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Ezéchiel 26.20

La ville est personnifiée ; l'océan qui l'engloutit (verset 19) devient ici l'hadès qui reçoit les morts.

Je mettrai un ornement. Le mot tsevi désigne un joyau (comparez 20.15 ; Esaïe 13.19). A mesure que Tyr, l'ancien ornement du monde, descendra dans le lieu de l'éternel oubli, Dieu la remplacera sur la terre des vivants par un ornement brillant et durable. Il veut parler sans doute de Jérusalem, dont la ruine avait réjoui Tyr quand elle était encore dans sa force, et qui, une fois rétablie, sera, sous le sceptre du Messie, la splendeur de l'univers.

Remarques sur le chapitre 26

Si, comme le pensent plusieurs critiques modernes, le sens de cette prophétie était nécessairement que la ruine finale de Tyr suivra immédiatement le siège de cette ville par Nébucadnetsar, il est évident qu'on aurait le droit de dire que cette prophétie est restée sans accomplissement. Les historiens ne nous disent pas même positivement que Tyr, après les treize années du siège de Nébucadnetsar, ait été prise et pillée. Deux siècles plus tard, elle est encore debout, au temps d'Alexandre-le-Grand, où elle soutient de nouveau un siège mémorable ; après quoi elle passe sous la domination grecque, puis sous celle des Romains. Au temps des apôtres il s'y trouve une église chrétienne. Pillée par les Croisés en l'an 1125 de notre ère, elle est enfin détruite par les Musulmans en 1275. Aujourd'hui, c'est un village de 4 à 5000 habitants, dont les maisons ne sont pour la plupart que des masures. L'un des ports est ensablé, et son commerce a pris fin.

Mais si, comme nous l'avons dit déjà (Esaïe 23.14,18, notes), le coup dont le prophète menace Tyr peut n'être envisagé que comme le commencement de sa décadence, qui s'est consommée ensuite graduellement, alors la menace prophétique d'Ezéchiel n'est point en défaut, et nous ne trouvons ici autre chose que la preuve d'un fait évident : c'est qu'il faut distinguer entre la prophétie et l'histoire. Le prophète voit d'un coup d'œil l'arbre tout entier dans son germe ; l'historien suit du regard et signale toutes les phases du phénomène historique qui s'accomplit par degrés.

Quant à la question de savoir si Tyr a réellement été prise et pillée par Nébucadnetsar, nous ne pouvons, en l'absence de données historiques positives, la résoudre que par conjecture. Josèphe raconte que Nébucadnetsar ramena sous la dépendance de son père la Célésyrie et la Phénicie (Antiquités X, 11, 1). Dans son ouvrage Contre Apion (1, 19), il rapporte que ce roi conquit et ravagea la Syrie et la Phénicie tout entière. Il semble, par conséquent, que si Tyr, la capitale, n'eût pas été prise alors, il eût dû mentionner expressément ce fait exceptionnel, d'autant plus qu'il écrivait d'après des documents phéniciens qui n'auraient pas manqué de faire ressortir cet exploit de Tyr, à la gloire de leur patrie. Le grand roi Nébucadnetsar assiégeant cette ville pendant treize ans et obligé de se retirer sans l'avoir forcée..., ce serait là un fait éclatant que l'histoire n'eût pas aisément passé sous silence ; tandis que la prise de la ville était tacitement comprise dans la mention de ce long siège. On objecte, il est vrai, ce qui est dit par Ezéchiel lui-même, 29.17-20, que Dieu donnera l'Egypte en pillage à Nébucadnetsar pour le rude travail que son armée a eu devant Tyr au service de Dieu, et dont il n'a pas été salarié. Ce passage prouve assurément qu'une partie des richesses de Tyr lui avait échappé, mais non pas que la ville n'ait pas été prise. Nébucadnetsar n'avait pas de flotte ; et peut-on croire que pendant treize ans les Tyriens aient pu voir approcher le jour fatal, sans se servir de leurs vaisseaux pour mettre en sûreté dans les colonies une partie de leurs biens ? Ils en ont agi ainsi, nous le savons positivement, lors du siège d'Alexandre ; et cependant ils eurent alors bien moins de temps pour prendre cette mesure. Dieu dit, Ezéchiel 29.20, qu'il veut salarier Nébucadnetsar, parce qu'il a travaillé pour lui. Or, le travail que Dieu avait donné à ce roi, n'était pas d'assiéger Tyr, mais de la prendre. Un ancien historien (Ménandre) rapporte le fait suivant : Après quelque temps, les Tyriens firent revenir de Babylone, pour les gouverner, des membres de leur famille royale, entre autres Merbal et Hiram. Il résulte de là que la famille royale de Tyr avait été emmenée en captivité à Babylone et que Tyr, par conséquent, avait été prise par Nébucadnetsar.

Si nous envisageons cette question du point de vue large auquel il faut se placer pour apprécier les tableaux de nature prophétique, nous reconnaîtrons que ce que Dieu voulait annoncer par Ezéchiel, c'était le châtiment et la chute de Tyr comme grande puissance commerciale, et non pas comme ville quelconque. Or Tyr, comme grand centre de négoce, ne s'est jamais relevée du coup dont l'avait frappée Nébucadnetsar ; dès ce moment, le déclin graduel de sa puissance et de sa richesse n'a pas cessé. Comme grand entrepôt international, elle est et reste ensevelie au fond des mers, et le village qui marque sa place sur la carte, n'est que l'épave qui témoigne de son naufrage.


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      Nombres 16

      30 But if Yahweh make a new thing, and the ground open its mouth, and swallow them up, with all that appertain to them, and they go down alive into Sheol ; then you shall understand that these men have despised Yahweh."
      33 So they, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into Sheol : and the earth closed on them, and they perished from among the assembly.

      Job 30

      3 They are gaunt from lack and famine. They gnaw the dry ground, in the gloom of waste and desolation.
      4 They pluck salt herbs by the bushes. The roots of the broom are their food.
      5 They are driven out from the midst of men. They cry after them as after a thief;
      6 So that they dwell in frightful valleys, and in holes of the earth and of the rocks.

      Psaumes 27

      13 I am still confident of this: I will see the goodness of Yahweh in the land of the living.

      Psaumes 28

      1 <> To you, Yahweh, I call. My rock, don't be deaf to me; lest, if you are silent to me, I would become like those who go down into the pit.

      Psaumes 88

      3 For my soul is full of troubles. My life draws near to Sheol .
      4 I am counted among those who go down into the pit. I am like a man who has no help,
      5 set apart among the dead, like the slain who lie in the grave, whom you remember no more. They are cut off from your hand.
      6 You have laid me in the lowest pit, in the darkest depths.

      Esaïe 4

      5 Yahweh will create over the whole habitation of Mount Zion, and over her assemblies, a cloud and smoke by day, and the shining of a flaming fire by night; for over all the glory will be a canopy.

      Esaïe 14

      11 Your pomp is brought down to Sheol , with the sound of your stringed instruments. Maggots are spread out under you, and worms cover you.
      12 How you have fallen from heaven, morning star, son of the dawn! How you are cut down to the ground, who laid the nations low!
      13 You said in your heart, "I will ascend into heaven! I will exalt my throne above the stars of God! I will sit on the mountain of assembly, in the far north!
      14 I will ascend above the heights of the clouds! I will make myself like the Most High!"
      15 Yet you shall be brought down to Sheol , to the depths of the pit.
      16 Those who see you will stare at you. They will ponder you, saying, "Is this the man who made the earth to tremble, who shook kingdoms;
      17 who made the world like a wilderness, and overthrew its cities; who didn't release his prisoners to their home?"
      18 All the kings of the nations, sleep in glory, everyone in his own house.
      19 But you are cast away from your tomb like an abominable branch, clothed with the slain, who are thrust through with the sword, who go down to the stones of the pit; like a dead body trodden under foot.

      Esaïe 59

      10 We grope for the wall like the blind; yes, we grope as those who have no eyes: we stumble at noonday as in the twilight; among those who are lusty we are as dead men.

      Lamentations 3

      6 He has made me to dwell in dark places, as those that have been long dead.

      Ezéchiel 26

      20 then will I bring you down with those who descend into the pit, to the people of old time, and will make you to dwell in the lower parts of the earth, in the places that are desolate of old, with those who go down to the pit, that you be not inhabited; and I will set glory in the land of the living:

      Ezéchiel 28

      25 Thus says the Lord Yahweh: When I shall have gathered the house of Israel from the peoples among whom they are scattered, and shall be sanctified in them in the sight of the nations, then shall they dwell in their own land which I gave to my servant Jacob.
      26 They shall dwell securely therein; yes, they shall build houses, and plant vineyards, and shall dwell securely, when I have executed judgments on all those who do them despite all around them; and they shall know that I am Yahweh their God.

      Ezéchiel 32

      18 Son of man, wail for the multitude of Egypt, and cast them down, even her, and the daughters of the famous nations, to the lower parts of the earth, with those who go down into the pit.
      19 Whom do you pass in beauty? Go down, and be laid with the uncircumcised.
      20 They shall fall in the midst of those who are slain by the sword: she is delivered to the sword; draw her away and all her multitudes.
      21 The strong among the mighty shall speak to him out of the midst of Sheol with those who help him: they are gone down, they lie still, even the uncircumcised, slain by the sword.
      22 Asshur is there and all her company; her graves are all around her; all of them slain, fallen by the sword;
      23 whose graves are set in the uttermost parts of the pit, and her company is around her grave; all of them slain, fallen by the sword, who caused terror in the land of the living.
      24 There is Elam and all her multitude around her grave; all of them slain, fallen by the sword, who are gone down uncircumcised into the lower parts of the earth, who caused their terror in the land of the living, and have borne their shame with those who go down to the pit.
      25 They have set her a bed in the midst of the slain with all her multitude; her graves are around her; all of them uncircumcised, slain by the sword; for their terror was caused in the land of the living, and they have borne their shame with those who go down to the pit: he is put in the midst of those who are slain.
      26 There is Meshech, Tubal, and all their multitude; their graves are around them; all of them uncircumcised, slain by the sword; for they caused their terror in the land of the living.
      27 They shall not lie with the mighty who are fallen of the uncircumcised, who are gone down to Sheol with their weapons of war, and have laid their swords under their heads, and their iniquities are on their bones; for [they were] the terror of the mighty in the land of the living.
      28 But you shall be broken in the midst of the uncircumcised, and shall lie with those who are slain by the sword.
      29 There is Edom, her kings and all her princes, who in their might are laid with those who are slain by the sword: they shall lie with the uncircumcised, and with those who go down to the pit.
      30 There are the princes of the north, all of them, and all the Sidonians, who are gone down with the slain; in the terror which they caused by their might they are put to shame; and they lie uncircumcised with those who are slain by the sword, and bear their shame with those who go down to the pit.
      31 Pharaoh shall see them, and shall be comforted over all his multitude, even Pharaoh and all his army, slain by the sword, says the Lord Yahweh.
      32 For I have put his terror in the land of the living; and he shall be laid in the midst of the uncircumcised, with those who are slain by the sword, even Pharaoh and all his multitude, says the Lord Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 34

      1 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying,
      2 Son of man, prophesy against the shepherds of Israel, prophesy, and tell them, even to the shepherds, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Woe to the shepherds of Israel who feed themselves! Shouldn't the shepherds feed the sheep?
      3 You eat the fat, and you clothe yourself with the wool, you kill the fatlings; but you don't feed the sheep.
      4 You haven't strengthened the diseased, neither have you healed that which was sick, neither have you bound up that which was broken, neither have you brought back that which was driven away, neither have you sought that which was lost; but with force and with rigor you have ruled over them.
      5 They were scattered, because there was no shepherd; and they became food to all the animals of the field, and were scattered.
      6 My sheep wandered through all the mountains, and on every high hill: yes, my sheep were scattered on all the surface of the earth; and there was none who searched or sought.
      7 Therefore, you shepherds, hear the word of Yahweh:
      8 As I live, says the Lord Yahweh, surely because my sheep became a prey, and my sheep became food to all the animals of the field, because there was no shepherd, neither did my shepherds search for my sheep, but the shepherds fed themselves, and didn't feed my sheep;
      9 therefore, you shepherds, hear the word of Yahweh:
      10 Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Behold, I am against the shepherds; and I will require my sheep at their hand, and cause them to cease from feeding the sheep; neither shall the shepherds feed themselves any more; and I will deliver my sheep from their mouth, that they may not be food for them.
      11 For thus says the Lord Yahweh: Behold, I myself, even I, will search for my sheep, and will seek them out.
      12 As a shepherd seeks out his flock in the day that he is among his sheep that are scattered abroad, so will I seek out my sheep; and I will deliver them out of all places where they have been scattered in the cloudy and dark day.
      13 I will bring them out from the peoples, and gather them from the countries, and will bring them into their own land; and I will feed them on the mountains of Israel, by the watercourses, and in all the inhabited places of the country.
      14 I will feed them with good pasture; and on the mountains of the height of Israel shall their fold be: there shall they lie down in a good fold; and on fat pasture shall they feed on the mountains of Israel.
      15 I myself will be the shepherd of my sheep, and I will cause them to lie down, says the Lord Yahweh.
      16 I will seek that which was lost, and will bring back that which was driven away, and will bind up that which was broken, and will strengthen that which was sick: but the fat and the strong I will destroy; I will feed them in justice.
      17 As for you, O my flock, thus says the Lord Yahweh: Behold, I judge between sheep and sheep, the rams and the male goats.
      18 Does it seem a small thing to you to have fed on the good pasture, but you must tread down with your feet the residue of your pasture? and to have drunk of the clear waters, but you must foul the residue with your feet?
      19 As for my sheep, they eat that which you have trodden with your feet, and they drink that which you have fouled with your feet.
      20 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh to them: Behold, I, even I, will judge between the fat sheep and the lean sheep.
      21 Because you thrust with side and with shoulder, and push all the diseased with your horns, until you have scattered them abroad;
      22 therefore will I save my flock, and they shall no more be a prey; and I will judge between sheep and sheep.
      23 I will set up one shepherd over them, and he shall feed them, even my servant David; he shall feed them, and he shall be their shepherd.
      24 I, Yahweh, will be their God, and my servant David prince among them; I, Yahweh, have spoken it.
      25 I will make with them a covenant of peace, and will cause evil animals to cease out of the land; and they shall dwell securely in the wilderness, and sleep in the woods.
      26 I will make them and the places around my hill a blessing; and I will cause the shower to come down in its season; there shall be showers of blessing.
      27 The tree of the field shall yield its fruit, and the earth shall yield its increase, and they shall be secure in their land; and they shall know that I am Yahweh, when I have broken the bars of their yoke, and have delivered them out of the hand of those who made slaves of them.
      28 They shall no more be a prey to the nations, neither shall the animals of the earth devour them; but they shall dwell securely, and none shall make them afraid.
      29 I will raise up to them a plantation for renown, and they shall be no more consumed with famine in the land, neither bear the shame of the nations any more.
      30 They shall know that I, Yahweh, their God am with them, and that they, the house of Israel, are my people, says the Lord Yahweh.
      31 You my sheep, the sheep of my pasture, are men, and I am your God, says the Lord Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 39

      7 My holy name will I make known in the midst of my people Israel; neither will I allow my holy name to be profaned any more: and the nations shall know that I am Yahweh, the Holy One in Israel.
      25 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Now will I bring back the captivity of Jacob, and have mercy on the whole house of Israel; and I will be jealous for my holy name.
      26 They shall bear their shame, and all their trespasses by which they have trespassed against me, when they shall dwell securely in their land, and none shall make them afraid;
      27 when I have brought them back from the peoples, and gathered them out of their enemies' lands, and am sanctified in them in the sight of many nations.
      28 They shall know that I am Yahweh their God, in that I caused them to go into captivity among the nations, and have gathered them to their own land; and I will leave none of them any more there;
      29 neither will I hide my face any more from them; for I have poured out my Spirit on the house of Israel, says the Lord Yahweh.

      Amos 9

      2 Though they dig into Sheol , there my hand will take them; and though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down.

      Jonas 2

      2 He said, "I called because of my affliction to Yahweh. He answered me. Out of the belly of Sheol I cried. You heard my voice.
      6 I went down to the bottoms of the mountains. The earth barred me in forever: yet have you brought up my life from the pit, Yahweh my God.

      Zacharie 2

      8 For thus says Yahweh of Armies: 'For honor he has sent me to the nations which plundered you; for he who touches you touches the apple of his eye.

      Luc 10

      15 You, Capernaum, who are exalted to heaven, will be brought down to Hades.
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