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LÉVI

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1. Troisième fils de Jacob et de Léa (Ge 35:23 46:11). Dans les interprétations populaires des noms des fils de Jacob, qui les expliquent tous au point de vue de leurs mères sous le régime de l'a polygamie, celui de Lévi est ramené au verbe - hébreu lâvâh =s'attacher (Ge 29:34, J). La tradition de No 18:2 (P) semble jouer sur ce sens en montrant dans la tribu de Lévi ceux qui « se joignent » à Aaron pour le service du culte. Ce ne pourrait être qu'une explication trouvée après coup, car il est évident que le Lévite descendant de Lévi est bien plus ancien que le Lévite desservant du sacerdoce. Cette remarque contredit aussi l'hypothèse d'après laquelle Lévi s'apparenterait au mot arabe (Arabie du S.) laviou =prêtre. La majorité des savants voient aujourd'hui en Lévi une forme du nom de Léa adapté comme nom tribal, ou titre de clan.

Dans la « Bénédiction de Jacob », Lévi partage avec Siméon la réprobation due à la cruauté dont ces deux frères se rendirent coupables à Sichem à propos de leur soeur Dina (Ge 34). Cet oracle, qui pourrait dater de l'époque des Juges, doit être une allusion à l'épuisement de ces deux tribus : celui-ci ressort de plusieurs autres indices en ce qui concerne Siméon (voir ce mot) ; quant à Lévi, le fait qu'il ne lui est pas réservé de territoire en Palestine et qu'il n'est l'objet d'aucun recensement à l'époque de la conquête, comme le silence à son sujet du poème de Débora (Jug 5), tendent à confirmer l'extinction de ce clan ethnique. Mais autour de quelques personnalités de cette famille, et d'abord de Moïse (Ex 2:1, Jug 17:7, Sir 45:6 etc.), dut se constituer peu à peu une spécialisation dans l'ordre cérémoniel qui aboutit à l'institution des lévites telle qu'elle existe d'après la « Bénédiction de Moïse » (De 33:8,11), écrite au milieu du VIII° siècle, et telle que la présentent les écrits sacerdotaux, qui en établissent les généalogies (Ex 6:16 et suivants, 1Ch 6 12:26-28 24:20 et suivants, etc.), et où il arrive même qu'elle soit reportée en arrière suivant une conception systématique (No 1:47 3:5 et suivants, etc., cf. De 10:8 18:1 et suivants). Dès lors, les « fils de Lévi », la « maison de Lévi » représenteront les fonctionnaires du culte (Eze 40:46, Za 12:13, Mal 3:3 etc.), que l'on retrouvera plus tard dans l'épître aux Hébreux (Heb 7:5,9). Pour ce passage de l'ancienne tribu à la caste sacerdotale, voir Prêtres et lévites, I, 1, 2, etc. Pour la théorie des villes réservées aux lévites, voir Villes de refuge. Dans la liste idéale (mais irrégulière) des douze tribus de la vision apocalyptique, celle de Lévi a retrouvé sa place (Ap 7:7). Pour une vue d'ensemble sur les douze tribus, voir Tribus d'Israël.

2 et 3. Deux ancêtres de Jésus, d'après la généalogie de Luc (Lu 3:24,29).

4. Lévi fils d'Alphée : voir Matthieu.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 29

      34 She conceived again, and bore a son. Said, "Now this time will my husband be joined to me, because I have borne him three sons." Therefore his name was called Levi.

      Genèse 34

      1 Dinah, the daughter of Leah, whom she bore to Jacob, went out to see the daughters of the land.
      2 Shechem the son of Hamor the Hivite, the prince of the land, saw her. He took her, lay with her, and humbled her.
      3 His soul joined to Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the young lady, and spoke kindly to the young lady.
      4 Shechem spoke to his father, Hamor, saying, "Get me this young lady as a wife."
      5 Now Jacob heard that he had defiled Dinah, his daughter; and his sons were with his livestock in the field. Jacob held his peace until they came.
      6 Hamor the father of Shechem went out to Jacob to talk with him.
      7 The sons of Jacob came in from the field when they heard it. The men were grieved, and they were very angry, because he had done folly in Israel in lying with Jacob's daughter; a which thing ought not to be done.
      8 Hamor talked with them, saying, "The soul of my son, Shechem, longs for your daughter. Please give her to him as a wife.
      9 Make marriages with us. Give your daughters to us, and take our daughters for yourselves.
      10 You shall dwell with us, and the land will be before you. Live and trade in it, and get possessions in it."
      11 Shechem said to her father and to her brothers, "Let me find favor in your eyes, and whatever you will tell me I will give.
      12 Ask me a great amount for a dowry, and I will give whatever you ask of me, but give me the young lady as a wife."
      13 The sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father with deceit, and spoke, because he had defiled Dinah their sister,
      14 and said to them, "We can't do this thing, to give our sister to one who is uncircumcised; for that is a reproach to us.
      15 Only on this condition will we consent to you. If you will be as we are, that every male of you be circumcised;
      16 then will we give our daughters to you, and we will take your daughters to us, and we will dwell with you, and we will become one people.
      17 But if you will not listen to us, to be circumcised, then we will take our sister, and we will be gone."
      18 Their words pleased Hamor and Shechem, Hamor's son.
      19 The young man didn't wait to do this thing, because he had delight in Jacob's daughter, and he was honored above all the house of his father.
      20 Hamor and Shechem, his son, came to the gate of their city, and talked with the men of their city, saying,
      21 "These men are peaceful with us. Therefore let them live in the land and trade in it. For behold, the land is large enough for them. Let us take their daughters to us for wives, and let us give them our daughters.
      22 Only on this condition will the men consent to us to live with us, to become one people, if every male among us is circumcised, as they are circumcised.
      23 Won't their livestock and their possessions and all their animals be ours? Only let us give our consent to them, and they will dwell with us."
      24 All who went out of the gate of his city listened to Hamor, and to Shechem his son; and every male was circumcised, all who went out of the gate of his city.
      25 It happened on the third day, when they were sore, that two of Jacob's sons, Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brothers, each took his sword, came upon the unsuspecting city, and killed all the males.
      26 They killed Hamor and Shechem, his son, with the edge of the sword, and took Dinah out of Shechem's house, and went away.
      27 Jacob's sons came on the dead, and plundered the city, because they had defiled their sister.
      28 They took their flocks, their herds, their donkeys, that which was in the city, that which was in the field,
      29 and all their wealth. They took captive all their little ones and their wives, and took as plunder everything that was in the house.
      30 Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, "You have troubled me, to make me odious to the inhabitants of the land, among the Canaanites and the Perizzites. I am few in number. They will gather themselves together against me and strike me, and I will be destroyed, I and my house."
      31 They said, "Should he deal with our sister as with a prostitute?"

      Genèse 35

      23 The sons of Leah: Reuben (Jacob's firstborn), Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun.

      Genèse 46

      11 The sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.

      Exode 2

      1 A man of the house of Levi went and took a daughter of Levi as his wife.

      Exode 6

      16 These are the names of the sons of Levi according to their generations: Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari; and the years of the life of Levi were one hundred thirty-seven years.

      Nombres 1

      47 But the Levites after the tribe of their fathers were not numbered among them.

      Nombres 3

      5 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,

      Nombres 18

      2 Your brothers also, the tribe of Levi, the tribe of your father, bring near with you, that they may be joined to you, and minister to you: but you and your sons with you shall be before the tent of the testimony.

      Juges 5

      1 Then Deborah and Barak the son of Abinoam sang on that day, saying,
      2 "Because the leaders took the lead in Israel, because the people offered themselves willingly, be blessed, Yahweh!
      3 "Hear, you kings! Give ear, you princes! I, even I, will sing to Yahweh. I will sing praise to Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      4 "Yahweh, when you went forth out of Seir, when you marched out of the field of Edom, the earth trembled, the sky also dropped. Yes, the clouds dropped water.
      5 The mountains quaked at the presence of Yahweh, even Sinai, at the presence of Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      6 "In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were unoccupied. The travelers walked through byways.
      7 The rulers ceased in Israel. They ceased until I, Deborah, arose; Until I arose a mother in Israel.
      8 They chose new gods. Then war was in the gates. Was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel?
      9 My heart is toward the governors of Israel, who offered themselves willingly among the people. Bless Yahweh!
      10 "Speak, you who ride on white donkeys, you who sit on rich carpets, and you who walk by the way.
      11 Far from the noise of archers, in the places of drawing water, there they will rehearse the righteous acts of Yahweh, the righteous acts of his rule in Israel. "Then the people of Yahweh went down to the gates.
      12 'Awake, awake, Deborah! Awake, awake, utter a song! Arise, Barak, and lead away your captives, you son of Abinoam.'
      13 "Then a remnant of the nobles and the people came down. Yahweh came down for me against the mighty.
      14 Those whose root is in Amalek came out of Ephraim, after you, Benjamin, among your peoples. Governors come down out of Machir. Those who handle the marshal's staff came out of Zebulun.
      15 The princes of Issachar were with Deborah. As was Issachar, so was Barak. They rushed into the valley at his feet. By the watercourses of Reuben, there were great resolves of heart.
      16 Why did you sit among the sheepfolds, To hear the whistling for the flocks? At the watercourses of Reuben There were great searchings of heart.
      17 Gilead lived beyond the Jordan. Why did Dan remain in ships? Asher sat still at the haven of the sea, and lived by his creeks.
      18 Zebulun was a people that jeopardized their lives to the deaths; Naphtali also, on the high places of the field.
      19 "The kings came and fought, then the kings of Canaan fought at Taanach by the waters of Megiddo. They took no plunder of silver.
      20 From the sky the stars fought. From their courses, they fought against Sisera.
      21 The river Kishon swept them away, that ancient river, the river Kishon. My soul, march on with strength.
      22 Then the horse hoofs stamped because of the prancings, the prancings of their strong ones.
      23 'Curse Meroz,' said the angel of Yahweh. 'Curse bitterly its inhabitants, because they didn't come to help Yahweh, to help Yahweh against the mighty.'
      24 "Jael shall be blessed above women, the wife of Heber the Kenite; blessed shall she be above women in the tent.
      25 He asked for water. She gave him milk. She brought him butter in a lordly dish.
      26 She put her hand to the tent peg, and her right hand to the workmen's hammer. With the hammer she struck Sisera. She struck through his head. Yes, she pierced and struck through his temples.
      27 At her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay. At her feet he bowed, he fell. Where he bowed, there he fell down dead.
      28 "Through the window she looked out, and cried: Sisera's mother looked through the lattice. 'Why is his chariot so long in coming? Why do the wheels of his chariots wait?'
      29 Her wise ladies answered her, Yes, she returned answer to herself,
      30 'Have they not found, have they not divided the spoil? A lady, two ladies to every man; to Sisera a spoil of dyed garments, a spoil of dyed garments embroidered, of dyed garments embroidered on both sides, on the necks of the spoil?'
      31 "So let all your enemies perish, Yahweh, but let those who love him be as the sun when it rises forth in its strength." Then the land had rest forty years.

      Juges 17

      7 There was a young man out of Bethlehem Judah, of the family of Judah, who was a Levite; and he lived there.

      1 Chroniques 6

      1 The sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
      2 The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel.
      3 The children of Amram: Aaron, and Moses, and Miriam. The sons of Aaron: Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.
      4 Eleazar became the father of Phinehas, Phinehas became the father of Abishua,
      5 and Abishua became the father of Bukki, and Bukki became the father of Uzzi,
      6 and Uzzi became the father of Zerahiah, and Zerahiah became the father of Meraioth,
      7 Meraioth became the father of Amariah, and Amariah became the father of Ahitub,
      8 and Ahitub became the father of Zadok, and Zadok became the father of Ahimaaz,
      9 and Ahimaaz became the father of Azariah, and Azariah became the father of Johanan,
      10 and Johanan became the father of Azariah, (he it is who executed the priest's office in the house that Solomon built in Jerusalem),
      11 and Azariah became the father of Amariah, and Amariah became the father of Ahitub,
      12 and Ahitub became the father of Zadok, and Zadok became the father of Shallum,
      13 and Shallum became the father of Hilkiah, and Hilkiah became the father of Azariah,
      14 and Azariah became the father of Seraiah, and Seraiah became the father of Jehozadak;
      15 Jehozadak went into captivity, when Yahweh carried away Judah and Jerusalem by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar.
      16 The sons of Levi: Gershom, Kohath, and Merari.
      17 These are the names of the sons of Gershom: Libni and Shimei.
      18 The sons of Kohath were Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel.
      19 The sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi. These are the families of the Levites according to their fathers' households.
      20 Of Gershom: Libni his son, Jahath his son, Zimmah his son,
      21 Joah his son, Iddo his son, Zerah his son, Jeatherai his son.
      22 The sons of Kohath: Amminadab his son, Korah his son, Assir his son,
      23 Elkanah his son, and Ebiasaph his son, and Assir his son,
      24 Tahath his son, Uriel his son, Uzziah his son, and Shaul his son.
      25 The sons of Elkanah: Amasai, and Ahimoth.
      26 As for Elkanah, the sons of Elkanah: Zophai his son, and Nahath his son,
      27 Eliab his son, Jeroham his son, Elkanah his son.
      28 The sons of Samuel: the firstborn Joel, and the second Abijah.
      29 The sons of Merari: Mahli, Libni his son, Shimei his son, Uzzah his son,
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