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KABBALE

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Pendant les deux derniers siècles antérieurs à Jésus-Christ se forma entre Juifs initiés une sorte de philosophie ou théo-sophie secrète, la Kabbale ou Cabale (de l'hébreu qabbâlâh =tradition).

Issue d'interprétations allégoriques de l'A.T., par exemple du récit de la création (Ge 1) ou de la vision du chariot (Eze 1), --deux chapitres dont la lecture fut interdite par le judaïsme orthodoxe aux Juifs de moins de 30 ans, à cause des interprétations dangereuses qu'on en tirait, --la Cabale échafaudait toute une dogmatique et une métaphysique étranges sur une exégèse aux procédés arbitraires qui tirait des lettres mêmes du texte scripturaire une signification profonde et mystérieuse (d'où le sens donné au terme : cabalistique).

La Cabale est exposée principalement dans le Sepher Jetzira (Livre de la création), attribué au rabbin Akiba (Mort en 135) mais rédigé sans doute vers le VIII e ou le IX e siècle, dans le Bahir (Splendide), paru vers le XI e ou le XII e siècle, puis dans le grand recueil de 19 ouvrages divers intitulé le Zohar (Éclat, Lumière : allusion à Da 12:3), écrit dans la langue rabbinique du Moyen âge.

Le système dans son ensemble, traitant de l'évolution de Dieu en soi puis dans la création, exerça une grande influence dans le judaïsme et la pensée humaine en général, entre autres par l'oeuvre du Juif Philon, d'Alexandrie (20 av. J. -C, à 54 ap. J. -C), qui avait sur la Cabale proprement dite l'avantage de rattacher ses spéculations à la philosophie grecque.

Comme la plupart des théosophies, la Cabale devait dégénérer en pratiques magiques divinatoires, superstitieuses, voire malignes ; d'où le sens péjoratif, d'intrigues suspectes, qui s'est attaché par la suite aux mots : cabale, cabaler.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 1

      1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
      2 Now the earth was formless and empty. Darkness was on the surface of the deep. God's Spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters.
      3 God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.
      4 God saw the light, and saw that it was good. God divided the light from the darkness.
      5 God called the light "day," and the darkness he called "night." There was evening and there was morning, one day.
      6 God said, "Let there be an expanse in the middle of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters."
      7 God made the expanse, and divided the waters which were under the expanse from the waters which were above the expanse; and it was so.
      8 God called the expanse "sky." There was evening and there was morning, a second day.
      9 God said, "Let the waters under the sky be gathered together to one place, and let the dry land appear"; and it was so.
      10 God called the dry land "earth," and the gathering together of the waters he called "seas." God saw that it was good.
      11 God said, "Let the earth yield grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit after their kind, with its seed in it, on the earth"; and it was so.
      12 The earth yielded grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, with its seed in it, after their kind; and God saw that it was good.
      13 There was evening and there was morning, a third day.
      14 God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of sky to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years;
      15 and let them be for lights in the expanse of sky to give light on the earth"; and it was so.
      16 God made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He also made the stars.
      17 God set them in the expanse of sky to give light to the earth,
      18 and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good.
      19 There was evening and there was morning, a fourth day.
      20 God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of sky."
      21 God created the large sea creatures, and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind. God saw that it was good.
      22 God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth."
      23 There was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.
      24 God said, "Let the earth produce living creatures after their kind, livestock, creeping things, and animals of the earth after their kind"; and it was so.
      25 God made the animals of the earth after their kind, and the livestock after their kind, and everything that creeps on the ground after its kind. God saw that it was good.
      26 God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth."
      27 God created man in his own image. In God's image he created him; male and female he created them.
      28 God blessed them. God said to them, "Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth."
      29 God said, "Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is on the surface of all the earth, and every tree, which bears fruit yielding seed. It will be your food.
      30 To every animal of the earth, and to every bird of the sky, and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is life, I have given every green herb for food"; and it was so.
      31 God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. There was evening and there was morning, a sixth day.

      Ezéchiel 1

      1 Now it happened in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth of the month, as I was among the captives by the river Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God .
      2 In the fifth of the month, which was the fifth year of king Jehoiachin's captivity,
      3 the word of Yahweh came expressly to Ezekiel the priest, the son of Buzi, in the land of the Chaldeans by the river Chebar; and the hand of Yahweh was there on him.
      4 I looked, and behold, a stormy wind came out of the north, a great cloud, with flashing lightning, and a brightness around it, and out of its midst as it were glowing metal, out of the midst of the fire.
      5 Out of its midst came the likeness of four living creatures. This was their appearance: they had the likeness of a man.
      6 Everyone had four faces, and each one of them had four wings.
      7 Their feet were straight feet; and the sole of their feet was like the sole of a calf's foot; and they sparkled like burnished brass.
      8 They had the hands of a man under their wings on their four sides; and the four of them had their faces and their wings thus:
      9 their wings were joined one to another; they didn't turn when they went; each one went straight forward.
      10 As for the likeness of their faces, they had the face of a man; and the four of them had the face of a lion on the right side; and the four of them had the face of an ox on the left side; the four of them also had the face of an eagle.
      11 Such were their faces. Their wings were spread out above. Two wings of each one touched another, and two covered their bodies.
      12 Each one went straight forward: where the spirit was to go, they went; they didn't turn when they went.
      13 As for the likeness of the living creatures, their appearance was like burning coals of fire, like the appearance of torches: the fire went up and down among the living creatures; and the fire was bright, and out of the fire went forth lightning.
      14 The living creatures ran and returned as the appearance of a flash of lightning.
      15 Now as I saw the living creatures, behold, one wheel on the earth beside the living creatures, for each of the four faces of it.
      16 The appearance of the wheels and their work was like a beryl: and the four of them had one likeness; and their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel within a wheel.
      17 When they went, they went in their four directions: they didn't turn when they went.
      18 As for their rims, they were high and dreadful; and the four of them had their rims full of eyes all around.
      19 When the living creatures went, the wheels went beside them; and when the living creatures were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up.
      20 Wherever the spirit was to go, they went; there was the spirit to go: and the wheels were lifted up beside them; for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.
      21 When those went, these went; and when those stood, these stood; and when those were lifted up from the earth, the wheels were lifted up beside them: for the spirit of the living creature was in the wheels.
      22 Over the head of the living creature there was the likeness of an expanse, like the awesome crystal to look on, stretched forth over their heads above.
      23 Under the expanse were their wings straight, the one toward the other: each one had two which covered on this side, and every one had two which covered on that side, their bodies.
      24 When they went, I heard the noise of their wings like the noise of great waters, like the voice of the Almighty, a noise of tumult like the noise of an army: when they stood, they let down their wings.
      25 There was a voice above the expanse that was over their heads: when they stood, they let down their wings.
      26 Above the expanse that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone; and on the likeness of the throne was a likeness as the appearance of a man on it above.
      27 I saw as it were glowing metal, as the appearance of fire within it all around, from the appearance of his waist and upward; and from the appearance of his waist and downward I saw as it were the appearance of fire, and there was brightness around him.
      28 As the appearance of the rainbow that is in the cloud in the day of rain, so was the appearance of the brightness all around. This was the appearance of the likeness of the glory of Yahweh. When I saw it, I fell on my face, and I heard a voice of one that spoke.

      Daniel 12

      3 Those who are wise shall shine as the brightness of the expanse; and those who turn many to righteousness as the stars forever and ever.
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