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RICHESSE

De même que nos versions rendent par ce terme général plusieurs mots hébreu différents : nekâsim =possessions, hôn-- biens, fortune acquise, khaïl =opulence, tôb-- bien-être, prospérité, etc., de même est-il bon de se rendre compte des idées différentes que recouvre ce terme si fréquent dans les saints livres.

A l'origine, au temps des patriarches et longtemps après, la richesse est constituée par l'importance des troupeaux, le nombre de têtes de bétail et de serviteurs possédés par le clan ou le chef de famille (voir Vie pastorale). Relisons, par exemple, l'énumération des richesses de Job avant son épreuve (Job 1:3), de Nabal (1Sa 25:2). Ce sont surtout des troupeaux qui font d'Abraham un homme riche ; il possède toutefois également de l'or et de l'argent (Ge 13:2). Pendant son séjour en Egypte, l'Hébreu a bientôt appris que la terre cultivée et féconde peut aussi devenir une source de richesse ; en s'emparant du pays de Canaan, en s'installant en cette terre « découlant de lait et de miel » (Ex 3:8), le nomade, devenu sédentaire, attache toujours plus de prix à la possession du sol, qui devient la grande forme de la richesse. Posséder champs et vignes, figuiers et oliviers, voir ses greniers pleins (Ps 144:13), ses cuves débordantes (Pr 3:10, Joe 3:18), voilà l'opulence. Telle est la richesse d'un Booz (Ru 2:1), d'un Barzillaï capable de ravitailler l'armée de David en blé, lentilles, fèves, etc (2Sa 17:28 19:32).

Il ne semble pas que le sol ait fourni à ses habitants autre chose que les produits agricoles ; la bénédiction prophétique de Moïse promet bien à Zabulon les « trésors cachés dans le sable » De 33:19), Job fait bien allusion aux mines d'argent et de fer (Job 28:1,3), mais cela est bien vague. Tout ce que l'Hébreu a pu tirer de son sol serait, d'après Diodore de Sicile, le sel et le soufre abondants sur les confins de la mer Morte (De 29:23). L'industrie ne semble pas davantage avoir été pour Israël une source de richesse ; il ne s'est guère développé en Palestine que les industries textiles, les teintures, les parfums et surtout la poterie, florissante dans la région d'Hébron. Nos livres saints tirent souvent des comparaisons de ces industries et y font allusion (Ps 139:15, Jer 18:2,6, Mr 9:3 etc.).

Si les Juifs ne tirèrent jamais grands profits de l'industrie, le commerce (voir ce mot) deviendra, par contre, à partir de l'époque des rois, une source de richesse ; les relations des Hébreux avec les villes phéniciennes, avec Tyr « dont les marchands sont des princes » (Esa 23:8), la situation privilégiée du pays au carrefour des grandes voies commerciales entre l'Egypte et l'Asie en prépareront et en favoriseront l'essor. A relire des passages comme Esa 60:6 et suivant, Os 12:8 et suivant, on sent qu'une nouvelle conception de la richesse est entrée dans les moeurs, d'une richesse fondée non sur la production mais sur l'échange. C'est ainsi que le peuple juif va traverser des époques de grande prospérité, on verra affluer l'or des nations ! Alors se manifesteront les tares d'une pareille richesse, la soif du gain, la cupidité, l'avarice, le luxe désordonné ; les femmes étalent des toilettes somptueuses ; étoffes de luxe, pierres précieuses vont parer les coquettes et les parvenus, soulevant l'indignation des prophètes qui censurent ce pays rempli d'or et d'argent mais plein aussi d'iniquités et d'idolâtrie (Esa 3:7,16,24)

Telle est la situation au temps de Jésus ; avec la domination romaine, grâce à la paix que les légions ont imposée au monde, le commerce a refleuri, la circulation de la monnaie d'or et d'argent est courante (parabole des mines, des talents). La soif du gain, l'esprit de lucre, le « mammon d'iniquité » pour parler comme Jésus (Lu 16:9), s'est partout répandu. Cependant, un certain mépris frappe ceux qui vivent de ces ressources, considérées comme impures par les pharisiens : péagers et marchands. La propriété terrienne seule est honorée comme légitime. Voir Propriété.

Que nous enseigne la Bible au sujet de la richesse ? Elle la tient généralement pour une preuve de protection divine ; des troupeaux prospères, des terres fécondes sont une bénédiction de Dieu, un don de Dieu, récompense accordée à qui obéit à sa loi (1Ch 29:12, Ps 1:3 112:1-3, Ec 5:18). Le premier péril à éviter c'est de se trop aisément glorifier de ses richesses,. d'en tirer vanité, d'oublier d'où elles viennent, et de se montrer ingrat envers Dieu lorsque, par sa grâce, on est devenu gros, gras et replet (De 32:15, cf. encore De 8:18, Ps 49:7, Jer 9:23). Cependant le spectacle de certaines infortunes, la ruine inexplicable qui atteint le juste, la misère qui l'accable, alors que la prospérité du méchant s'étale, vient poser devant la conscience juive un problème nouveau, angoissant. Le livre de Job essaie d'y apporter une solution. Relire en particulier Job 21 (cf. aussi Jer 12:1). On en vient à considérer la richesse comme chose secondaire et trompeuse, c'est un bien auquel il est dangereux de se fier (Ps 52:9, Pr 11:28) ; une chose éphémère qui tôt ou tard est enlevée à l'homme, qu'il ne peut se vanter de conserver toujours (Ps 49, Pr 27:24). Heureux donc qui saura se contenter de peu (Pr 30:8) et qui préférera la justice aux biens de ce monde (Ps 37:16). Ce dédain, puis ce mépris de la richesse se développera d'autant plus que l'on verra la richesse commerciale remplacer la richesse agricole, lorsque la soif du gain répandra partout l'inégalité, l'oppression du pauvre par le riche, l'injustice et l'impiété (Jer 17:11, Hab 2:6,11). L'apocryphe Siracide revient souvent sur les dangers des richesses, la lamentable opposition entre riches et pauvres, etc (Sir 13 31:3,11 etc.).

Le N.T. ne cessera de mettre l'homme en garde contre cet amour de la richesse, source de tant de maux et de péchés (Mr 10:24, Mt 19:22). A ces biens périssables il oppose les biens spirituels que ne sauraient nous arracher les voleurs ou la rouille, les seuls vrais biens (Mt 6:19 et suivant, 1Ti 6:17, Jas 5:2). Comme Amos parmi les prophètes, Luc parmi les évangélistes et Jacques parmi les apôtres sont les trois écrivains bibliques qui dénoncent le plus vigoureusement les mauvais riches. Dans plusieurs de ses paraboles (Lu 12:13-21 16:19-31), Jésus flétrit l'égoïsme et l'avarice, rançon de la richesse ; dans gon entretien avec le jeune homme riche (Mt 19:16-24), il dénonce l'amour de la richesse comme l'obstacle qui risque d'écarter l'homme du salut ; dans la réplique aux béatitudes (Lu 6:24), il tient la richesse égoïste pour une vraie malédiction. Tandis que, pour les pharisiens, la valeur de la richesse provenait de la façon dont elle était acquise, Jésus insiste sur la façon de l'employer : une richesse est injuste si elle ne sert qu'à un usage égoïste, personnel ; dépositaires de biens à eux confiés, les riches doivent les faire servir à la gloire de Dieu et au bonheur de leurs frères (cf. parabole de l'économe infidèle, Lu 16:1,9). Cette idée se retrouve dans l'Église primitive (Ac 4:34-37 5:1,11).

Voir Trésor, Pauvreté. P. B. -M.

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      Genèse 13

      2 Abram was very rich in livestock, in silver, and in gold.

      Exode 3

      8 I have come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and large land, to a land flowing with milk and honey; to the place of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite.

      Ruth 2

      1 Naomi had a kinsman of her husband's, a mighty man of wealth, of the family of Elimelech, and his name was Boaz.

      1 Samuel 25

      2 There was a man in Maon, whose possessions were in Carmel; and the man was very great, and he had three thousand sheep, and a thousand goats: and he was shearing his sheep in Carmel.

      2 Samuel 17

      28 brought beds, basins, earthen vessels, wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans, lentils, roasted grain,

      1 Chroniques 29

      12 Both riches and honor come from you, and you rule over all; and in your hand is power and might; and it is in your hand to make great, and to give strength to all.

      Job 1

      3 His possessions also were seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen, five hundred female donkeys, and a very great household; so that this man was the greatest of all the children of the east.

      Job 21

      1 Then Job answered,
      2 "Listen diligently to my speech. Let this be your consolation.
      3 Allow me, and I also will speak; After I have spoken, mock on.
      4 As for me, is my complaint to man? Why shouldn't I be impatient?
      5 Look at me, and be astonished. Lay your hand on your mouth.
      6 When I remember, I am troubled. Horror takes hold of my flesh.
      7 "Why do the wicked live, become old, yes, and grow mighty in power?
      8 Their child is established with them in their sight, their offspring before their eyes.
      9 Their houses are safe from fear, neither is the rod of God upon them.
      10 Their bulls breed without fail. Their cows calve, and don't miscarry.
      11 They send forth their little ones like a flock. Their children dance.
      12 They sing to the tambourine and harp, and rejoice at the sound of the pipe.
      13 They spend their days in prosperity. In an instant they go down to Sheol .
      14 They tell God, 'Depart from us, for we don't want to know about your ways.
      15 What is the Almighty, that we should serve him? What profit should we have, if we pray to him?'
      16 Behold, their prosperity is not in their hand. The counsel of the wicked is far from me.
      17 "How often is it that the lamp of the wicked is put out, that their calamity comes on them, that God distributes sorrows in his anger?
      18 How often is it that they are as stubble before the wind, as chaff that the storm carries away?
      19 You say, 'God lays up his iniquity for his children.' Let him recompense it to himself, that he may know it.
      20 Let his own eyes see his destruction. Let him drink of the wrath of the Almighty.
      21 For what does he care for his house after him, when the number of his months is cut off?
      22 "Shall any teach God knowledge, since he judges those who are high?
      23 One dies in his full strength, being wholly at ease and quiet.
      24 His pails are full of milk. The marrow of his bones is moistened.
      25 Another dies in bitterness of soul, and never tastes of good.
      26 They lie down alike in the dust. The worm covers them.
      27 "Behold, I know your thoughts, the devices with which you would wrong me.
      28 For you say, 'Where is the house of the prince? Where is the tent in which the wicked lived?'
      29 Haven't you asked wayfaring men? Don't you know their evidences,
      30 that the evil man is reserved to the day of calamity, That they are led forth to the day of wrath?
      31 Who shall declare his way to his face? Who shall repay him what he has done?
      32 Yet he will be borne to the grave. Men shall keep watch over the tomb.
      33 The clods of the valley shall be sweet to him. All men shall draw after him, as there were innumerable before him.
      34 So how can you comfort me with nonsense, because in your answers there remains only falsehood?"

      Job 28

      1 "Surely there is a mine for silver, and a place for gold which they refine.
      3 Man sets an end to darkness, and searches out, to the furthest bound, the stones of obscurity and of thick darkness.

      Psaumes 1

      3 He will be like a tree planted by the streams of water, that brings forth its fruit in its season, whose leaf also does not wither. Whatever he does shall prosper.

      Psaumes 37

      16 Better is a little that the righteous has, than the abundance of many wicked.

      Psaumes 49

      1 <> Hear this, all you peoples. Listen, all you inhabitants of the world,
      2 both low and high, rich and poor together.
      3 My mouth will speak words of wisdom. My heart shall utter understanding.
      4 I will incline my ear to a proverb. I will open my riddle on the harp.
      5 Why should I fear in the days of evil, when iniquity at my heels surrounds me?
      6 Those who trust in their wealth, and boast in the multitude of their riches--
      7 none of them can by any means redeem his brother, nor give God a ransom for him.
      8 For the redemption of their life is costly, no payment is ever enough,
      9 That he should live on forever, that he should not see corruption.
      10 For he sees that wise men die; likewise the fool and the senseless perish, and leave their wealth to others.
      11 Their inward thought is that their houses will endure forever, and their dwelling places to all generations. They name their lands after themselves.
      12 But man, despite his riches, doesn't endure. He is like the animals that perish.
      13 This is the destiny of those who are foolish, and of those who approve their sayings. Selah.
      14 They are appointed as a flock for Sheol . Death shall be their shepherd. The upright shall have dominion over them in the morning. Their beauty shall decay in Sheol , far from their mansion.
      15 But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol , for he will receive me. Selah.
      16 Don't be afraid when a man is made rich, when the glory of his house is increased.
      17 For when he dies he shall carry nothing away. His glory shall not descend after him.
      18 Though while he lived he blessed his soul-- and men praise you when you do well for yourself--
      19 he shall go to the generation of his fathers. They shall never see the light.
      20 A man who has riches without understanding, is like the animals that perish.

      Psaumes 52

      9 I will give you thanks forever, because you have done it. I will hope in your name, for it is good, in the presence of your saints.

      Psaumes 112

      1 Praise Yah! Blessed is the man who fears Yahweh, who delights greatly in his commandments.

      Psaumes 139

      15 My frame wasn't hidden from you, when I was made in secret, woven together in the depths of the earth.

      Psaumes 144

      13 Our barns are full, filled with all kinds of provision. Our sheep bring forth thousands and ten thousands in our fields.

      Proverbes 3

      10 so your barns will be filled with plenty, and your vats will overflow with new wine.

      Proverbes 11

      28 He who trusts in his riches will fall, but the righteous shall flourish as the green leaf.

      Proverbes 27

      24 for riches are not forever, nor does even the crown endure to all generations.

      Proverbes 30

      8 Remove far from me falsehood and lies. Give me neither poverty nor riches. Feed me with the food that is needful for me;

      Ecclésiaste 5

      18 Behold, that which I have seen to be good and proper is for one to eat and to drink, and to enjoy good in all his labor, in which he labors under the sun, all the days of his life which God has given him; for this is his portion.

      Esaïe 3

      7 In that day he will cry out, saying, "I will not be a healer; for in my house is neither bread nor clothing. You shall not make me ruler of the people."
      16 Moreover Yahweh said, "Because the daughters of Zion are haughty, and walk with outstretched necks and flirting eyes, walking to trip as they go, jingling ornaments on their feet;
      24 It shall happen that instead of sweet spices, there shall be rottenness; instead of a belt, a rope; instead of well set hair, baldness; instead of a robe, a wearing of sackcloth; and branding instead of beauty.

      Esaïe 23

      8 Who has planned this against Tyre, the giver of crowns, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honorable of the earth?

      Esaïe 60

      6 The multitude of camels shall cover you, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all they from Sheba shall come; they shall bring gold and frankincense, and shall proclaim the praises of Yahweh.

      Jérémie 9

      23 Thus says Yahweh, Don't let the wise man glory in his wisdom, neither let the mighty man glory in his might, don't let the rich man glory in his riches;

      Jérémie 12

      1 You are righteous, Yahweh, when I contend with you; yet I would reason the cause with you: why does the way of the wicked prosper? why are all they at ease who deal very treacherously?

      Jérémie 17

      11 As the partridge that sits on eggs which she has not laid, so is he who gets riches, and not by right; in the midst of his days they shall leave him, and at his end he shall be a fool.

      Jérémie 18

      2 Arise, and go down to the potter's house, and there I will cause you to hear my words.
      6 House of Israel, can't I do with you as this potter? says Yahweh. Behold, as the clay in the potter's hand, so are you in my hand, house of Israel.

      Osée 12

      8 Ephraim said, "Surely I have become rich, I have found myself wealth. In all my wealth they won't find in me any iniquity that is sin."

      Joël 3

      18 It will happen in that day, that the mountains will drop down sweet wine, the hills will flow with milk, all the brooks of Judah will flow with waters, and a fountain will come forth from the house of Yahweh, and will water the valley of Shittim.

      Habacuc 2

      6 Won't all these take up a parable against him, and a taunting proverb against him, and say, 'Woe to him who increases that which is not his, and who enriches himself by extortion! How long?'
      11 For the stone will cry out of the wall, and the beam out of the woodwork will answer it.

      Matthieu 6

      19 "Don't lay up treasures for yourselves on the earth, where moth and rust consume, and where thieves break through and steal;

      Matthieu 19

      16 Behold, one came to him and said, "Good teacher, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life?"
      17 He said to him, "Why do you call me good? No one is good but one, that is, God. But if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments."
      18 He said to him, "Which ones?" Jesus said, "'You shall not murder.' 'You shall not commit adultery.' 'You shall not steal.' 'You shall not offer false testimony.'
      19 'Honor your father and mother.' And, 'You shall love your neighbor as yourself.'"
      20 The young man said to him, "All these things I have observed from my youth. What do I still lack?"
      21 Jesus said to him, "If you want to be perfect, go, sell what you have, and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me."
      22 But when the young man heard the saying, he went away sad, for he was one who had great possessions.
      23 Jesus said to his disciples, "Most certainly I say to you, a rich man will enter into the Kingdom of Heaven with difficulty.
      24 Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through a needle's eye, than for a rich man to enter into the Kingdom of God."

      Marc 9

      3 His clothing became glistening, exceedingly white, like snow, such as no launderer on earth can whiten them.

      Marc 10

      24 The disciples were amazed at his words. But Jesus answered again, "Children, how hard is it for those who trust in riches to enter into the Kingdom of God!
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