Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

MANASSÉ

1. Tribu d'Israël.

Fils aîné de Joseph, né en Egypte comme Éphraïm. Son nom est rattaché au verbe hébreu nâchâh =oublier (Ge 41:51).

Le territoire qui échut à la tribu de Manassé (Jos 17) était vaste, mais partagé en deux demi-tribus par le Jourdain et le lac de Galilée, et diminué par de grandes enclaves d'Issacar, Gad et Nephthali. Les tribus des deux fils de Joseph étant d'ailleurs données pour très nombreuses, Josué leur aurait assigné de nouveaux territoires à conquérir (Jos 17:14-18). Il semble que d'après Jug 6:15 Manassé fût une tribu secondaire, si ce mot de Gédéon n'exprime pas une modestie de commande. D'après les chiffres des recensements, fortement sujets à caution, dans les passages sacerdotaux, sa population aurait représenté au désert les 5 pour cent environ d'Israël non compris Lévi, puis les 8,5 pour cent lors de la conquête (No 1:35 26:34).

Manassé n'apparaît pas dans le chant de Débora, où figure Éphraïm en bonne place ; mais le clan y est représenté par Makir, le fils aîné de Manassé (Jug 5:14). Ce nom se lit encore dans Ge 50:23, No 26:29 32:39 Jos 17:1,2Sa 9:4 17:27 ; il semble bien qu'il remplace Manassé, presque disparu depuis la conquête. La Bénédiction de Moïse fond en une seule tribu de Joseph les deux divisions d'Éphraïm et de Manassé, mais en les nommant cependant (De 33:17). D'après Jos 17:12 et Jug 1:27 et suivant, Manassé ne parvint pas à expulser définitivement les Cananéens de son territoire ; sa répartition même de part et d'autre du Jourdain était défavorable à son unité, et un certain isolement dut entamer quelque peu son attachement à la famille de Jacob. (cf. Jos 13:29-31) Le prophète Ésaïe condamne l'hostilité entre Éphraïm et Manassé (Esa 9:20). Par contre, plusieurs Psaumes citent ces tribus ensemble, avec d'autres, comme la possession de l'Éternel (Ps 60:9 108:9 80:3). Pour les rapports entre Éphraïm et Manassé, voir Éphraïm. Les autres mentions de Manassé se trouvent dans les listes officielles (1Ch 5:23 7:14 12:31 27:20, Eze 48:4 et suivant, Ap 7:6). Voir Tribus d'Israël. P. W.

2. Roi de Juda.

Fils d'Ézéchias, monta à 12 ans sur le trône de Juda (2Ro 21:1), qu'il occupa 55 ans (698-643). Son règne est marqué par une violente réaction contre les réformes d'Ézéchias ; sur le terrain religieux, c'est le triomphe du parti hostile aux prophètes, et dans le domaine politique la victoire des partisans de l'Assyrie sur ceux de l'Egypte. Non seulement Manassé rétablit les hauts-lieux, mais il consacre des autels à Baal, élève un simulacre d'Astarté dans le temple même, institue les cultes sidéraux de l'Assyrie ( « toute l'armée des cieux », v. 5), autorise la pratique de la sorcellerie, de la divination, et même des sacrifices humains (verset 6), toutes choses nettement contraires à l'esprit même du jéhovisme. Manassé rompait ainsi nettement avec le monothéisme qui l'avait emporté sous le règne précédent, installait à Jérusalem même les symboles de ce syncrétisme religieux qu'Ézéchias avait voulu supprimer et au sein duquel il avait jugé de bonne politique, par l'introduction du culte astral assyrien, de donner une large place à la religion dont son petit royaume était vassal. Cette influence de la puissance suzeraine (qui passa, sans doute, du domaine religieux dans les autres sphères de la vie nationale) fut durable, puisque Sop 1:5, Jer 7:18 et suivants, Eze 8:14-16 révèlent encore, à leur époque, l'existence de ces cultes adressés aux astres, et en particulier à la « reine des cieux ».

Contre cette explosion de polythéisme le parti jéhoviste ne manqua pas de réagir, bien que les écrits historiques de cette époque n'aient conservé aucun nom de prophète ; mais 2Ro 21:10,16 rappelle que Yahvé fit entendre alors des menaces de châtiment par la voix de ses serviteurs fidèles ; en outre, la composition, à cette même époque, du Deutéronome (voir ce mot) révèle une tentative très nette d'opposition à tous les égarements de Manassé et de ses contemporains : interdiction de l'idolâtrie, des pratiques religieuses étrangères, de la magie et de la divination, appels à la fidélité envers Yahvé y occupent une grande place ; cet ouvrage ne put remplir alors le rôle auquel il était destiné : caché dans le temple (pour échapper à la fureur persécutrice du roi), il ne reparut au grand jour qu'en 621, sous le règne de Josias. 2Ro 21:16 montre en effet Manassé sévissant de la façon la plus cruelle contre les adorateurs de Yahvé qui lui restèrent fidèles jusqu'à la mort. D'après 2 Rois, le monarque idolâtre aurait persisté dans ses égarements jusqu'à la fin de son règne, lequel n'aurait été troublé par aucun châtiment. Mais, fidèle à son critère habituel d'appréciation des règnes de Juda et d'Israël, le rédacteur annonçait pour l'avenir les désastres que devaient entraîner les péchés de Manassé.

2Ch 33:11 s présente la fin de ce règne sous un jour très différent. Les Assyriens auraient emmené enchaîné le monarque idolâtre à Babylone ; là, il se serait repenti de ses fautes, et, gracié par le roi assyrien, il aurait pu rentrer en Juda, où il aurait rétabli le culte jéhoviste. Cette tradition, bien conforme à la théorie habituelle de la rétribution terrestre des rédacteurs des Chroniques, fut longtemps considérée comme invraisemblable et non historique ; on n'en trouvait d'ailleurs aucun indice dans les documents étrangers à Israël. Depuis lors, les inscriptions cunéiformes sont venues fournir certaines données qui rendraient cette tradition plus plausible : ainsi, l'une d'elles parle de la venue à Babylone d'ambassadeurs qui apportaient à Assourbanipal (après la répression de la révolte de Samassumukin en 647) des présents de la part de 7 princes de Jatnan (Chypre) ; la mention de Babylone viendrait donc appuyer celle de 2Ch 33:11 qui étonnait jadis les critiques. En outre, la rentrée en grâce de Manassé, après une captivité temporaire à Babylone, a été rapprochée d'un acte de clémence analogue concernant le roi égyptien Néco I er, lequel, après avoir été emmené enchaîné devant le même Assourbanipal, fut aussi gracié et renvoyé en Egypte. Ce qui arriva à un souverain beaucoup plus puissant que Manassé peut donc fort bien s'être produit pour le petit roi judéen vassal des Assyriens. Manassé, compromis sans doute dans une révolte contre ces derniers (celle de Samassumukin ?), aurait subi le traitement raconté par 2 Chr., et une fois rentré dans la voie de la soumission, il aurait été libéré. Les données assyriologiques viendraient ainsi, non pas certifier expressément celles de 2Ch 33 : et suivants, mais les rendre beaucoup plus vraisemblables. Ant. -J. B.

3. Manassé est une leçon fautive dans Jug 18:30 ; il faut y lire : Moïse. Il s'agit d'un Jonathan, petit-fils de Moïse (voir Prêtres, 1,1), et de ses descendants desservants d'un sanctuaire où se trouvait une image taillée. Un scribe trouvant ce fait choquant de la part de descendants de Moïse, inséra dans ce nom propre un n qui en fit le nom de Manassé, le roi de Jérusalem idolâtre bien des siècles plus tard !

4, et 5. . Deux Israélites maris de femmes étrangères (Esd 10:30-33).

6. Le mari de Judith (Jug 8:2-7).

7. Personnage cité pour sa bienfaisance dans la conclusion de Tobit (Tob 14:10) ; inconnu.

8. Pour la prière de Manassé, voir Apocryphes.

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Versets relatifs

    • Genèse 41

      51 Joseph called the name of the firstborn Manasseh, "For," he said, "God has made me forget all my toil, and all my father's house."

      Genèse 50

      23 Joseph saw Ephraim's children to the third generation. The children also of Machir, the son of Manasseh, were born on Joseph's knees.

      Nombres 1

      35 those who were numbered of them, of the tribe of Manasseh, were thirty-two thousand two hundred.

      Nombres 26

      29 The sons of Manasseh: of Machir, the family of the Machirites; and Machir became the father of Gilead; of Gilead, the family of the Gileadites.
      34 These are the families of Manasseh; and those who were numbered of them were fifty-two thousand seven hundred.

      Nombres 32

      39 The children of Machir the son of Manasseh went to Gilead, and took it, and dispossessed the Amorites who were therein.

      Josué 13

      29 Moses gave an inheritance to the half-tribe of Manasseh. It was for the half-tribe of the children of Manasseh according to their families.
      30 Their border was from Mahanaim, all Bashan, all the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, and all the towns of Jair, which are in Bashan, sixty cities.
      31 Half Gilead, Ashtaroth, and Edrei, the cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan, were for the children of Machir the son of Manasseh, even for the half of the children of Machir according to their families.

      Josué 17

      1 This was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh, for he was the firstborn of Joseph. As for Machir the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of Gilead, because he was a man of war, therefore he had Gilead and Bashan.
      2 So this was for the rest of the children of Manasseh according to their families: for the children of Abiezer, for the children of Helek, for the children of Asriel, for the children of Shechem, for the children of Hepher, and for the children of Shemida: these were the male children of Manasseh the son of Joseph according to their families.
      3 But Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, had no sons, but daughters: and these are the names of his daughters: Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah.
      4 They came near before Eleazar the priest, and before Joshua the son of Nun, and before the princes, saying, "Yahweh commanded Moses to give us an inheritance among our brothers." Therefore according to the commandment of Yahweh he gave them an inheritance among the brothers of their father.
      5 Ten parts fell to Manasseh, besides the land of Gilead and Bashan, which is beyond the Jordan;
      6 because the daughters of Manasseh had an inheritance among his sons. The land of Gilead belonged to the rest of the sons of Manasseh.
      7 The border of Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethath, which is before Shechem. The border went along to the right hand, to the inhabitants of En Tappuah.
      8 The land of Tappuah belonged to Manasseh; but Tappuah on the border of Manasseh belonged to the children of Ephraim.
      9 The border went down to the brook of Kanah, southward of the brook. These cities belonged to Ephraim among the cities of Manasseh. The border of Manasseh was on the north side of the brook, and ended at the sea.
      10 Southward it was Ephraim's, and northward it was Manasseh's, and the sea was his border. They reached to Asher on the north, and to Issachar on the east.
      11 Manasseh had three heights in Issachar, in Asher Beth Shean and its towns, and Ibleam and its towns, and the inhabitants of Dor and its towns, and the inhabitants of Endor and its towns, and the inhabitants of Taanach and its towns, and the inhabitants of Megiddo and its towns.
      12 Yet the children of Manasseh couldn't drive out the inhabitants of those cities; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land.
      13 It happened, when the children of Israel had grown strong, that they put the Canaanites to forced labor, and didn't utterly drive them out.
      14 The children of Joseph spoke to Joshua, saying, "Why have you given me just one lot and one part for an inheritance, since I am a great people, because Yahweh has blessed me so far?"
      15 Joshua said to them, "If you are a great people, go up to the forest, and clear land for yourself there in the land of the Perizzites and of the Rephaim; since the hill country of Ephraim is too narrow for you."
      16 The children of Joseph said, "The hill country is not enough for us. All the Canaanites who dwell in the land of the valley have chariots of iron, both those who are in Beth Shean and its towns, and those who are in the valley of Jezreel."
      17 Joshua spoke to the house of Joseph, even to Ephraim and to Manasseh, saying, "You are a great people, and have great power. You shall not have one lot only;
      18 but the hill country shall be yours. Although it is a forest, you shall cut it down, and it's farthest extent shall be yours; for you shall drive out the Canaanites, though they have chariots of iron, and though they are strong."

      Juges 1

      27 Manasseh did not drive out the inhabitants of Beth Shean and its towns, nor Taanach and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Dor and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Ibleam and its towns, nor the inhabitants of Megiddo and its towns; but the Canaanites would dwell in that land.

      Juges 5

      14 Those whose root is in Amalek came out of Ephraim, after you, Benjamin, among your peoples. Governors come down out of Machir. Those who handle the marshal's staff came out of Zebulun.

      Juges 6

      15 He said to him, "O Lord , how shall I save Israel? Behold, my family is the poorest in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house."

      Juges 8

      2 He said to them, "What have I now done in comparison with you? Isn't the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than the vintage of Abiezer?
      3 God has delivered into your hand the princes of Midian, Oreb and Zeeb! What was I able to do in comparison with you?" Then their anger was abated toward him, when he had said that.
      4 Gideon came to the Jordan, and passed over, he, and the three hundred men who were with him, faint, yet pursuing.
      5 He said to the men of Succoth, "Please give loaves of bread to the people who follow me; for they are faint, and I am pursuing after Zebah and Zalmunna, the kings of Midian."
      6 The princes of Succoth said, "Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna now in your hand, that we should give bread to your army?"
      7 Gideon said, "Therefore when Yahweh has delivered Zebah and Zalmunna into my hand, then I will tear your flesh with the thorns of the wilderness and with briers."

      Juges 18

      30 The children of Dan set up for themselves the engraved image: and Jonathan, the son of Gershom, the son of Moses, he and his sons were priests to the tribe of the Danites until the day of the captivity of the land.

      2 Samuel 9

      4 The king said to him, "Where is he?" Ziba said to the king, "Behold, he is in the house of Machir the son of Ammiel, in Lo Debar."

      1 Chroniques 5

      23 The children of the half-tribe of Manasseh lived in the land: they increased from Bashan to Baal Hermon and Senir and Mount Hermon.

      2 Chroniques 33

      1 Manasseh was twelve years old when he began to reign; and he reigned fifty-five years in Jerusalem.
      2 He did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, after the abominations of the nations whom Yahweh cast out before the children of Israel.
      3 For he built again the high places which Hezekiah his father had broken down; and he reared up altars for the Baals, and made Asheroth, and worshiped all the army of the sky, and served them.
      4 He built altars in the house of Yahweh, of which Yahweh said, "My name shall be in Jerusalem forever."
      5 He built altars for all the army of the sky in the two courts of the house of Yahweh.
      6 He also made his children to pass through the fire in the valley of the son of Hinnom; and he practiced sorcery, and used enchantments, and practiced sorcery, and dealt with those who had familiar spirits, and with wizards: he worked much evil in the sight of Yahweh, to provoke him to anger.
      7 He set the engraved image of the idol, which he had made, in God's house, of which God said to David and to Solomon his son, "In this house, and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, will I put my name forever:
      8 neither will I any more remove the foot of Israel from off the land which I have appointed for your fathers, if only they will observe to do all that I have commanded them, even all the law and the statutes and the ordinances given by Moses."
      9 Manasseh seduced Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so that they did more evil than the nations whom Yahweh destroyed before the children of Israel did.
      10 Yahweh spoke to Manasseh, and to his people; but they gave no heed.
      11 Therefore Yahweh brought on them the captains of the army of the king of Assyria, who took Manasseh in chains, and bound him with fetters, and carried him to Babylon.
      12 When he was in distress, he begged Yahweh his God, and humbled himself greatly before the God of his fathers.
      13 He prayed to him; and he was entreated by him, and heard his supplication, and brought him again to Jerusalem into his kingdom. Then Manasseh knew that Yahweh was God.
      14 Now after this he built an outer wall to the city of David, on the west side of Gihon, in the valley, even to the entrance at the fish gate; and he encircled Ophel with it, and raised it up to a very great height: and he put valiant captains in all the fortified cities of Judah.
      15 He took away the foreign gods, and the idol out of the house of Yahweh, and all the altars that he had built in the mountain of the house of Yahweh, and in Jerusalem, and cast them out of the city.
      16 He built up the altar of Yahweh, and offered thereon sacrifices of peace offerings and of thanksgiving, and commanded Judah to serve Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      17 Nevertheless the people sacrificed still in the high places, but only to Yahweh their God.
      18 Now the rest of the acts of Manasseh, and his prayer to his God, and the words of the seers who spoke to him in the name of Yahweh, the God of Israel, behold, they are written among the acts of the kings of Israel.
      19 His prayer also, and how God was entreated of him, and all his sin and his trespass, and the places in which he built high places, and set up the Asherim and the engraved images, before he humbled himself: behold, they are written in the history of Hozai.
      20 So Manasseh slept with his fathers, and they buried him in his own house: and Amon his son reigned in his place.
      21 Amon was twenty-two years old when he began to reign; and he reigned two years in Jerusalem.
      22 He did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh, as did Manasseh his father; and Amon sacrificed to all the engraved images which Manasseh his father had made, and served them.
      23 He didn't humble himself before Yahweh, as Manasseh his father had humbled himself; but this same Amon trespassed more and more.
      24 His servants conspired against him, and put him to death in his own house.
      25 But the people of the land killed all those who had conspired against king Amon; and the people of the land made Josiah his son king in his place.

      Esdras 10

      30 Of the sons of Pahathmoab: Adna, and Chelal, Benaiah, Maaseiah, Mattaniah, Bezalel, and Binnui, and Manasseh.
      31 Of the sons of Harim: Eliezer, Isshijah, Malchijah, Shemaiah, Shimeon,
      32 Benjamin, Malluch, Shemariah.
      33 Of the sons of Hashum: Mattenai, Mattattah, Zabad, Eliphelet, Jeremai, Manasseh, Shimei.

      Psaumes 60

      9 Who will bring me into the strong city? Who has led me to Edom?

      Psaumes 80

      3 Turn us again, God. Cause your face to shine, and we will be saved.

      Psaumes 108

      9 Moab is my wash pot. I will toss my sandal on Edom. I will shout over Philistia."

      Esaïe 9

      20 One will devour on the right hand, and be hungry; and he will eat on the left hand, and they will not be satisfied. Everyone will eat the flesh of his own arm:

      Jérémie 7

      18 The children gather wood, and the fathers kindle the fire, and the women knead the dough, to make cakes to the queen of the sky, and to pour out drink offerings to other gods, that they may provoke me to anger.

      Ezéchiel 8

      14 Then he brought me to the door of the gate of Yahweh's house which was toward the north; and see, there sat the women weeping for Tammuz.
      15 Then he said to me, Have you seen this, son of man? You shall again see yet greater abominations than these.
      16 He brought me into the inner court of Yahweh's house; and see, at the door of Yahweh's temple, between the porch and the altar, were about twenty-five men, with their backs toward Yahweh's temple, and their faces toward the east; and they were worshipping the sun toward the east.

      Ezéchiel 48

      4 By the border of Naphtali, from the east side to the west side, Manasseh, one [portion].

      Apocalypse 7

      6 of the tribe of Asher twelve thousand, of the tribe of Naphtali twelve thousand, of the tribe of Manasseh twelve thousand,
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