land, about which you say, It is desolate, without man or animal; it is given into the hand of the Chaldeans.
      44 Men shall buy fields for money, and subscribe the deeds, and seal them, and call witnesses, in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, and in the cities of the hill country, and in the cities of the lowland, and in the cities of the South: for I will cause their captivity to return, says Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 23

      41 and sit on a stately bed, with a table prepared before it, whereupon you set my incense and my oil.

      Ezéchiel 24

      4 gather its pieces into it, even every good piece, the thigh, and the shoulder; fill it with the choice bones.
      17 Sigh, but not aloud, make no mourning for the dead; bind your headdress on you, and put your shoes on your feet, and don't cover your lips, and don't eat men's bread.

      Daniel 5

      10 [Now] the queen by reason of the words of the king and his lords came into the banquet house: the queen spoke and said, O king, live forever; don't let your thoughts trouble you, nor let your face be changed.

      Osée 9

      4 They won't pour out wine offerings to Yahweh, neither will they be pleasing to him. Their sacrifices will be to them like the bread of mourners; all who eat of it will be polluted; for their bread will be for their appetite. It will not come into the house of Yahweh.

      Amos 6

      4 Who lie on beds of ivory, and stretch themselves on their couches, and eat the lambs out of the flock, and the calves out of the midst of the stall;
      5 who strum on the strings of a harp; who invent for themselves instruments of music, like David;
      6 who drink wine in bowls, and anoint themselves with the best oils; but they are not grieved for the affliction of Joseph.

      Michée 3

      3 who also eat the flesh of my people, and flay their skin from off them, and break their bones, and chop them in pieces, as for the pot, and as flesh within the caldron.

      Matthieu 8

      11 I tell you that many will come from the east and the west, and will sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the Kingdom of Heaven,
      15 He touched her hand, and the fever left her. She got up and served him.

      Matthieu 14

      6 But when Herod's birthday came, the daughter of Herodias danced among them and pleased Herod.
      19 He commanded the multitudes to sit down on the grass; and he took the five loaves and the two fish, and looking up to heaven, he blessed, broke and gave the loaves to the disciples, and the disciples gave to the multitudes.

      Matthieu 15

      2 "Why do your disciples disobey the tradition of the elders? For they don't wash their hands when they eat bread."
      36 and he took the seven loaves and the fish. He gave thanks and broke them, and gave to the disciples, and the disciples to the multitudes.

      Matthieu 22

      3 and sent out his servants to call those who were invited to the marriage feast, but they would not come.
      10 Those servants went out into the highways, and gathered together as many as they found, both bad and good. The wedding was filled with guests.

      Matthieu 25

      10 While they went away to buy, the bridegroom came, and those who were ready went in with him to the marriage feast, and the door was shut.

      Matthieu 26

      23 He answered, "He who dipped his hand with me in the dish, the same will betray me.
      26 As they were eating, Jesus took bread, gave thanks for it, and broke it. He gave to the disciples, and said, "Take, eat; this is my body."
      29 But I tell you that I will not drink of this fruit of the vine from now on, until that day when I drink it anew with you in my Father's Kingdom."
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