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SION

(Hébr., Tsiyôn ; LXX, Seïôn ou Sion.)

1.

Nom de la place forte jébusite dont David s'empara et fit sa capitale. Les étymologies hébraïques proposées pour ce mot sont toutes incertaines. Il est probable que nous avons affaire ici à un nom cananéen comme celui de Millo dont le sens ne nous est pas connu. Sion désigne d'abord dans la Bible la « Citadelle », la « Cité davidique » (2Sa 5:7,1Ro 8:1), ou la « Montagne » (2Ro 19:31 Ps 48:3) sur laquelle était bâtie la capitale fortifiée de David. Les fouilles récentes nous obligent à situer cette capitale au Sud-E., hors des murs actuels de Jérusalem (voir Jérusalem [murs et portes], et les fig. 117 à 119). Bientôt, grâce à l'importance religieuse et nationale du temple de Salomon, Sion désigna la terrasse N. -E, de Jérusalem : la « Montagne sainte » sur laquelle réside Jéhovah, où son culte est célébré, et d'où se manifeste sa puissance pour délivrer ou pour châtier Israël (Ps 26 65:2 74:2 14:7, Am 1:2, cf. 1Ma 4:37,60 5:54 6:48 etc.). Quand Jérusalem se fut étendue à l'ouest, au delà du Tyropoeon, le nom de Sion désigna la ville tout entière. On disait : les « enfants de Sion » (Ps 149:2, Joe 2:23) ou les « habitants de Sion » (Esa 12:6, Jer 51:35) ou les « filles de Sion » (Esa 3:16), pour désigner la population de l'ensemble des collines sur lesquelles Jérusalem était bâtie (Ps 133:3). Ce nom est d'ailleurs très inégalement réparti dans l'A.T. ; ainsi on peut compter « Sion » 48 fois dans Ésaïe, 32 dans Jérémie, tandis qu'il ne se trouve pas une fois dans Ézéchiel, Aggée, Malachie, etc. Depuis les Macchabées, le nom de Sion disparaît ; on ne le retrouve pas dans Josèphe. Le N.T. ne désigne Jérusalem sous le nom de Sion que lorsqu'il cite l'A. T (Mt 21:5, Jn 12:15, Ro 9:33 11:26,1Pi 2:6).

Au point de vue topographique, il semble bien que les premiers chrétiens aient gardé souvenir que la Sion primitive était sur la colline E. de Jérusalem. Ainsi Jérôme désigne en plusieurs endroits par Sion la colline du temple ; il dit aussi que la fontaine de Siloé jaillit au pied de Sion, et que la tombe de Marie, mère de Jésus, était dans la vallée du Cédron, entre Sion et le mont des Oliviers. Cependant, à partir de Constantin, à mesure que le nom reparaît, la topographie change. Le Pèlerin de Bordeaux (334) désigne par le mot Sion la colline S. -O, de Jérusalem, et bientôt la tradition constante place la Montagne sainte de la cité primitive à l'Ouest du Tyropoeon ; des plans de Jérusalem encore relativement récents en font foi. L'erreur de la tradition est explicable.

Lorsque l'empereur Adrien eut achevé de rebâtir Jérusalem, après avoir étouffé, au bout de trois ans et demi de luttes, le soulèvement provoqué par le faux Messie Simon Bar-Kokhba (132-135), il en fit une ville païenne, interdite aux Juifs. Jérusalem devint colonie romaine sous le nom d'AElia-Capitolina, nom qui subsistait encore au VIII° siècle. Au N., les murs d'AElia-Capitolina furent élevés sur les ruines des anciens remparts ; mais à l'Est et au Sud la ville nouvelle, semblable en cela à la Jérusalem actuelle, laissa en dehors de son enceinte la partie méridionale de la colline du temple et l'emplacement de l'ancienne Sion de David. Eusèbe et Cyrille virent dans ce fait l'accomplissement de la prophétie de Mic 3:12 : « Sion deviendra un champ qu'on laboure. »

En 325 la pieuse Hélène, mère et providence de l'empereur Constantin, se serait rendue à Jérusalem et occupée activement de détruire les vestiges du paganisme en faisant édifier l'église du Saint-Sépulcre, --la tradition prétend même qu'elle retrouva là, en creusant les fondements, la vraie croix de Jésus et celles des deux larrons-- ; ce qu'il y a de certain, c'est que dès l'époque de Constantin, l'intérêt des chrétiens se porta du côté ouest de Jérusalem, vers lequel se dirigèrent les pèlerinages dont Hélène aurait inauguré le mouvement.

C'était d'ailleurs vers l'ouest que ramenaient déjà les grands faits constitutifs du christianisme : dans la maison de Jean-Marc, la chambre haute où se réunissaient Jésus et ses disciples (Ac 12:12 et suivants), l'institution de la sainte Cène (Mr 14:15), l'intronisation du sacerdoce apostolique (Lu 22:29 et suivants), l'envoi du Saint-Esprit (Ac 2:1 et suivants). Sion fut désormais le nom de la colline la plus vaste et la plus haute de Jérusalem, en face de l'Acra jébusite et à l'Ouest du Tyropoeon. Dès le IV e siècle on y signale « l'église des apôtres », appelée aussi « église de Sion » ou « Mère des églises ». La porte bâtie dans une tour S. -O, de l'enceinte de la ville forte (vers 1540) fut appelée « porte de Sion ».

Après avoir quitté progressivement le terrain de ses origines, il ne restait plus au terme « Sion » que de devenir intemporel. C'est ce qu'il fit. Suivant l'impulsion donnée par Heb 12:22 et Ap 14:1, la prédication et l'hymnologie chrétiennes désignèrent par « Sion » la Jérusalem céleste, séjour de gloire des rachetés de Jésus-Christ :

Sainte Sion, ô patrie éternelle...

Alex. W.

2. Ville d'Issacar (Jos 19:19).

3. Autre nom de l'Hermon (De 4:48) ; peut-être erreur de copiste pour Sirion (voir ce mot).

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      48 from Aroer, which is on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, even to Mount Sion (the same is Hermon),

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      19 Hapharaim, Shion, Anaharath,

      2 Samuel 5

      7 Nevertheless David took the stronghold of Zion; the same is the city of David.

      1 Chroniques 11

      5 The inhabitants of Jebus said to David, "You shall not come in here." Nevertheless David took the stronghold of Zion. The same is the city of David.

      2 Chroniques 5

      2 Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of the tribes, the princes of the fathers' households of the children of Israel, to Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of the covenant of Yahweh out of the city of David, which is Zion.

      Psaumes 2

      6 "Yet I have set my King on my holy hill of Zion."

      Psaumes 9

      11 Sing praises to Yahweh, who dwells in Zion, and declare among the people what he has done.
      14 that I may show forth all your praise. In the gates of the daughter of Zion, I will rejoice in your salvation.

      Psaumes 14

      7 Oh that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion! When Yahweh restores the fortunes of his people, then Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad.

      Psaumes 20

      2 send you help from the sanctuary, grant you support from Zion,

      Psaumes 26

      1 <> Judge me, Yahweh, for I have walked in my integrity. I have trusted also in Yahweh without wavering.
      2 Examine me, Yahweh, and prove me. Try my heart and my mind.
      3 For your loving kindness is before my eyes. I have walked in your truth.
      4 I have not sat with deceitful men, neither will I go in with hypocrites.
      5 I hate the assembly of evildoers, and will not sit with the wicked.
      6 I will wash my hands in innocence, so I will go about your altar, Yahweh;
      7 that I may make the voice of thanksgiving to be heard, and tell of all your wondrous works.
      8 Yahweh, I love the habitation of your house, the place where your glory dwells.
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      10 in whose hands is wickedness, their right hand is full of bribes.
      11 But as for me, I will walk in my integrity. Redeem me, and be merciful to me.
      12 My foot stands in an even place. In the congregations I will bless Yahweh.

      Psaumes 48

      2 Beautiful in elevation, the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion, on the north sides, the city of the great King.
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      11 Let Mount Zion be glad! Let the daughters of Judah rejoice, Because of your judgments.
      12 Walk about Zion, and go around her. Number its towers.

      Psaumes 50

      2 Out of Zion, the perfection of beauty, God shines forth.

      Psaumes 51

      18 Do well in your good pleasure to Zion. Build the walls of Jerusalem.

      Psaumes 53

      6 Oh that the salvation of Israel would come out of Zion! When God brings back his people from captivity, then Jacob shall rejoice, and Israel shall be glad.

      Psaumes 65

      1 <> Praise waits for you, God, in Zion. To you shall vows be performed.
      2 You who hear prayer, to you all men will come.

      Psaumes 69

      35 For God will save Zion, and build the cities of Judah. They shall settle there, and own it.

      Psaumes 74

      2 Remember your congregation, which you purchased of old, which you have redeemed to be the tribe of your inheritance; Mount Zion, in which you have lived.

      Psaumes 76

      2 His tabernacle is also in Salem; His dwelling place in Zion.

      Psaumes 78

      68 But chose the tribe of Judah, Mount Zion which he loved.

      Psaumes 84

      5 Blessed are those whose strength is in you; who have set their hearts on a pilgrimage.
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      Psaumes 87

      2 Yahweh loves the gates of Zion more than all the dwellings of Jacob.
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      Psaumes 97

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      Psaumes 99

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      Psaumes 102

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      Psaumes 125

      Psaumes 126

      Psaumes 128

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      Psaumes 129

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      Psaumes 132

      13 For Yahweh has chosen Zion. He has desired it for his habitation.

      Psaumes 133

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      Psaumes 134

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      Psaumes 135

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      Psaumes 137

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      Psaumes 146

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      Psaumes 147

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      Psaumes 149

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      Esaïe 1

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      Esaïe 2

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      Esaïe 3

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      Esaïe 4

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      Esaïe 8

      18 Behold, I and the children whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel from Yahweh of Armies, who dwells in Mount Zion.

      Esaïe 10

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      Esaïe 12

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      Esaïe 14

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      Esaïe 16

      1 Send the lambs for the ruler of the land from Selah to the wilderness, to the mountain of the daughter of Zion.

      Esaïe 18

      7 In that time, a present will be brought to Yahweh of Armies from a people tall and smooth, even from a people awesome from their beginning onward, a nation that measures out and treads down, whose land the rivers divide, to the place of the name of Yahweh of Armies, Mount Zion.

      Esaïe 24

      23 Then the moon shall be confounded, and the sun ashamed; for Yahweh of Armies will reign on Mount Zion, and in Jerusalem; and before his elders will be glory.

      Esaïe 28

      16 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh, "Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious cornerstone of a sure foundation. He who believes shall not act hastily.

      Esaïe 29

      8 It will be like when a hungry man dreams, and behold, he eats; but he awakes, and his hunger isn't satisfied; or like when a thirsty man dreams, and behold, he drinks; but he awakes, and behold, he is faint, and he is still thirsty. The multitude of all the nations that fight against Mount Zion will be like that.

      Esaïe 30

      19 For the people will dwell in Zion at Jerusalem. You will weep no more. He will surely be gracious to you at the voice of your cry. When he hears you, he will answer you.

      Esaïe 31

      4 For thus says Yahweh to me, "As the lion and the young lion growling over his prey, if a multitude of shepherds is called together against him, will not be dismayed at their voice, nor abase himself for their noise, so Yahweh of Armies will come down to fight on Mount Zion and on its heights.
      9 His rock will pass away by reason of terror, and his princes will be afraid of the banner," says Yahweh, whose fire is in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem.

      Esaïe 32

      1 Behold, a king shall reign in righteousness, and princes shall rule in justice.
      2 A man shall be as a hiding place from the wind, and a covert from the storm, as streams of water in a dry place, as the shade of a large rock in a weary land.
      3 The eyes of those who see will not be dim, and the ears of those who hear will listen.
      4 The heart of the rash will understand knowledge, and the tongue of the stammerers will be ready to speak plainly.
      5 The fool will no longer be called noble, nor the scoundrel be highly respected.
      6 For the fool will speak folly, and his heart will work iniquity, to practice profanity, and to utter error against Yahweh, To make empty the soul of the hungry, and to cause the drink of the thirsty to fail.
      7 The ways of the scoundrel are evil. He devises wicked devices to destroy the humble with lying words, even when the needy speaks right.
      8 But the noble devises noble things; and he will continue in noble things.
      9 Rise up, you women who are at ease! Hear my voice! You careless daughters, give ear to my speech!
      10 For days beyond a year you will be troubled, you careless women; for the vintage shall fail. The harvest won't come.
      11 Tremble, you women who are at ease! Be troubled, you careless ones! Strip yourselves, make yourselves naked, and put sackcloth on your waist.
      12 Beat your breasts for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vine.
      13 Thorns and briars will come up on my people's land; yes, on all the houses of joy in the joyous city.
      14 For the palace will be forsaken. The populous city will be deserted. The hill and the watchtower will be for dens forever, a delight for wild donkeys, a pasture of flocks;
      15 Until the Spirit is poured on us from on high, and the wilderness becomes a fruitful field, and the fruitful field is considered a forest.
      16 Then justice will dwell in the wilderness; and righteousness will remain in the fruitful field.
      17 The work of righteousness will be peace; and the effect of righteousness, quietness and confidence forever.
      18 My people will live in a peaceful habitation, in safe dwellings, and in quiet resting places.
      19 Though hail flattens the forest, and the city is leveled completely.
      20 Blessed are you who sow beside all waters, who send out the feet of the ox and the donkey.
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