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DÎME

Prélèvement de la dixième partie du revenu, destiné à être consacré à Dieu. Cette pratique est fort ancienne, et antérieure à l'histoire d'Israël. Beaucoup de peuples, de race indogermanique aussi bien que sémitique, offraient à leurs divinités le dixième des troupeaux, des produits du sol et du butin de guerre.

Dans l'A.T., la Loi de Moïse réglemente cet usage déjà mis en pratique par les patriarches (Ge 14:20 28:22, cf. Heb 7:1-10). L'idée qui l'inspire est que l'Éternel est le possesseur suprême du sol, de tout ce qu'il produit, et de ce qui vit à sa surface. Chaque Israélite, considéré comme fermier de l'Éternel, doit à son maître et propriétaire la dîme des produits du sol et du bétail.

L'Éternel a droit à la dîme (Le 27:30-32). A ce principe fondamental s'ajoutent :

une idée de propitiation ; si le possesseur du sol ne reçoit pas son dû, sa faveur et sa bénédiction feront défaut dans la suite ;

une idée plus morale, de reconnaissance pour les bénédictions reçues.

Selon la Loi, la dîme était perçue et affectée à l'entretien des Lévites, comme compensation du fait qu'ils n'avaient reçu aucune part dans la distribution du territoire (No 18 : et suivants) ; ils la percevaient au nom de l'Éternel et, à leur tour, ils devaient donner aux prêtres la dîme de ce qu'ils recevaient, « la dîme de la dîme » (No 18:25-32).

D'après les prescriptions assez différentes du Deutéronome (De 14:22-29 26:12), il semble qu'une partie de la dîme, prélevée chaque année sur les récoltes, était destinée à être mangée dans une sorte de repas rituel, « devant l'Éternel », dans un sanctuaire ; la troisième année, toute la dîme était mise à part pour la nourriture des Lévites, des étrangers, des orphelins et des veuves.

Mais on peut se demander,

-car ces prescriptions manquent un peu de clarté

-si chaque année il n'y avait pas une double dîme, ou bien si elle avait lieu tous les trois ans, ou encore si tous les trois ans la dîme des Lévites était étendue aux indigents et aux étrangers. Il n'est guère possible, d'après les textes, de résoudre ces questions.

Dans la pratique, la perception de ces dîmes dut souvent être assez délicate, et on dut à plusieurs reprises la régulariser (2Ch 31:4-12, Ne 10:37-39 13:4-13, Mal 3:8-10). La dîme fut considérée en Israël comme un devoir toujours plus essentiel avec le temps ; les pharisiens, pour qui l'observation littérale de la loi avait une telle importance, donnaient la dîme des herbes mêmes du jardin destinées à la cuisine (Mt 23:23).

L'Église primitive laissa de côté les prescriptions légales ; pendant les quatre premiers siècles, elle ne reçut que des offrandes volontaires. La dîme prit peu à peu un caractère obligatoire qui fut sanctionné par le deuxième concile de Mâcon en 585. En France, la dîme, imposée au profit de l'Église romaine, ne fut abolie que par la Révolution. Dans les Églises de la Réforme, elle n'a jamais été une règle et se pratique en général comme une offrande volontaire et reconnaissante.

R. de R.

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      Genèse 14

      20 and blessed be God Most High, who has delivered your enemies into your hand." Abram gave him a tenth of all.

      Genèse 28

      22 then this stone, which I have set up for a pillar, will be God's house. Of all that you will give me I will surely give the tenth to you."

      Lévitique 27

      30 "'All the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land or of the fruit of the trees, is Yahweh's. It is holy to Yahweh.
      31 If a man redeems anything of his tithe, he shall add a fifth part to it.
      32 All the tithe of the herds or the flocks, whatever passes under the rod, the tenth shall be holy to Yahweh.

      Nombres 18

      1 Yahweh said to Aaron, "You and your sons and your fathers' house with you shall bear the iniquity of the sanctuary; and you and your sons with you shall bear the iniquity of your priesthood.
      2 Your brothers also, the tribe of Levi, the tribe of your father, bring near with you, that they may be joined to you, and minister to you: but you and your sons with you shall be before the tent of the testimony.
      3 They shall keep your commands, and the duty of all the Tent: only they shall not come near to the vessels of the sanctuary and to the altar, that they not die, neither they, nor you.
      4 They shall be joined to you, and keep the responsibility of the Tent of Meeting, for all the service of the Tent: and a stranger shall not come near to you.
      5 "You shall perform the duty of the sanctuary, and the duty of the altar; that there be no more wrath on the children of Israel.
      6 I, behold, I have taken your brothers the Levites from among the children of Israel: to you they are a gift, given to Yahweh, to do the service of the Tent of Meeting.
      7 You and your sons with you shall keep your priesthood for everything of the altar, and for that within the veil; and you shall serve: I give you the priesthood as a service of gift: and the stranger who comes near shall be put to death."
      8 Yahweh spoke to Aaron, "I, behold, I have given you the command of my wave offerings, even all the holy things of the children of Israel; to you have I given them by reason of the anointing, and to your sons, as a portion forever.
      9 This shall be yours of the most holy things from the fire: every offering of theirs, even every meal offering of theirs, and every sin offering of theirs, and every trespass offering of theirs, which they shall render to me, shall be most holy for you and for your sons.
      10 You shall eat of it like the most holy things. Every male shall eat of it. It shall be holy to you.
      11 "This is yours, too: the wave offering of their gift, even all the wave offerings of the children of Israel. I have given them to you, and to your sons and to your daughters with you, as a portion forever. Everyone who is clean in your house shall eat of it.
      12 "All the best of the oil, and all the best of the vintage, and of the grain, the first fruits of them which they give to Yahweh, to you have I given them.
      13 The first-ripe fruits of all that is in their land, which they bring to Yahweh, shall be yours; everyone who is clean in your house shall eat of it.
      14 "Everything devoted in Israel shall be yours.
      15 Everything that opens the womb, of all flesh which they offer to Yahweh, both of man and animal shall be yours: nevertheless you shall surely redeem the firstborn of man, and you shall redeem the firstborn of unclean animals.
      16 You shall redeem those who are to be redeemed of them from a month old, according to your estimation, for five shekels of money, after the shekel of the sanctuary (the same is twenty gerahs).
      17 "But you shall not redeem the firstborn of a cow, or the firstborn of a sheep, or the firstborn of a goat. They are holy. You shall sprinkle their blood on the altar, and shall burn their fat for an offering made by fire, for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
      18 Their flesh shall be yours, as the wave offering breast and as the right thigh, it shall be yours.
      19 All the wave offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer to Yahweh, have I given you, and your sons and your daughters with you, as a portion forever: it is a covenant of salt forever before Yahweh to you and to your seed with you."
      20 Yahweh said to Aaron, "You shall have no inheritance in their land, neither shall you have any portion among them. I am your portion and your inheritance among the children of Israel.
      21 "To the children of Levi, behold, I have given all the tithe in Israel for an inheritance, in return for their service which they serve, even the service of the Tent of Meeting.
      22 Henceforth the children of Israel shall not come near the Tent of Meeting, lest they bear sin, and die.
      23 But the Levites shall do the service of the Tent of Meeting, and they shall bear their iniquity: it shall be a statute forever throughout your generations; and among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance.
      24 For the tithe of the children of Israel, which they offer as a wave offering to Yahweh, I have given to the Levites for an inheritance: therefore I have said to them, 'Among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance.'"
      25 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      26 "Moreover you shall speak to the Levites, and tell them, 'When you take of the children of Israel the tithe which I have given you from them for your inheritance, then you shall offer up a wave offering of it for Yahweh, a tithe of the tithe.
      27 Your wave offering shall be reckoned to you, as though it were the grain of the threshing floor, and as the fullness of the winepress.
      28 Thus you also shall offer a wave offering to Yahweh of all your tithes, which you receive of the children of Israel; and of it you shall give Yahweh's wave offering to Aaron the priest.
      29 Out of all your gifts you shall offer every wave offering of Yahweh, of all its best, even the holy part of it out of it.'
      30 "Therefore you shall tell them, 'When you heave its best from it, then it shall be reckoned to the Levites as the increase of the threshing floor, and as the increase of the winepress.
      31 You shall eat it in every place, you and your households: for it is your reward in return for your service in the Tent of Meeting.
      32 You shall bear no sin by reason of it, when you have heaved from it its best: and you shall not profane the holy things of the children of Israel, that you not die.'"

      2 Chroniques 31

      4 Moreover he commanded the people who lived in Jerusalem to give the portion of the priests and the Levites, that they might give themselves to the law of Yahweh.
      5 As soon as the commandment came abroad, the children of Israel gave in abundance the first fruits of grain, new wine, and oil, and honey, and of all the increase of the field; and the tithe of all things brought they in abundantly.
      6 The children of Israel and Judah, who lived in the cities of Judah, they also brought in the tithe of cattle and sheep, and the tithe of dedicated things which were consecrated to Yahweh their God, and laid them by heaps.
      7 In the third month they began to lay the foundation of the heaps, and finished them in the seventh month.
      8 When Hezekiah and the princes came and saw the heaps, they blessed Yahweh, and his people Israel.
      9 Then Hezekiah questioned the priests and the Levites concerning the heaps.
      10 Azariah the chief priest, of the house of Zadok, answered him and said, "Since people began to bring the offerings into the house of Yahweh, we have eaten and had enough, and have left plenty: for Yahweh has blessed his people; and that which is left is this great store."
      11 Then Hezekiah commanded them to prepare rooms in the house of Yahweh; and they prepared them.
      12 They brought in the offerings and the tithes and the dedicated things faithfully: and over them Conaniah the Levite was ruler, and Shimei his brother was second.

      Néhémie 10

      37 and that we should bring the first fruits of our dough, and our wave offerings, and the fruit of all kinds of trees, the new wine and the oil, to the priests, to the rooms of the house of our God; and the tithes of our ground to the Levites; for they, the Levites, take the tithes in all the cities of our tillage.
      38 The priest the son of Aaron shall be with the Levites, when the Levites take tithes: and the Levites shall bring up the tithe of the tithes to the house of our God, to the rooms, into the treasure house.
      39 For the children of Israel and the children of Levi shall bring the wave offering of the grain, of the new wine, and of the oil, to the rooms, where are the vessels of the sanctuary, and the priests who minister, and the porters, and the singers. We will not forsake the house of our God.

      Néhémie 13

      4 Now before this, Eliashib the priest, who was appointed over the rooms of the house of our God, being allied to Tobiah,

      Malachie 3

      8 Will a man rob God? Yet you rob me! But you say, 'How have we robbed you?' In tithes and offerings.
      9 You are cursed with the curse; for you rob me, even this whole nation.
      10 Bring the whole tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house, and test me now in this," says Yahweh of Armies, "if I will not open you the windows of heaven, and pour you out a blessing, that there shall not be room enough for.

      Matthieu 23

      23 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint, dill, and cumin, and have left undone the weightier matters of the law: justice, mercy, and faith. But you ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone.

      Hébreux 7

      1 For this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of God Most High, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him,
      2 to whom also Abraham divided a tenth part of all (being first, by interpretation, king of righteousness, and then also king of Salem, which is king of peace;
      3 without father, without mother, without genealogy, having neither beginning of days nor end of life, but made like the Son of God), remains a priest continually.
      4 Now consider how great this man was, to whom even Abraham, the patriarch, gave a tenth out of the best spoils.
      5 They indeed of the sons of Levi who receive the priest's office have a commandment to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is, of their brothers, though these have come out of the body of Abraham,
      6 but he whose genealogy is not counted from them has accepted tithes from Abraham, and has blessed him who has the promises.
      7 But without any dispute the lesser is blessed by the greater.
      8 Here people who die receive tithes, but there one receives tithes of whom it is testified that he lives.
      9 We can say that through Abraham even Levi, who receives tithes, has paid tithes,
      10 for he was yet in the body of his father when Melchizedek met him.
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