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Matthieu 13.3

Il leur parla longuement en paraboles ; il disait :
Il leur parla en paraboles sur beaucoup de choses, et il dit :
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NOEL

Luc 2 /1-20 Matthieu 2/1-12. 1) UN PEU D'HISTOIRE. Noël représente selon la tradition chrétienne la naissance de Jésus. Cependant, …

Philippe Landrevie
Matthieu 13.1-23
La bible annotée Commentaire de Matthew Henry
Ou par des paraboles.

Le mot grec parabole désigne l'action de mettre à coté l'un de l'autre deux objets dans le but de les comparer. L'un de ces objets, c'est le récit fictif d'un événement emprunté à la vie ordinaire ou à la nature, et qui n'a d'autre but que de présenter à l'esprit une vérité religieuse ou morale qui est comparée, assimilée à cet événement.

De là le mot similitude qu'affectionnent nos anciennes versions.

"La parabole a deux parties, le corps et l'âme : le corps est le récit de l'histoire qu'on a imaginée, et l'âme, le sens moral ou mystique caché sous les paroles ou le récit." Littré.

Il faut remarquer toutefois que dans le Nouveau Testament le mot de paraboles ne s'applique pas seulement à ces récits allégoriques prolongés qu'employait si souvent le Sauveur, mais aussi à toute comparaison ou image dessinée à illustrer la pensée. (Ainsi Matthieu 15.15 ; 24.32 ; Marc 3.23 et suivants ; Luc 4.23 ; etc.)

Il est important de remarquer encore la différence notable qu'il y a entre la parabole et un autre genre analogue d'enseignement, la fable. Dans celle-ci le récit fictif n'est pas nécessairement emprunté au domaine du possible et du vrai, elle fait penser et parler les animaux, les plantes, etc.

Jamais Jésus ne se permet rien de pareil dans ses paraboles. Tout dans son récit est tellement naturel et vrai, que souvent on se demande si c'est un fait réel ou une fiction. Ainsi, le semeur, le bon Samaritain, l'enfant prodigue, etc. Et ces histoires sont, au point de vue de la forme, d'une telle beauté, d'une si grande perfection, qu'on s'arrêterait beaucoup plus à les admirer à cet égard, si les imposantes vérités religieuses qu'elles renferment ne s'emparaient de toute notre attention.

Au fond, la parabole du Nouveau Testament est une création de Jésus-Christ. Ni les mythes des anciens, ni la fable qu'on lit au chapitre 9 du livre des Juges Juges 9, ni les maschals du prophète Ezéchiel (Ezéchiel 17.2 ; 24.3) n'en pouvaient donner l'idée.

Grec : Il leur dit beaucoup de choses.

Ceux qui nient la vraisemblance historique d'un long discours compose d'une série de paraboles, et qui attribuent à Matthieu ce recueil de similitudes prononcées par Jésus en divers temps, ne peuvent voir dans ces paroles d'introduction, comme dans celles qui servent de conclusion au récit (v.53), qu'une invention de l'évangéliste de même, la mise en scène qui se trouve aux versets 1 et 2, ne serait qu'un cadre fictif donné à ce grand tableau.

A cette opinion on peut opposer les remarques qui suivent :

1° Matthieu ne prétend nullement rapporter un discours soutenu, composé de sept paraboles et de l'explication de deux d'entre elles. Il marque lui-même, dès le verset 10, une première interruption provoquée par une question des disciples et la réponse de Jésus ; il en marque une seconde, par une réflexion sur ce genre d'enseignement, (verset 34) et enfin une troisième, avec changement complet de lieu et de temps, (verset 36) alors que Jésus n'avait encore prononcé que deux paraboles, sans doute avec des développements et des applications sérieuses à son grand auditoire.

2° Il est très possible, probable même, que Matthieu, selon sa méthode de grouper les enseignements et les faits homogènes, ait volontairement consigné ici telles paraboles de moindre étendue que Jésus avait prononcées ailleurs, et auxquelles Luc assigne une autre place. (Luc 13.18-21)

3° Que Jésus ait fait, au bord de la mer, un discours prolongé dans lequel à plusieurs reprises, sa parole revêtit la forme de la parabole, c'est ce que témoigne positivement le récit de Marc. (Marc 4.1,2) Cet évangéliste rapporte quelques-unes de ces paraboles, une même, que Matthieu n'a pas, puis il ajoute : (verset 33) "Et par beaucoup de paraboles semblables, il leur annonçait la parole."

4° On peut faire observer avec Meyer que "l'assemblage de ces sept paraboles présente aussi peu d'invraisemblance historique que le sermon sur la montagne, cette prédication en paraboles est le prolongement de ce dernier, comme l'édifice s'élève sur le fondement."

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Matthew Henry © traduction Dominique Osché
2532 Il leur 846 parla 2980 5656 en 1722 paraboles 3850 sur beaucoup de choses 4183, et il dit 3004 5723 : 2400 5628 Un semeur 4687 5723 sortit 1831 5627 pour semer 4687 5721.

846 - autoslui-même, elle-même, eux-mêmes il, elle le même

1722 - enDans son sens premier: dans, à l'intérieur de. Le datif qui accompagne εν remplace un …

1831 - exerchomaialler ou venir avec mention du lieu d'où l'on vient, ou du point de départ …

2400 - idouvoici, voilà ...

2532 - kaiet, aussi, même, en effet, mais

2980 - laleofaire entendre une voix, émettre un son parler utiliser la langue ou la faculté de …

3004 - legodire, parler affirmer, maintenir, soutenir enseigner exhorter, conseiller, commander, adresser annoncer par la parole, destiner …

3850 - paraboleplacement d'une chose à côté d'une autre, juxtaposition, comme des navires au combat métaph. comparer, …

4183 - polusun grand nombre de, beaucoup, grand ...

4687 - speirosemer, éparpiller, semence, graine métaph. de dires proverbiaux

5627Temps - Aoriste Second 5780 Voix - Active 5784 Mode - Indicatif 5791 Nombre - …

5628Temps - Aoriste Second 5780 Voix - Active 5784 Mode - Impératif 5794 Nombre - …

5656Temps - Aoriste 5777 Voix - Active 5784 Mode - Indicatif 5791 Nombre - 2319

5721Temps - Présent 5774 Voix - Active 5784 Mode - Infinitif 5795 Nombre - 647

5723Temps - Présent 5774 Voix - Active 5784 Mode - Participe 5796 Nombre - 2549

© Éditions CLÉ, avec autorisation

AGRICULTURELes Israélites furent d'abord nomades et surtout éleveurs de bétail ; ils devinrent agriculteurs, par suite de leur établissement en …

COSMOGONIELa première page de la Bible attribue à Dieu la création de l'univers, de tout ce qui existe. En général, …

ÉVANGILES SYNOPTIQUES (4.)IV Solution d'ensemble. Il y faut, en effet, une solution d'ensemble. Comme on vient de le voir, aucune des théories …

IVRAIE(grec zizanion, mot d'orig. sémitique, d'où vient l'expression française, « semer la zizanie », c-à-d, les divisions ; latin ebriaca …

JEAN (évangile de) 2.II Rapports avec les évangiles synoptiques. Les critiques qui ont étudié ce sujet ont insisté principalement sur les différences. Celles-ci …

JÉSUS-CHRIST (5)IV Les moyens d'action. 1. LES MIRACLES. Les évangiles ne renferment pas moins de quarante et un miracles ou groupes …

MATTHIEU (évangile de) 2.II Contenu. Le plan de Matthieu suit la ligne générale de Marc qui constitue l'arête synoptique commune aux trois premiers …

MATTHIEU (évangile de) 3.III Composition. 1. LES SOURCES. 1 ° L'EVANGILE DE MARC . La comparaison de l'analyse qui précède avec celle de …

ROYAUME DE DIEU1. Dans l'A. T, (a) L'application à la divinité des attributs de la royauté se trouve déjà dans les religions …

ZACHARIE (livre de)Ce livre se compose de deux parties, dont la différence éclate à la première lecture. Dans la première (1-8), le …

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      Juges 9

      8 The trees went forth on a time to anoint a king over them; and they said to the olive tree, 'Reign over us.'
      9 "But the olive tree said to them, 'Should I leave my fatness, with which by me they honor God and man, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'
      10 "The trees said to the fig tree, 'Come and reign over us.'
      11 "But the fig tree said to them, 'Should I leave my sweetness, and my good fruit, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'
      12 "The trees said to the vine, 'Come and reign over us.'
      13 "The vine said to them, 'Should I leave my new wine, which cheers God and man, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'
      14 "Then all the trees said to the bramble, 'Come and reign over us.'
      15 "The bramble said to the trees, 'If in truth you anoint me king over you, then come and take refuge in my shade; and if not, let fire come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Lebanon.'
      16 "Now therefore, if you have dealt truly and righteously, in that you have made Abimelech king, and if you have dealt well with Jerubbaal and his house, and have done to him according to the deserving of his hands
      17 (for my father fought for you, and risked his life, and delivered you out of the hand of Midian:
      18 and you have risen up against my father's house this day, and have slain his sons, seventy persons, on one stone, and have made Abimelech, the son of his female servant, king over the men of Shechem, because he is your brother);
      19 if you then have dealt truly and righteously with Jerubbaal and with his house this day, then rejoice in Abimelech, and let him also rejoice in you:
      20 but if not, let fire come out from Abimelech, and devour the men of Shechem, and the house of Millo; and let fire come out from the men of Shechem, and from the house of Millo, and devour Abimelech."

      2 Samuel 12

      1 Yahweh sent Nathan to David. He came to him, and said to him, "There were two men in one city; the one rich, and the other poor.
      2 The rich man had very many flocks and herds,
      3 but the poor man had nothing, except one little ewe lamb, which he had bought and raised. It grew up together with him, and with his children. It ate of his own food, drank of his own cup, and lay in his bosom, and was to him like a daughter.
      4 A traveler came to the rich man, and he spared to take of his own flock and of his own herd, to dress for the wayfaring man who had come to him, but took the poor man's lamb, and dressed it for the man who had come to him."
      5 David's anger was greatly kindled against the man, and he said to Nathan, "As Yahweh lives, the man who has done this is worthy to die!
      6 He shall restore the lamb fourfold, because he did this thing, and because he had no pity!"
      7 Nathan said to David, "You are the man. This is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, says: 'I anointed you king over Israel, and I delivered you out of the hand of Saul.

      Psaumes 49

      4 I will incline my ear to a proverb. I will open my riddle on the harp.

      Psaumes 78

      2 I will open my mouth in a parable. I will utter dark sayings of old,

      Esaïe 5

      1 Let me sing for my well beloved a song of my beloved about his vineyard. My beloved had a vineyard on a very fruitful hill.
      2 He dug it up, gathered out its stones, planted it with the choicest vine, built a tower in its midst, and also cut out a winepress therein. He looked for it to yield grapes, but it yielded wild grapes.
      3 "Now, inhabitants of Jerusalem and men of Judah, please judge between me and my vineyard.
      4 What could have been done more to my vineyard, that I have not done in it? Why, when I looked for it to yield grapes, did it yield wild grapes?
      5 Now I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard. I will take away its hedge, and it will be eaten up. I will break down its wall of it, and it will be trampled down.
      6 I will lay it a wasteland. It won't be pruned nor hoed, but it will grow briers and thorns. I will also command the clouds that they rain no rain on it."
      7 For the vineyard of Yahweh of Armies is the house of Israel, and the men of Judah his pleasant plant: and he looked for justice, but, behold, oppression; for righteousness, but, behold, a cry of distress.

      Ezéchiel 17

      2 Son of man, put forth a riddle, and speak a parable to the house of Israel;

      Ezéchiel 20

      49 Then I said, Ah Lord Yahweh! they say of me, Isn't he a speaker of parables?

      Ezéchiel 24

      3 Utter a parable to the rebellious house, and tell them, Thus says the Lord Yahweh, Set on the caldron, set it on, and also pour water into it:
      4 gather its pieces into it, even every good piece, the thigh, and the shoulder; fill it with the choice bones.
      5 Take the choice of the flock, and also a pile [of wood] for the bones under [the caldron]; make it boil well; yes, let its bones be boiled in its midst.
      6 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Woe to the bloody city, to the caldron whose rust is therein, and whose rust is not gone out of it! take out of it piece after piece; No lot is fallen on it.
      7 For her blood is in the midst of her; she set it on the bare rock; she didn't pour it on the ground, to cover it with dust.
      8 That it may cause wrath to come up to take vengeance, I have set her blood on the bare rock, that it should not be covered.
      9 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Woe to the bloody city! I also will make the pile great.
      10 Heap on the wood, make the fire hot, boil well the flesh, and make thick the broth, and let the bones be burned.
      11 Then set it empty on its coals, that it may be hot, and its brass may burn, and that its filthiness may be molten in it, that its rust may be consumed.
      12 She has wearied [herself] with toil; yet her great rust doesn't go forth out of her; her rust doesn't [go forth] by fire.
      13 In your filthiness is lewdness: because I have cleansed you and you weren't cleansed, you shall not be cleansed from your filthiness any more, until I have caused my wrath toward you to rest.
      14 I, Yahweh, have spoken it: it shall happen, and I will do it: I will not go back, neither will I spare, neither will I repent; according to your ways, and according to your doings, shall they judge you, says the Lord Yahweh.

      Michée 2

      4 In that day they will take up a parable against you, and lament with a doleful lamentation, saying, 'We are utterly ruined! My people's possession is divided up. Indeed he takes it from me and assigns our fields to traitors!'"

      Habacuc 2

      6 Won't all these take up a parable against him, and a taunting proverb against him, and say, 'Woe to him who increases that which is not his, and who enriches himself by extortion! How long?'

      Matthieu 13

      10 The disciples came, and said to him, "Why do you speak to them in parables?"
      11 He answered them, "To you it is given to know the mysteries of the Kingdom of Heaven, but it is not given to them.
      12 For whoever has, to him will be given, and he will have abundance, but whoever doesn't have, from him will be taken away even that which he has.
      13 Therefore I speak to them in parables, because seeing they don't see, and hearing, they don't hear, neither do they understand.
      34 Jesus spoke all these things in parables to the multitudes; and without a parable, he didn't speak to them,
      35 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through the prophet, saying, "I will open my mouth in parables; I will utter things hidden from the foundation of the world."
      53 It happened that when Jesus had finished these parables, he departed from there.

      Matthieu 22

      1 Jesus answered and spoke again in parables to them, saying,

      Matthieu 24

      32 "Now from the fig tree learn this parable. When its branch has now become tender, and puts forth its leaves, you know that the summer is near.

      Marc 3

      23 He summoned them, and said to them in parables, "How can Satan cast out Satan?

      Marc 4

      2 He taught them many things in parables, and told them in his teaching,
      3 "Listen! Behold, the farmer went out to sow,
      4 and it happened, as he sowed, some seed fell by the road, and the birds came and devoured it.
      5 Others fell on the rocky ground, where it had little soil, and immediately it sprang up, because it had no depth of soil.
      6 When the sun had risen, it was scorched; and because it had no root, it withered away.
      7 Others fell among the thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it, and it yielded no fruit.
      8 Others fell into the good ground, and yielded fruit, growing up and increasing. Some brought forth thirty times, some sixty times, and some one hundred times as much."
      9 He said, "Whoever has ears to hear, let him hear."
      13 He said to them, "Don't you understand this parable? How will you understand all of the parables?
      33 With many such parables he spoke the word to them, as they were able to hear it.

      Marc 12

      1 He began to speak to them in parables. "A man planted a vineyard, put a hedge around it, dug a pit for the winepress, built a tower, rented it out to a farmer, and went into another country.
      12 They tried to seize him, but they feared the multitude; for they perceived that he spoke the parable against them. They left him, and went away.

      Luc 8

      5 "The farmer went out to sow his seed. As he sowed, some fell along the road, and it was trampled under foot, and the birds of the sky devoured it.
      6 Other seed fell on the rock, and as soon as it grew, it withered away, because it had no moisture.
      7 Other fell amid the thorns, and the thorns grew with it, and choked it.
      8 Other fell into the good ground, and grew, and brought forth fruit one hundred times." As he said these things, he called out, "He who has ears to hear, let him hear!"
      10 He said, "To you it is given to know the mysteries of the Kingdom of God, but to the rest in parables; that 'seeing they may not see, and hearing they may not understand.'

      Luc 12

      41 Peter said to him, "Lord, are you telling this parable to us, or to everybody?"

      Luc 15

      3 He told them this parable.
      4 "Which of you men, if you had one hundred sheep, and lost one of them, wouldn't leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness, and go after the one that was lost, until he found it?
      5 When he has found it, he carries it on his shoulders, rejoicing.
      6 When he comes home, he calls together his friends and his neighbors, saying to them, 'Rejoice with me, for I have found my sheep which was lost!'
      7 I tell you that even so there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents, than over ninety-nine righteous people who need no repentance.

      Jean 16

      25 I have spoken these things to you in figures of speech. But the time is coming when I will no more speak to you in figures of speech, but will tell you plainly about the Father.
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